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17:42, 1 December 2023: Homerethegreat (talk | contribs) triggered filter 550, performing the action "edit" on Tel Aviv. Actions taken: Tag; Filter description: nowiki tags inserted into an article (examine | diff)

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In the mid-1990s, the construction of skyscrapers began throughout the entire city, altering its skyline. Before that, Tel Aviv had had a generally low-rise skyline.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/2881/skyscrapers-dotting-tel-aviv-landscape |title=Skyscrapers dotting Tel Aviv landscape {{pipe}} j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California |website=Jweekly.com |date=29 March 1996 |access-date=20 July 2012 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012062544/http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/2881/skyscrapers-dotting-tel-aviv-landscape |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, the Tel Aviv Municipality's Planning and Construction Committee launched a new master plan for the city for 2025. It decided not to allow the construction of any additional skyscrapers in the city center, while at the same time greatly increasing the construction of skyscrapers in the east. The ban extends to an area between the coast and [[Ibn Gabirol Street]], and also between the [[Yarkon River]] and Eilat Street. It did not extend to towers already under construction or approved. One final proposed skyscraper project was approved, while dozens of others had to be scrapped. Any new buildings there will usually not be allowed to rise above six and a half stories. However, hotel towers along almost the entire beachfront will be allowed to rise up to 25 stories. According to the plan, large numbers of skyscrapers and high-rise buildings at least 18 stories tall would be built in the entire area between Ibn Gabirol Street and the eastern city limits, as part of the master plan's goal of doubling the city's office space to cement Tel Aviv as the business capital of Israel. Under the plan, "forests" of corporate skyscrapers will line both sides of the [[Highway 20 (Israel)|Ayalon Highway]]. Further south, skyscrapers rising up to 40 stories will be built along the old Ottoman railway between [[Neve Tzedek]] and [[Florentin, Tel Aviv|Florentine]], with the first such tower there being the [[Neve Tzedek Tower]]. Along nearby Shlavim Street, passing between Jaffa and south Tel Aviv, office buildings up to 25 stories will line both sides of the street, which will be widened to accommodate traffic from the city's southern entrance to the center.<ref>Fox, Jesse: ''Tel Aviv's skyline in 2025'' (21 May 2011)</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3888492,00.html |title=No new skyscrapers in central Tel Aviv – Israel Business, Ynetnews |work=Ynetnews |date=20 June 1995 |last1=Petersburg |first1=Ofer |access-date=27 March 2012 |archive-date=22 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822131552/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3888492,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
In the mid-1990s, the construction of skyscrapers began throughout the entire city, altering its skyline. Before that, Tel Aviv had had a generally low-rise skyline.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/2881/skyscrapers-dotting-tel-aviv-landscape |title=Skyscrapers dotting Tel Aviv landscape {{pipe}} j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California |website=Jweekly.com |date=29 March 1996 |access-date=20 July 2012 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012062544/http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/2881/skyscrapers-dotting-tel-aviv-landscape |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, the Tel Aviv Municipality's Planning and Construction Committee launched a new master plan for the city for 2025. It decided not to allow the construction of any additional skyscrapers in the city center, while at the same time greatly increasing the construction of skyscrapers in the east. The ban extends to an area between the coast and [[Ibn Gabirol Street]], and also between the [[Yarkon River]] and Eilat Street. It did not extend to towers already under construction or approved. One final proposed skyscraper project was approved, while dozens of others had to be scrapped. Any new buildings there will usually not be allowed to rise above six and a half stories. However, hotel towers along almost the entire beachfront will be allowed to rise up to 25 stories. According to the plan, large numbers of skyscrapers and high-rise buildings at least 18 stories tall would be built in the entire area between Ibn Gabirol Street and the eastern city limits, as part of the master plan's goal of doubling the city's office space to cement Tel Aviv as the business capital of Israel. Under the plan, "forests" of corporate skyscrapers will line both sides of the [[Highway 20 (Israel)|Ayalon Highway]]. Further south, skyscrapers rising up to 40 stories will be built along the old Ottoman railway between [[Neve Tzedek]] and [[Florentin, Tel Aviv|Florentine]], with the first such tower there being the [[Neve Tzedek Tower]]. Along nearby Shlavim Street, passing between Jaffa and south Tel Aviv, office buildings up to 25 stories will line both sides of the street, which will be widened to accommodate traffic from the city's southern entrance to the center.<ref>Fox, Jesse: ''Tel Aviv's skyline in 2025'' (21 May 2011)</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3888492,00.html |title=No new skyscrapers in central Tel Aviv – Israel Business, Ynetnews |work=Ynetnews |date=20 June 1995 |last1=Petersburg |first1=Ofer |access-date=27 March 2012 |archive-date=22 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822131552/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3888492,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Visual Arts ===
{{See also|Visual arts in Israel}}
In the 1920s Tel-Aviv gradually became the center of art in Israel. In 1919, several prominent Olim from [[Odesa|Odessa]] arrived in the [[Ruslan (ship)|Ruslan ship]].<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=תערוכת אודסה - תל אביב {{!}} אנו - מוזיאון העם היהודי |url=https://www.anumuseum.org.il/he/odesa-tel-aviv/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=Museum of the Jewish People |language=he-IL}}</ref> In 1920 some of these set up the [[Ha-Tomer|HaTomer]] art cooperative as well as opened the first modern art exhibition in Israel.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":032">{{Cite news |last=Ofrat |first=Gideon |date=23 November 1979 |title=Enough with all the Frenkels! |pages=28, 29, 30 |work=Haaretz Weekly}}</ref> In the 1925 following the return of [[Yitzhak Frenkel|Isaac Frenkel]] from [[Paris]] and his opening of the [[Histadrut Art Studio|Histadrut art studio]], and the introduction of [[School of Paris|École de Paris]] influence; Tel Aviv grew to supplement [[Jerusalem]] in its cultural importance in the visual arts; especially in respect to modern art.