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Cyrus II (rex Persarum)

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Cyrus II (rex Persarum): imago
Cyrus II (rex Persarum): imago
Nativitas: 600 a.C.n.; Anshan Persia
Obitus: 530 a.C.n.; Iaxartes
Patria: Achaemenidae, Anshan Persia

Familia

Genitores: Cambyses I; Mandane of Media
Coniunx: Cassandane, Amitis Shahbanu, Neithiyti
Proles: Cambyses II, Smerdis, Atossa, Roxane, Artystone
Familia: Achaemenidae

Memoria

Sepultura: Tomb of Cyrus the Great

Cyrus II sive Cyrus Magnus[1] (Graece Κῦρος, lingua Persica antiqua 𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 Kūruš;[2] natus circa annum 600 a.C.n., mortuus anno 530 a.C.n.[3]) fuit conditor Imperii Achaemenidarum.[4] Sub eius dominatione, imperium omnes civilizatas antiqui orientis medii civitates comprehendit,[4] magnopere expandit, et ad extremum plurimum Asiae Meridio-Occidentalis et multum Asiae Mediae Caucasique vicit. A Mari Mediterraneo et Hellesponto in occidente ad Indum in oriente, Cyrus maximum orbis terrarum imperium usque id tempus creavit.[5] Sui tituli regales pleni fuerunt Magnus Rex, Rex Persis, Rex Anshan, Rex Mediae, Rex Babylonis, Rex Sumer et Akkad, Rex Quattuor Angulorum Mundi. Enuntiavit praeterea in Cylindro, inter 539 et 530 a.C.n. iusso, rem quam nonnulli habent unam ex primis in historia gravibus iurum humanorum declarationibus, sed haec interpretatio ab aliis in controversiam vocatum est.

Vexillum Cyri Magni.

Regnum Cyri inter 29 et 31 annos duravit. Ille imperium confecit primum per Imperium Mediae, tum Imperium Lydium, et deinde Imperium Neobabylonicum devictum. Aut paulo ante aut paulo post Babylon superatum, expeditionem in Asiam Mediam duxit, quae maiora efficit proelia quae, ut apud Herodotum historicum Graecum legimus, "in servitutem quamque civitatem, omnes ad unum," redegerunt.[6] Cyrus se in Aegyptum numquam contulit, quia in proelio cecidit, Massagetas secundum Iaxartem Decembri 530 a.C.n. pugnans.[7][8] Ei successit Cambyses II filius, qui imperium per regnum breve amplificavit, Aegyptum, Nubiam, Cyrenaicam vicissim devicens.

Custos quattuor alis praeditus, qui Cyrum Magnum repraesentat, caelamen Pasargadis inventum, in summa parte sententia "Sum Cyrus rex, Achaemenianus," in tribus linguis inscripta.[9]
"Cyrus rex sum, Achaemenida," declaratio linguis Persica antiqua, Elamitica, et Accadica scripta et in columna Pasargadis sita caelata.
Croesus in rogo. Attica figurarum rubrarum amphora, 500490 a.C.n., Museum Lupariense (G 197).
Imperia Media, Lydia, et Neo-Babylon ante victorias Cyri Magni.
Regina Tomrys caput Cyri accipit. Tabula a Mathaeo Preti, 16701672 oleo picta.
Cyrus II et Iudaei. Imago a Ioanne Fouquet, 14701475 oleo picta.
Sepulcrum Cyri, Pasargadis, Irania, Situs Hereditatis Mundi (2006).
Cylindrus Cyri, scriptura sui temporis quae eum declarat legitimum Babylonis regem. Museum Britannicum.
Signum Cyri Magni in Horto Olympico Sydneii Australiae situm.

Cyrus religiones aliosque mores populorum qui vicerat magni aestimavit.[10] Quod factum est felix administrationis ad unum delatae exemplar, rectionem constituens quae subiectis civibusque prodesset.[4] Administratio imperii per satrapes et principium rectionis Pasargadis constitutae erant opera ipsius Cyri.[11] Quod aliquando Edictum Restaurationis (revera duo edicta) appellatur, et in Bibliis Sacris Cyro tribuitur, religionem Iudaicam magnopere movit. Apud librum Isaiae 45:1 in Biblia Hebraica[12] legitur Deum Iudaicum hoc opus Cyro mandavisse, quem etiam messias appella. Cyrus est solus vir in his textibus sic descriptus.[13]

  1. Xenophon, Anabasis I. IX; vide etiam M. A. Dandamaev "Cyrus II," in Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  2. (Bachenheimer 2018, p. 188)
  3. (Dandamaev 1989, p. 71)
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Schmitt Achaemenid dynasty (i. The clan and dynasty).
  5. Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). "13". The Ancient Near East: C. 3000-330 BC. Routledge. p. 647. ISBN 0-415-16762-0 .
  6. "Into subjection every nation without exception," Cambridge Ancient History IV, capitulo 3c, p. 170.
  7. Christopher Beckwith, Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present (Princetoniae et Oxoniae: Princeton University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2), 63.
  8. Vide R. A. Parker et W. H. Dubberstein, Babylonian Chronology 626 B.C.–A.D. 75 (1971).
  9. Max Mallowan pp. 392 et 417.
  10. Dandamayev Cyrus (iii. Cyrus the Great) religiosae Cyri rationes.
  11. The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. IV, p. 42. Vide etiam G. Buchaman Gray, "The foundation and extension of the Persian empire," caput I in The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. IV, ed. secunda (Cantabrigiae: The University Press, 1927), p. 15: "The administration of the empire through satrap, and much more belonging to the form or spirit of the government, was the work of Cyrus."
  12. Jona Lendering (2012). "Messiah – Roots of the concept: From Josiah to Cyrus". livius.org .
  13. The Biblical Archaeology Society (BAS) (24 Augusti 2015). "Cyrus the Messiah". bib-arch.org .