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Hecht Museum |title=After the School Of Paris |year=2013 |isbn=9789655350272 |location=Israel |language=en, he}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2011-01-01 |title=יצחק פרנקל: "חיבור ללא עצמים" |url=https://gideonofrat.wordpress.com/2011/01/01/%d7%99%d7%a6%d7%97%d7%a7-%d7%a4%d7%a8%d7%a0%d7%a7%d7%9c-%d7%97%d7%99%d7%91%d7%95%d7%a8-%d7%9c%d7%9c%d7%90-%d7%a2%d7%a6%d7%9e%d7%99%d7%9d/ |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=המחסן של גדעון עפרת |language=he-IL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=טרכטנברג |first=גרסיאלה |last2=Trajtenberg |first2=Graciela |date=2002 |title=The Pre-State Jewish Bourgeoisie and the Institutionalization of the Field of Plastic Art / בין בורגנות לאמנות פלסטית בתקופת היישוב |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23442346 |journal=Israeli Sociology / סוציולוגיה ישראלית |volume=ד |issue=1 |pages=7–38 |issn=1565-1495}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-02 |title=Alexandre FRENEL |url=https://ecoledeparis.org/alexandre-frenel/ |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=Bureau d’art Ecole de Paris |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wikipedia Library |url=https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org |language=en |doi=10.1093/benz/9780199773787.001.0001/acref-9780199773787-e-00068047?rskey=is8sd9&result=1}}</ref> In the late 1920s to 1940s Tel Aviv painters were heavily influenced by the [[School of Paris|École de Paris]], painting Tel Aviv's urban landscape, people and cafes in a manner influenced by [[Chaïm Soutine|Soutine]], [[Jules Pascin|Pascin]], [[Yitzhak Frenkel|Frenel]], [[Marc Chagall|Chagall]] and others from the [[School of Paris]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Les peintres juifs de « l’École de Paris » imposent leur génie au MahJ |url=https://fr.timesofisrael.com/les-peintres-juifs-de-lecole-de-paris-imposent-leur-genie-au-mahj/ |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=fr.timesofisrael.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kotar.cet.ac.il/kotarapp/index/Chapter.aspx?nBookID=99380671&nTocEntryID=99383120 |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=kotar.cet.ac.il}}</ref><ref name=":02" /> Tel Aviv<nowiki>''</nowiki>s bohemian culture was characterized by cafes such as [[Café Kassit|Kassit]] which attracted numerous writers and painters.<ref name=":2" /> [[Reuven Rubin|Reuben Rubin]] and [[Nachum Gutman|Nahum Gutman]] also worked and painted in the city, painting in the naive style.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reuven Rubin {{!}} His paintings reflect the Eretz Israeli light {{!}} Tiroche Auctions |url=https://www.tiroche.co.il/paintings-authors/reuven-rubin/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=לתירוש |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-29 |title=Nachum Gutman and His Art - Kings Gallery - Jerusalem |url=https://kings-gallery.com/nachum-gutman-and-his-art/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> Tel Aviv hosts the [[Tel Aviv Museum of Art|Tel Aviv museum of art]], established in 1932 in [[Meir Dizengoff]]'s house, since having moved to a new larger location, as well as numerous galleries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History \ Tel Aviv Museum of Art |url=https://www.tamuseum.org.il/en/about/history/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=www.tamuseum.org.il |language=en}}</ref>


===Entertainment and performing arts===
===Entertainment and performing arts===

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'/* Culture */ Visual Arts section, added info relevant to 1920-1950s. Further work still required.'
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'{{short description|City in Israel}} {{About}} {{pp-30-500|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} {{Use American English|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Tel Aviv | native_name = {{native name|he|תל־אביב|italics=off}}<br />{{native name|ar|تل أبيب|italics=off}} | other_name = | official_name = Tel Aviv-Yafo | settlement_type = [[Cities in Israel|City]] | iso_code = IL-TA | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | perrow = 1/3/2/1 | border = infobox | total_width = 300 | caption_align = center | image1 = Hashalom interchange.jpg | caption1 = [[List of tallest buildings in Tel Aviv|Skyline of Tel Aviv]] and [[Highway 20 (Israel)|HaShalom interchange]] | image2 = Azriely Sarona5.jpg | caption2 = [[Azrieli Sarona Tower|Azrieli Sarona]] | image3 = ISR-2015-Jaffa-Clock tower-cropped.jpg | caption3 = [[Jaffa Clock Tower]] | image4 = Azrieli_Center_From_ToHa_2019-12.jpg | caption4 = [[Azrieli Center]] | image5 = Rabin_Squre_eco_pool.jpg | caption5 = [[Rabin Square]] and [[Tel Aviv City Hall|City Hall]] | image6 = Dizingoff_Square.JPG | caption6 = [[Dizengoff Square]] | image7 = PikiWiki_Israel_68164_port_of_jaffa.jpg | caption7 = [[Jaffa]] and the [[Tel Aviv Promenade|Tel Aviv sea shore]] | color = red }} | image_flag = Tel Aviv flag.svg | flag_alt = | image_shield = [[File:TelAvivEmblem.svg|60px]] | shield_alt = | image_blank_emblem = Logo of Tel Aviv-Yafo.svg | blank_emblem_type = [[Brandmark]] | nickname = {{unbulleted list |'The first Hebrew city' |'[[White City (Tel Aviv)|The White City]]' |'Non-Stop City' |'The Bubble' | 'TLV' |'The Big Orange' }} | motto = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Israel#Asia#Earth | pushpin_label_position = left | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location within Israel##Location within Asia##Location on Earth | pushpin_relief = 1 | coordinates = {{coord|32.08|N|34.78|E|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Israel}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Districts of Israel|District]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Tel Aviv District|name=Tel Aviv}} | subdivision_type2 = Metropolitan area | subdivision_name2 = [[Tel Aviv metropolitan area|Gush Dan]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = Founded | established_date = {{start date|df=yes|1909|04|11}} | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | founder = | named_for = [[Tel Abib]] in Ezekiel 3:15,<ref name="auto">{{bibleverse||Ezekiel|3:15|HE}}</ref> via [[Theodor Herzl|Herzl]]'s ''[[Altneuland]]'' | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–council]] | governing_body = [[Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality]] | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = [[Ron Huldai]] | unit_pref = | area_magnitude = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 52 | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = 176 | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = 1516 | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 5 | elevation_ft = | population_footnotes = {{Israel populations|reference}} | population_total = {{Israel populations|Tel Aviv - Yafo}} | population_rank = [[List of Israeli cities|2nd]] in Israel | population_urban = 1,388,400 | population_metro = 4,156,900 | population_as_of = {{Israel populations|Year}} | population_density_km2 = 8468.7 | population_density_rank = [[List of Israeli cities|12th]] in Israel | population_density_urban_km2 = 8057.7 | population_density_metro_km2 = 2286 | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_demonym = Tel Avivian<ref>{{cite book |title=Tel Aviv: Mythography of a City |first=Maoz |last=Azaryahu |year=2007 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location=Syracuse, New York |isbn=978-0-8156-3129-3 |pages=133–134}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A Place in History: Modernism, Tel Aviv, and the Creation of Jewish Urban Space |first=Barbara E. |last=Mann |year=2006 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, California |isbn=978-0-8047-5019-6 |pages=148, 166}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Cities Book: A Journey Through the Best Cities in the World |year=2009 |publisher=Lonely Planet |location=Melbourne, Oakland and London |isbn=978-1-74179-887-6 |pages=380–381}}</ref> | population_note = | demographics_type2 = Gross Metropolitan Product | demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.calcalist.co.il/Article.aspx?guid=3552158|title=Instead