Bibliographia

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Fontes antiqui

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Fontes Babylonii
Fontes Graeci
Fontes Hebraei
Miscellanea

Fontes recentiores

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  • Bachenheimer, Avi (2018). Old Persian: Dictionary, Glossary and Concordance. Wiley and Sons. pp. 1–799 
  • Ball, Charles James. 1899. Light from the East: Or the witness of the monuments. Londinii: Eyre and Spottiswoode.
  • Boardman, John. 1994. The Cambridge Ancient History IV: Persia, Greece, and the Western Mediterranean, C. 525-479 B.C. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22804-2.
  • Cannadine, David; Price, Simon (1987). Rituals of royalty : power and ceremonial in traditional societies (1. publ. ed.). Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-33513-2 
  • Cardascia, G (1988). Babylon under Achaemenids. 3. Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0-939214-78-4 .
  • Chavalas, Mark W., ed. (2007). The ancient Near East : historical sources in translation. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-23580-9 .
  • Church, Alfred J. 1881. Stories of the East From Herodotus. Londinii: Seeley, Jackson & Halliday.
  • Dandamaev, M. A. 1989. A political history of the Achaemenid empire.[ Lugduni Batavorum: Brill. ISBN 90-04-09172-6
  • Freeman, Charles. 1999. The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World. Novi Eboraci: Viking. ISBN 0-7139-9224-7.
  • Fried, Lisbeth S. (2002). "Cyrus the Messiah? The Historical Background to Isaiah 45:1". Harvard Theological Review 95 (4) .
  • Frye, Richard N. 1962. The Heritage of Persia. Londinii: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 1-56859-008-3.
  • Gershevitch, Ilya (1985). The Cambridge History of Iran: Vol. 2 ; The Median and Achaemenian periods. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-20091-1 .
  • Moorey, P. R. S. 1991. The Biblical Lands, 6. Novi Eboraci: Peter Bedrick Books. ISBN 0-87226-247-2.
  • Olmstead, A. T. 1948. History of the Persian Empire [Achaemenid Period]. Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-62777-2.
  • Palou, Christine, et Jean Palou. 1962. La Perse Antique. Lutetiae: Presses Universitaires de France.
  • Schmitt, Rüdiger (1983). Achaemenid dynasty. vol. 3. Londinii: Routledge .
  • Schmitt, Rüdiger; Shahbazi, A. Shapur; Dandamayev, Muhammad A.; Zournatzi, Antigoni (1993). Cyrus. Vol. 6. Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0-939214-78-4 
  • Schmitt, Rüdiger. 2010.l Cyrus I: The Name. Londinii: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  • Tait, Wakefield. 1846. The Presbyterian review and religious journal. Oxoniae: Oxford University. Google Books.

Fontes additi

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  • Bickermann, Elias J. (September 1946). "The Edict of Cyrus in Ezra 1". JournaI of Biblical Literature 65 (3): 249–275 .
  • Dougherty, Raymond Philip (1929). Nabonidus and Belshazzar: A Study of the Closing Events of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Portu Novo: Yale University Press .
  • Drews, Robert (October 1974). "Sargon, Cyrus, and Mesopotamian Folk History". Journal of Near Eastern Studies 33 (4): 387–393 
  • Harmatta, J. (1971). "The Rise of the Old Persian Empire: Cyrus the Grea". Acta Antiquo 19: 3–15 .
  • Kuhrt, Amelie. 2007. Ancient Near Eastern History: The Case of Cyrus the Great of Persia. In Understanding the History of Ancient Israel, ed. Hugh Godfrey Maturin Williamson. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 107–128. ISBN 978-0-19-726401-0.
  • Lawrence, John M. (1985). "Cyrus: Messiah, Politician, and General". Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin. n.s. 25: 5–28 .
  • Lawrence, John M. (1982). "Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Attitudes Towards Foreigners and Their Religion". Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin. n.s. 19: 27–40 .
  • Mallowan, Max (1972). "Cyrus the Great (558-529 BC)". Iran 10: 1–17 .
  • Wiesehöfer, Josef (1996). Ancient Persia : from 550 BC to 650 AD. Azizeh Azodi, conv.. Londinii: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-999-0 
  • Jovy, Alexander (2012). I am Cyrus: The story of the real Prince of Persia. Reading: Garnet Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85964-281-8 .

Nexus interni

Nexus externi

[recensere | fontem recensere]
Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Cyrum spectant.
Vicicitatio habet citationes quae ad Cyrus II (rex Persarum) spectant.
Vide Cyrus in Victionario.
Lexica biographica:  Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana • Den store danske • Deutsche Biographie • Store norske leksikon • Большая российская энциклопедия •


Antecessor:
Astyages
Rex Persarum
550-529
Successor:
Cambyses II