of talking about national economy, we should talk about cities|website=www.calcalist.co.il}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=436,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2020&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title= World Economic Outlook database: October 2023|website=www.imf.org}}</ref> |demographics2_title1 = Gush Dan |demographics2_info1 = [[US$]]310 billion<br />'''59% of Israel's [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]''' (2022) | timezone1 = [[Israel Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +2 | timezone1_DST = [[Israel Summer Time|IDT]] | utc_offset1_DST = +3 | postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Israel|Postal code]] | postal_code = 61XXXXX | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Israel|Area code]] | area_code = +972-3 | website = {{URL|http://tel-aviv.gov.il/eng/Pages/HomePage.aspx|tel-aviv.gov.il}} | footnotes = {{designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = WHS | designation1_offname = [[White City (Tel Aviv)|White City of Tel Aviv]] | designation1_date = 2003 | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1096] | designation1_criteria = ii, iv | designation1_type = Cultural | designation1_free1name = Region | designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Israel|Israel]] | designation1_meaning of name = Ancient Hill of Spring (see [[Altneuland|here]]) }} }} '''Tel Aviv-Yafo''' ({{lang-he|תֵּל־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ|translit=Tēl-ʾĀvīv-Yāfō}}, {{IPA|he|tel aˈviv jaˈfo|IPA}}; {{lang-ar|تَلّ أَبِيب – يَافَا|translit=Tall ʾAbīb-Yāfā}}), usually referred to as just '''Tel Aviv''', is the most populous city in the [[Gush Dan]] metropolitan area of [[Israel]]. Located on the [[Israeli coastal plain|Israeli Mediterranean coastline]] and with a population of {{Israel populations|Tel Aviv - Yafo}}, it is the [[Economy of Israel|economic]] and [[Technology of Israel|technological]] center of the country. If [[East Jerusalem]] is considered part of Israel, Tel Aviv is the country's second-most-populous city, after [[Jerusalem]]; if not, Tel Aviv is the most populous city, ahead of [[West Jerusalem]].{{efn|West and East Jerusalem combined have 901,000 residents, more than twice as many as Tel Aviv-Yafo with 444,000. West Jerusalem alone has a population of 348,000.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://jerusaleminstitute.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/PUB_505_facts-and-trends_eng_2019_web.pdf |page=14 |publisher=Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research |title=Jerusalem Facts and Trends 2019 |first1=Michal |last1=Korach |first2=Maya |last2=Choshen |access-date=8 July 2019 |archive-date=2 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702012955/https://jerusaleminstitute.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/PUB_505_facts-and-trends_eng_2019_web.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}} Tel Aviv is governed by the [[Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality]], headed by Mayor [[Ron Huldai]], and is home to most of Israel's [[List of diplomatic missions in Israel|foreign embassies]].{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is Israel's capital according to the [[Jerusalem Law]] passed in 1980. The presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]) are located there. The [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]] foresees East Jerusalem as the capital of its future state. The UN does not recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital, taking the position that the final status of Jerusalem is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authorities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |access-date=29 June 2017 |archive-date=1 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601135924/https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |url-status=live }}&nbsp;{{small|(319&nbsp;KB)}}</ref> Countries maintain their embassies in Tel Aviv and its suburbs, or suburbs of Jerusalem, such as [[Mevaseret Zion]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ |website=CIA World Factbook |title=Israel |date=21 June 2022 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=13 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913131645/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Czech Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Taiwan, the United States, and Vanuatu recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.}} It is a [[Global city|beta+ world city]] and is ranked 57th in the 2022 [[Global Financial Centres Index]]. Tel Aviv has the [[List of cities by GDP|third- or fourth-largest economy]] and the largest economy [[per capita]] in the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2018 |title=Global Financial Centres Index #23 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/documents/1318/GFCI23.pdf |website=longfinance.net |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617214112/https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI23.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Brookings">{{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/ |title=Global city GDP 2014 |date=22 January 2015 |publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] |access-date=8 May 2015 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107040203/https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city currently has the highest cost of living in the world.<ref name="BBCcol">{{cite web |title=Tel Aviv named as world's most expensive city to live in |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-59489259 |website=BBC |date=1 December 2021 |access-date=24 January 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114231746/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-59489259 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McKeever |first1=Vicky |title=This is now the world's most expensive city to live in, study says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/30/this-is-now-the-worlds-most-expensive-city-to-live-in-eiu.html#:~:text=Tel%20Aviv%2C%20Israel%2C%20is%20now,from%20fifth%20place%20last%20year. |website=CNBC |date=1 December 2021 |access-date=24 January 2022 |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124170238/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/30/this-is-now-the-worlds-most-expensive-city-to-live-in-eiu.html#:~:text=Tel%20Aviv%2C%20Israel%2C%20is%20now,from%20fifth%20place%20last%20year. |url-status=live }}</ref> Tel Aviv receives over 2.5&nbsp;million international visitors annually.<ref name="MasterCard ranks Tel Aviv as fifth most visited city in Middle East and Africa">{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/mastercard-ranks-tel-aviv-as-fifth-most-visited-city-in-middle-east-and-africa/ |title=MasterCard ranks Tel Aviv as fifth most visited city in Middle East and Africa |newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]] |first=Yoel |last=Goldman |date=12 June 2012 |access-date=12 June 2012 |archive-date=15 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615203611/http://www.timesofisrael.com/mastercard-ranks-tel-aviv-as-fifth-most-visited-city-in-middle-east-and-africa/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Tourists rank Jerusalem and Tel Aviv among top cities to visit">{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/travel/travel-news/tourists-rank-jerusalem-and-tel-aviv-among-top-cities-to-visit-1.374032 |title=Tourists rank Jerusalem and Tel Aviv among top cities to visit |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |first=Tanya |last=Sapty |date=19 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112145431/http://www.haaretz.com/travel/travel-news/tourists-rank-jerusalem-and-tel-aviv-among-top-cities-to-visit-1.374032 |archive-date=12 November 2011}}</ref> A "party capital" in the Middle East, it has a lively [[nightlife]] and 24-hour culture.<ref name="Top 10 party towns">{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/travel/the-worlds-top-10-party-towns-20091118-im4q.html |title=The world's top 10 party towns |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=19 November 2009 |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=10 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410045707/http://www.smh.com.au/travel/the-worlds-top-10-party-towns-20091118-im4q.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="lonelyplanet.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/usa/new-york-city/travel-tips-and-articles/76165 |title=Lonely Planet's top 10 cities for 2011 |access-date=31 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103065648/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/usa/new-york-city/travel-tips-and-articles/76165 |archive-date=3 November 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The city is [[gay-friendly]], with a large [[LGBT community]].<ref name=Burden/> Tel Aviv is home to [[Tel Aviv University]], the largest university in the country with more than 30,000 students. The city was founded in 1909 by the [[Yishuv]] ([[Jewish]] residents) as a modern housing estate on the outskirts of the ancient [[port|port city]] of [[Jaffa]] (''Yafo'' in Hebrew), then part of the [[Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem]] within the [[Ottoman Empire]]. It was at first called ''Ahuzat Bayit'' ({{abbr|lit.|literally}} 'House Estate' or 'Homestead'),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Christian-News/Today-in-history-Founding-of-Tel-Aviv-450852 |title=Today in history: Founding of Tel Aviv – Christian News – Jerusalem Post |website=The Jerusalem Post |date=11 April 2016 |access-date=2019-05-22 |archive-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114230449/https://www.jpost.com/Christian-News/Today-in-history-Founding-of-Tel-Aviv-450852 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4684411,00.html |title=The promised landfill: 106 years of garbage in Tel Aviv |date=2015-07-27 |website=Ynetnews |language=en |access-date=2019-05-22 |last1=Dvir |first1=Noam (Dabul) |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523083131/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4684411,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the name of the association which established the neighbourhood. Its name was changed the following year to Tel Aviv, after the biblical name [[Tel Abib]] ({{abbr|lit.|literally}} "[[Tell (archaeology)|Tell]] of Spring") adopted by [[Nahum Sokolow]] as the title for his Hebrew translation of [[Theodor Herzl]]'s 1902 novel [[The Old New Land|''Altneuland'']] ("Old New Land"). Other Jewish suburbs of Jaffa had been established before Tel Aviv, the oldest among them being [[Neve Tzedek]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Yafo – Neve-Tzedek, Rashita shel Tel-Aviv |last=Elkayam |first=Mordechai |publisher=Ministry of Defence |year=1990 |page=199 |language=he}}</ref> Tel Aviv was given township status within the Jaffa Municipality in 1921, and became independent from Jaffa in 1934.<ref name=Goren>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/00263206.2015.1125340 |volume=52 |title=Tel Aviv and the question of separation from Jaffa 1921–1936 |year=2016 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |pages=473–487 |last1=Goren |first1=Tamir |issue=3 |s2cid=147012425}}<br />Page 1: "Once Tel Aviv had won municipal status (the so-called Tel Aviv Township) in 1921, it strove to amend the relevant legislation by rescission of the clauses that placed it under Jaffa municipality's supervision. In the succeeding years, this question became increasingly to the fore, and demanded a speedy solution. Together with the Tel Aviv's ambition of independence as a Hebrew city with its own autonomous Hebrew government, some members of the township's council did not favour separation from the mother city Jaffa. In the mid-1920s, the view consoli- dated among the town councillors that Tel Aviv's subjection to Jaffa municipality had to be annulled, and it must be granted its deserved status as an independent Hebrew city."<br />Page 3: "Tel Aviv municipality strove for full municipal rights, for the status of a municipality with all its implications, in this way enjoying absolute independence. Yet it still wished to maintain its interests in Jaffa. Most obvious was the desire not to lose the Jewish influence in the Jaffa municipality, as well as reinforcing the clout of the Jews on the municipal council. In Tel Aviv's view, Jaffa enjoyed important status not only locally. At that time it was second in importance in Palestine only to Jerusalem, and was followed by Haifa, Safed and Tiberias."<br />Page 4: "...the Mandate government took a positive view of Tel Aviv's desire for full municipal independence. But at that stage it refrained from making any changes at all in Tel Aviv's municipal status. From the closing years of the 1920s, the authorities immersed themselves in the preparation of a new framework for the Municipalities Law, which was intended to replace the Ottoman law. So as long as the new law was incomplete, the authorities avoided any change in the municipal status of Tel Aviv. [Footnote: The new Municipalities Order was published in 1934. That year Tel Aviv gained full municipal independence, becoming a municipal corporation.]"</ref><ref name=Gorion>M. Gorion (Wager), Introduction to the History of Local Government in Israel (Jerusalem: University of Tel Aviv, 1957), pp.184–5 [Hebrew].</ref> Immigration by mostly Jewish refugees meant that the growth of Tel Aviv soon outpaced that of Jaffa, which had a majority [[Palestinians|Arab]] population at the time.<ref>85% in 1922, 92% in 1931 (Census reports)</ref> In 1948 the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]] was proclaimed in the city. After the [[1947–1949 Palestine war]], Tel Aviv began the [[municipal annexation]] of parts of Jaffa, fully unified with Jaffa under the name Tel Aviv in April 1950, and was formally renamed to Tel Aviv-Yafo in August 1950.<ref name="Golan1995" /> Tel Aviv's [[White City (Tel Aviv)|White City]], designated a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in 2003, comprises the world's largest concentration of [[International Style (architecture)|International Style]] buildings, including [[Bauhaus]] and other related [[Modern architecture|modernist architectural]] styles.<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1096.pdf |title=The White City of Tel Aviv |access-date=29 March 2008 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409004015/http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1096.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="times">{{cite news |url=http://travel.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/travel/holiday_type/breaks/article3370349.ece |title=Hip and happening in Tel Aviv |work=The Times |date=16 February 2008 |last=Strimpel |first=Zoe |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719184519/http://travel.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/travel/holiday_type/breaks/article3370349.ece |archive-date=19 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Popular attractions include [[Old Jaffa|Jaffa Old City]], the [[Eretz Israel Museum]], the [[Tel Aviv Museum of Art|Museum of Art]], [[Yarkon Park|Hayarkon Park]], and the [[Tel Aviv Promenade|city's promenade and beach]]. ==Etymology and origins== {{See also|Tel Abib}} ''Tel Aviv'' is the Hebrew title of [[Theodor Herzl]]’s 1902 novel {{lang|de|[[The Old New Land|Altneuland]]}} ("Old New Land"), as translated from German by [[Nahum Sokolow]]. Sokolow had adopted the name of a [[Mesopotamia]]n site near the city of Babylon mentioned in [[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]]: "Then I came to them of the captivity at {{As written|Tel Abib}} [Tel Aviv], that lived by the [[river Chebar]], and to where they lived; and I sat there overwhelmed among them seven days."<ref name="auto"/> The name was chosen in 1910 from several suggestions, including "[[Herzliya]]". It was found fitting as it embraced the idea of a renaissance in the ancient Jewish homeland. ''Aviv'' ({{lang|he|אביב}}, or ''Abib'') is a Hebrew word that can be translated as "spring", symbolizing renewal, and ''[[Tell (archaeology)|tell]]'' (or ''tel'') is an artificial mound created over centuries through the accumulation of successive layers of civilization built one over the other and symbolizing the ancient. Although founded in 1909 as a small settlement on the sand dunes north of Jaffa, Tel Aviv was envisaged as a future city from the start. Its founders hoped that in contrast to what they perceived as the squalid and unsanitary conditions of neighbouring Arab towns, Tel Aviv was to be a clean and modern city, inspired by the European cities of [[Warsaw]] and [[Odesa]].<ref name="Shavit 2012">{{cite book |last=Shavit |first=Yaacov |chapter=Telling the Story of a Hebrew City |pages=1–12 |title=Tel-Aviv, the First Century: Visions, Designs, Actualities |editor-last1=Azaryahu |editor-first1=Maoz |editor-first2=Selwyn |editor-last2=Ilan Troen |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLQrEPLDkGAC&pg=PA1 |isbn=978-0-253-22357-9 |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005124456/https://books.google.com/books?id=yLQrEPLDkGAC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The marketing pamphlets advocating for its establishment stated:<ref name="Shavit 2012"/> {{blockquote|In this city we will build the streets so they have roads and sidewalks and electric lights. Every house will have water from wells that will flow through pipes as in every modern European city, and also sewerage pipes will be installed for the health of the city and its residents. | Akiva Arieh Weiss | 1906}} ==History== {{For timeline|Timeline of Tel Aviv}} ===Jaffa=== {{main|Jaffa}} [[File:ISR-2013-Aerial-Jaffa-Port_of_Jaffa.jpg|thumb|Ancient port of [[Jaffa]] where, according to the [[Bible]], [[Jonah]] set sail into the [[Mediterranean Sea]] before being swallowed by a fish<ref>{{cite book |title=Israel |first=Sue |last=Bryant |publisher=New Holland Publishers |date=2008 |page=72 |edition=fourth |isbn=978-1-84773-012-1}}</ref>|left]] The [[walled city]] of [[Jaffa]] is modern-day Tel Aviv-Yafo's only urban centre that existed in early modern times. Jaffa was an important port city in the region for millennia. Archaeological evidence shows signs of human settlement there starting in roughly 7,500 BC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.palyam.org/About_us/displaySOHarticle?name=Jaffa&id=t00102b&bl=b00102b |title=Jaffa |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313073111/http://www.palyam.org/About_us/displaySOHarticle?name=Jaffa&id=t00102b&bl=b00102b |archive-date=13 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The city was established around 1,800 BC at the latest. Its natural harbour has been used since the [[Bronze Age]]. By the time Tel Aviv was founded as a separate city during [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule of the region, Jaffa had been ruled by the [[Canaan]]ites, [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]], [[Philistines]], [[Israelites]], [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Assyrians]], [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|Babylonians]], [[Achaemenid Empire|Persians]], [[Phoenicia]]ns, [[Ptolemies]], [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucids]], [[Hasmonean dynasty|Hasmoneans]], [[Roman Empire|Romans]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]], [[Caliphate|the early Islamic caliphates]], [[Crusades|Crusaders]], [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]], and [[Mamluk]]s before coming under Ottoman rule in 1515. It had been fought over numerous times. The city is mentioned in ancient Egyptian documents, as well as the [[Hebrew Bible]]. Other ancient sites in Tel Aviv include: [[Tell Qasile]], [[Tel Gerisa]], [[Abattoir Hill]], [[Tel Hashash]], and [[Tell Qudadi]]. During the [[First Aliyah]] in the 1880s, when Jewish immigrants began arriving in the region in significant numbers, new neighborhoods were founded outside Jaffa on the current territory of Tel Aviv. The first was [[Neve Tzedek]], founded in 1887 by [[Mizrahi Jews]] due to overcrowding in Jaffa and built on lands owned by [[Aharon Chelouche]].<ref name=":0"/> Other neighborhoods were [[Neve Shalom (neighborhood)|Neve Shalom]] (1890), [[Yafa Nof (neighborhood)|Yafa Nof]] (1896), [[Achva (neighborhood)|Achva]] (1899), [[Ohel Moshe (neighborhood)|Ohel Moshe]] (1904), [[Kerem HaTeimanim]] (1906), and others. Once Tel Aviv received city status in the 1920s, those neighborhoods joined the newly formed municipality, now becoming separated from Jaffa. ===1904–1917: Foundation in the Late Ottoman Period=== {{multiple image |image1= TelAviv-Founding.jpg |caption1= Lottery for the first lots, April 1909 |image2= PikiWiki Israel 49257 Nachlat Binyamin .jpg |width2=210 |caption2= Nahlat Binyamin, 1913 }} {{Quote box | width = 20em | bgcolor = #B0C4DE | title = Historical States | fontsize = 80% | align = left | quote = {{flag|Ottoman Empire}} 1909–1917{{-}} {{flagcountry|UK}} 1917–1948 * [[Occupied Enemy Territory Administration]] 1917–1920 * [[Mandatory Palestine]] 1920–1948 {{flag|Israel}} 1948–present }} The [[Second Aliyah]] led to further expansion. In 1906, a group of Jews, among them residents of Jaffa, followed the initiative of [[Akiva Aryeh Weiss]] and banded together to form the ''Ahuzat Bayit'' (lit. "homestead") society. One of the society's goals was to form a "Hebrew urban centre in a healthy environment, planned according to the rules of aesthetics and modern hygiene".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Mythical Dimensions of the Tel-Aviv Century |first=Iris |last=Araviot |journal=The International Journal of the Arts in Society |volume=6 |issue=2 |year=2011 |pages=237–258 |doi=10.18848/1833-1866/CGP/v06i02/35994}}</ref> The urban planning for the new city was influenced by the [[garden city movement]].<ref name="JewishVL">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/geo/tahist.html |title=From Spring Hill to Independence |encyclopedia=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |access-date=20 January 2008 |archive-date=14 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514175515/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_%26_Culture/geo/tahist.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The first 60 plots were purchased in Kerem Djebali near Jaffa by [[Jacobus Kann]], a Dutch citizen, who registered them in his name to circumvent the Turkish prohibition on Jewish land acquisition.<ref>{{cite web |last=Azoulay |first=Yuval |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/jacobus-street-corner-of-oblivion-1.273311 |title=Jacobus Street, corner of Oblivion |work=Haaretz |date=1 April 2009 |access-date=30 October 2012 |archive-date=4 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404193456/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/jacobus-street-corner-of-oblivion-1.273311 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Meir Dizengoff]], later Tel Aviv's first mayor, also joined the Ahuzat Bayit society.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/BIOS/dizen.html |title=Dizengoff, Meir |publisher=[[Jewish Agency for Israel|Jewish Agency]] |access-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113202104/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/BIOS/dizen.html |archive-date=13 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bridger |first=David |title=The New Jewish Encyclopedia |publisher=Behrman House, Inc |year=1906 |page=117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZqpCrG3qw0C&pg=PA117 |isbn=978-0-87441-120-1 |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409160749/https://books.google.com/books?id=hZqpCrG3qw0C&pg=PA117 |url-status=live }}</ref> His vision for Tel Aviv involved peaceful co-existence with Arabs.<ref name="Economist">{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/topics/tel-aviv?city_id=TLV&folder=Facts-History |title=Economist City Guide-Tel Aviv |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |access-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012143130/http://www.economist.com/topics/tel-aviv?city_id=TLV&folder=Facts-History |archive-date=12 October 2012}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|failed=y|date=June 2013}}{{Unreliable source?|failed=y|date=June 2013}} On 11 April 1909, 66 Jewish families gathered on a desolate sand dune to parcel out the land by lottery using seashells. This gathering is considered the official date of the establishment of Tel Aviv. The lottery was organised by [[Akiva Aryeh Weiss]], president of the building society.<ref name="AzaryahuTroen2012">{{cite book |last=Azaryahu |first=Maoz |chapter=Tel Aviv's Birthdays: Anniversary Celebrations, 1929–1959 |page=31 |title=Tel-Aviv, the First Century: Visions, Designs, Actualities |editor-last1=Azaryahu |editor-first1=Maoz |editor-first2=Selwyn |editor-last2=Ilan Troen |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2012 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLQrEPLDkGAC&pg=PA31 |isbn=978-0-253-22357-9 |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005124435/https://books.google.com/books?id=yLQrEPLDkGAC&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kosharek |first=Noah |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1079400.html |title=Seashell lottery |work=Haaretz |date=20 April 2009 |access-date=20 April 2009 |archive-date=21 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121145822/https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1079400.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Weiss collected 120 sea shells on the beach, half of them white and half of them grey. The members' names were written on the white shells and the plot numbers on the grey shells. A boy drew names from one box of shells and a girl drew plot numbers from the second box. A photographer, [[Abraham Soskin]], documented the event. The first water well was later dug at this site, located on what is today [[Rothschild Boulevard]], across from Dizengoff House.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.israelphilately.org.il/articles/content/en/000874 |title=Tel-Aviv Centennial – "Ahuzat-Bayit Land Lottery |website=English.israelphilately.org.il |access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-date=19 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019220608/http://english.israelphilately.org.il/articles/content/en/000874 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Within a year, [[Theodor Herzl|Herzl]], [[Ahad Ha'am]], [[Judah Halevi|Yehuda Halevi]], [[Moshe Leib Lilienblum|Lilienblum]], and Rothschild streets were built; a water system was installed; and 66&nbsp;houses (including some on six subdivided plots) were completed.<ref name="JewishVL" /> At the end of Herzl Street, a plot was allocated for a new building for the [[The Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium|Herzliya Hebrew High School]], founded in Jaffa in 1906.<ref name="JewishVL" /> The cornerstone for the building was laid on 28 July 1909. The town was originally named Ahuzat Bayit. On 21 May 1910, the name Tel Aviv was adopted.<ref name="JewishVL" /> The flag and city arms of Tel Aviv (see above) contain under the red Star of David 2 words from the biblical book of Jeremiah: "I (God) will build You up again and you will be rebuilt." (Jer 31:4) Tel Aviv was planned as an independent Hebrew city with wide streets and boulevards, running water for each house, and street lights.<ref name="brit">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.travelwritersmagazine.com/RonBernthal/tel-aviv-and-its-bauhaus-tradition.html |title=The White City: Tel Aviv And Its Bauhaus Tradition |last=Bernthal |first=Ron |magazine=Travel Writer's Magazine |access-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108053105/http://www.travelwritersmagazine.com/RonBernthal/tel-aviv-and-its-bauhaus-tradition.html |archive-date=8 January 2008}}</ref> By 1914, Tel Aviv had grown to more than {{cvt|1|km2|acre|0}}.<ref name="JewishVL" /> In 1915 a census of Tel Aviv was conducted, recording a population 2,679.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isragen.org.il/siteFiles/1/153/6574.asp |title=1915 Census of Tel-Aviv |access-date=27 March 2019 |archive-date=1 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101002438/http://www.isragen.org.il/siteFiles/1/153/6574.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref> However, growth halted in 1917 when the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] authorities [[Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation|expelled the residents of Jaffa and Tel Aviv]] as a wartime measure.<ref name="JewishVL" /> A report published in ''The New York Times'' by United States Consul Garrels in [[Alexandria|Alexandria, Egypt]] described the Jaffa deportation of early April 1917. The orders of evacuation were aimed chiefly at the Jewish population.<ref name="Turkish">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lls-WnKHpccC&q=Consul+Garrels+in+Alexandria+new+york+times+jaffa |title=The New York Times Current History |publisher=[[The New York Times Company]] |year=1917 |page=167 |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816034429/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lls-WnKHpccC&q=Consul+Garrels+in+Alexandria+new+york+times+jaffa |archive-date=16 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Jews were free to return to their homes in Tel Aviv at the end of the following year when, with the end of World War I and the defeat of the Ottomans, the British took control of Palestine. The town had rapidly become an attraction to immigrants, with a local activist writing:<ref>{{cite book |last=Shavit |first=Yaacov |chapter=Telling the Story of a Hebrew City |page=8 |title=Tel-Aviv, the First Century: Visions, Designs, Actualities |editor-last1=Azaryahu |editor-first1=Maoz |editor-first2=Selwyn |editor-last2=Ilan Troen |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2012 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLQrEPLDkGAC&pg=PA8 |isbn=978-0-253-22357-9 |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005124435/https://books.google.com/books?id=yLQrEPLDkGAC&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> {{blockquote|The immigrants were attracted to Tel Aviv because they found in it all the comforts they were used to in Europe: electric light, water, a little cleanliness, cinema, opera, theatre, and also more or less advanced schools... busy streets, full restaurants, cafes open until 2 a.m., singing, music, and dancing.}} ===British administration 1917–34: Townships within the Jaffa Municipality=== {{multiple image |width = 180px |image1=1930 Survey of Palestine map, with highlighting showing urban boundaries of Jaffa and Tel Aviv within the Jaffa Municipality.jpg |caption1=1930 [[Survey of Palestine]] map, showing urban boundaries of Jaffa (green) and the Tel Aviv township (blue) within the Jaffa Municipality (red)<ref name=Goren/><ref name=Gorion/> |image2=Geddes Plan for Tel Aviv 1925.jpg |caption2=Master plan for the Tel Aviv township, 1925 }} A [[Comprehensive planning|master plan]] for the Tel Aviv township was created by [[Patrick Geddes]], 1925, based on the [[garden city movement]].<ref name=Levine/> The plan consisted of four main features: a hierarchical system of streets laid out in a grid, large blocks consisting of small-scale domestic dwellings, the organization of these blocks around central open spaces, and the concentration of cultural institutions to form a civic center.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Welter |first1=Volker M. |title=The 1925 Master Plan for Tel-Aviv by Patrick Geddes |journal=Israel Studies |year=2009 |volume=14 |issue=3 |page=100 |doi=10.2979/ISR.2009.14.3.94 |s2cid=146499373}}</ref> Tel Aviv, along with the rest of the Jaffa municipality, was conquered by the [[British Empire#First World War|British imperial army]] in late 1917 during the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]] of [[World War I]] and became part of British-administered [[Mandatory Palestine]] until 1948. Tel Aviv, established as suburb of Jaffa, received "township" or local council status within the Jaffa Municipality in 1921.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tel-Aviv-Yafo |title=Tel Aviv–Yafo &#124; History, Population, & Points of Interest |website=Britannica.com |access-date=23 February 2022 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318060506/https://www.britannica.com/place/Tel-Aviv-Yafo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Goren/><ref name=Gorion/> According to a [[1922 census of Palestine|census]] conducted in 1922 by the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate authorities]], Tel Aviv had a population of 15,185 (15,065 Jews, 78 Muslims and 42 Christians).<ref name="Census1922">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |title=Palestine Census (1922) |website=Archive.org}}</ref> The population increased in the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]] to 46,101 (45,564 Jews, 288 with no religion, 143 Christians, and 106 Muslims), in 12,545 houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 15]</ref> With increasing Jewish immigration during the [[Mandatory Palestine|British administration]], friction between Arabs and Jews in Palestine increased. On 1 May 1921, the [[Jaffa riots]] resulted in the deaths of 48 Arabs and 47 Jews and injuries to 146 Jews and 73 Arabs.<ref>[http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:hcpp&rft_dat=xri:hcpp:rec:1921-024927 Report of the Commission of Enquiry into the disturbances in Palestine in May, 1921] {{dead link|date=June 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, with correspondence relating thereto (Disturbances), 1921, Cmd. 1540, p. 60.</ref> In the wake of this violence, many Jews left Jaffa for Tel Aviv. The population of Tel Aviv increased from 2,000 in 1920 to around 34,000 by 1925.<ref name="UNESCO" /><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://www.travelnet.co.il/israel/TelAviv/History.htm |title=Tel Aviv History |access-date=20 January 2008 |website=Travelnet.co.il |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505085933/http://www.travelnet.co.il/israel/TelAviv/History.htm |archive-date=5 May 2009}}</ref> Tel Aviv began to develop as a commercial center.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgqj1Ox8StsC&pg=PA298 |title=From New Zion to Old Zion: American Jewish Immigration and Settlement in Palestine, 1917–1939 |first=Joseph B. |last=Glass |date=1 January 2002 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=978-0-8143-2842-2 |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005124541/https://books.google.com/books?id=dgqj1Ox8StsC&pg=PA298#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1923, Tel Aviv was the first town to be wired to electricity in Palestine, followed by Jaffa later in the same year. The opening ceremony of the Jaffa Electric Company powerhouse, on 10 June 1923, celebrated the lighting of the two main streets of Tel Aviv.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shamir |first=Ronen |date=2013 |title=Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine. |location=Stanford |publisher=Stanford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GaT3AAAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-8047-8868-7 |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005124438/https://books.google.com/books?id=GaT3AAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1925, the Scottish biologist, sociologist, philanthropist and pioneering town planner [[Patrick Geddes]] drew up a [[Urban planning|master plan]] for Tel Aviv which was adopted by the city council led by [[Meir Dizengoff]]. Geddes's plan for developing the northern part of the district was based on [[Ebenezer Howard]]'s [[garden city movement]].<ref name=Levine>{{cite journal |last1=Levine |first1=Mark |title=Globalization, Architecture, and Town Planning in a Colonial City: The Case of Jaffa and Tel Aviv |journal=Journal of World History |year=2007 |volume=18 |issue=2 |page=178 |doi=10.1353/jwh.2007.0013 |s2cid=145670872}}</ref> While most of the northern area of Tel Aviv was built according to this plan, the [[Fifth Aliyah|influx of European refugees in the 1930s]] necessitated the construction of taller apartment buildings on a larger footprint in the city.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Welter |first1=Volker M. |title=The 1925 Master Plan for Tel-Aviv by Patrick Geddes |journal=Israel Studies |year=2009 |volume=14 |issue=3 |page=115 |doi=10.2979/ISR.2009.14.3.94 |s2cid=146499373}}</ref> [[Ben Gurion House]] was built in 1930–31, part of a new workers' housing development. At the same time, Jewish cultural life was given a boost by the establishment of the Ohel Theatre and the decision of [[Habima Theatre]] to make Tel Aviv its permanent base in 1931.<ref name="JewishVL" /> ===1934 municipal independence from Jaffa=== [[File:תחנת אוטובוסים בתל - אביב הישנה-JNF001486.jpeg|thumb|Tel Aviv bus station during the Mandate era]] [[File:SHADAL STREET IN TEL AVIV. רחוב שדל בתל אביב..jpg|thumb|Shadal Street in 1926]] [[File:רחוב אלנבי - מהרחובות הראשיים בתל אביב.-JNF033908.jpeg|thumb|Tel Aviv, Allenby Street, 1940]] Tel Aviv was granted the status of an independent municipality separate from Jaffa in 1934.<ref name=Goren/><ref name=Gorion/> The Jewish population rose dramatically during the [[Fifth Aliyah]] after the Nazis came to power in Germany.<ref name="JewishVL" /> By 1937 the Jewish population of Tel Aviv had risen to 150,000, compared to Jaffa's mainly Arab 69,000&nbsp;residents. Within two years, it had reached 160,000, which was over a third of Palestine's total Jewish population.<ref name="JewishVL" /> Many new Jewish immigrants to Palestine disembarked in Jaffa, and remained in Tel Aviv, turning the city into a center of urban life. Friction during the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine|1936–39 Arab revolt]] led to the opening of a local Jewish port, [[Tel Aviv Port]], independent of Jaffa, in 1938. It closed on 25 October 1965. [[Ben Gurion International Airport|Lydda Airport]] (later Ben Gurion Airport) and [[Sde Dov Airport]] opened between 1937 and 1938.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://geography.huji.ac.il/emppp/israel%20conflict/envcnf.apn.htm | title=The Sde Dov Airport | access-date=2008-03-22 | publisher=Hebrew University | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330185558/http://geography.huji.ac.il/emppp/israel%20conflict/envcnf.apn.htm | archive-date=2008-03-30 }}</ref> Many [[German Jews|German Jewish]] architects trained at the [[Bauhaus]], the [[Modernism|Modernist]] school of architecture in Germany, and left Germany during the 1930s. Some, like [[Arieh Sharon]], came to Palestine and adapted the architectural outlook of the Bauhaus and similar schools to the local conditions there, creating what is recognized as the largest concentration of buildings in the International Style in the world.<ref name="UNESCO" /> Tel Aviv's [[White City (Tel Aviv)|White City]] emerged in the 1930s, and became a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1096/ |title=White City of Tel-Aviv – the Modern Movement |author=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=26 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231131729/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1096/ |archive-date=31 December 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> During World War II, Tel Aviv was [[Bombing of Palestine in World War II|hit by Italian airstrikes]] on 9 September 1940, which killed 137 people in the city.<ref>{{cite web |first=Maya |last=Zamir |url=http://www.tam.co.il/7_9_2007/magazin1.htm |title=The Day of The bombing |access-date=2009-04-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112084944/http://www.tam.co.il/7_9_2007/magazin1.htm |archive-date=12 January 2008 |work=Tel Aviv magazine |date=7 September 2007 |language=he}}</ref> The village statistics of 1938 listed Tel Aviv's population as 140,000, all Jews.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VillageStatistics1938orig.pdf |title=Village Statistics |year=1938 |pages=55}}</ref> The [[Village Statistics, 1945|village statistics of 1945]] listed Tel Aviv's population as 166,660 (166,000 Jews, 300 "other", 230 Christians, and 130 Muslims).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VillageStatistics1945orig.pdf |title=Village Statistics |year=1945 |pages=28}}</ref> During the [[Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine]], Jewish [[Irgun]] and [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]] guerrillas launched repeated attacks against British military, police, and government targets in the city. In 1946, following the [[King David Hotel bombing]], the British carried out [[Operation Shark]], in which the entire city was searched for Jewish militants and most of the residents questioned, during which the entire city was placed under curfew. During the [[March 1947 martial law in Mandatory Palestine]], Tel Aviv was placed under martial law by the British authorities for 15 days, with the residents kept under curfew for all but three hours a day as British forces scoured the city for militants. In spite of this, Jewish guerrilla attacks continued in Tel Aviv and other areas under martial law in Palestine. According to the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|1947 UN Partition Plan]] for dividing Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, Tel Aviv, by then a city of 230,000, was to be included in the proposed [[Homeland for the Jewish people|Jewish state]]. Jaffa with, as of 1945, a population of 101,580 people—53,930 Muslims, 30,820 Jews and 16,800 Christians—was designated as part of the Arab state. [[1947-1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine|Civil War]] broke out in the country and in particular between the neighbouring cities of Tel Aviv and Jaffa, which had been assigned to the Jewish and Arab states respectively. After several months of siege, on 13 May 1948, Jaffa fell and the Arab population fled en masse. ===State of Israel=== [[File:Israel -Independence May 14, 1948.jpg|thumb|Crowd outside Dizengoff House (now [[Independence Hall (Israel)|Independence Hall]]) to witness the proclamation and signing of Israel's Declaration of Independence in 1948]] When Israel [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|declared Independence]] on 14 May 1948, the population of Tel Aviv was over 200,000.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} Tel Aviv was the temporary government center of the State of Israel until the government moved to Jerusalem in December 1949. Due to the international dispute over the [[Positions on Jerusalem|status of Jerusalem]], most embassies remained in or near Tel Aviv.<ref name="VTLV">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vie/Telaviv.html |title=Tel Aviv |access-date=18 July 2007 |encyclopedia=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |archive-date=1 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601204949/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vie/Telaviv.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The boundaries of Tel Aviv and Jaffa became a matter of contention between the Tel Aviv municipality and the Israeli government in 1948.<ref name="Golan1995">{{cite journal |last1=Golan |first1=Arnon |year=1995 |title=The demarcation of Tel Aviv-Jaffa's municipal boundaries |journal=Planning Perspectives |volume=10 |pages=383–398 |doi=10.1080/02665439508725830}}</ref> The former wished to incorporate only the northern Jewish suburbs of Jaffa, while the latter wanted a more complete unification.<ref name="Golan1995" /> The issue also had international sensitivity, since the main part of Jaffa was in the Arab portion of the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|United Nations Partition Plan]], whereas Tel Aviv was not, and no armistice agreements had yet been signed.<ref name="Golan1995" /> On 10 December 1948, the government announced the annexation to Tel Aviv of Jaffa's Jewish suburbs, the [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] neighborhood of [[Abu Kabir]], the Arab village of [[Salama, Jaffa|Salama]] and some of its agricultural land, and the Jewish Hatikva slum.<ref name="Golan1995" /> On 25 February 1949, the depopulated Palestinian village of [[al-Shaykh Muwannis]] was also annexed to Tel Aviv.<ref name="Golan1995" /> On 18 May 1949, [[Manshiya]] and part of Jaffa's central zone were added, for the first time including land that had been in the Arab portion of the UN partition plan.<ref name="Golan1995" /> The government voted on the unification of Tel Aviv and Jaffa on 4 October 1949, but the decision was not implemented until 24 April 1950 due to the opposition of Tel Aviv mayor [[Israel Rokach]].<ref name="Golan1995" /> The name of the unified city was Tel Aviv until 19 August 1950, when it was renamed Tel Aviv-Yafo in order to preserve the historical name Jaffa.<ref name="Golan1995" /> Tel Aviv thus grew to {{cvt|42|km2|sqmi|sp=us|1}}. In 1949, a memorial to the 60&nbsp;founders of Tel Aviv was constructed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fodors.com/world/africa%20and%20middle%20east/israel/tel%20aviv/entity_190378.html |title=Founders Monument and Fountain |access-date=21 January 2008 |work=[[Fodor's]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130002108/http://www.fodors.com/world/africa%20and%20middle%20east/israel/tel%20aviv/entity_190378.html |archive-date=30 January 2008}}</ref> [[File:Tel_Aviv-Yafo_997009452359205171.jpg|thumb|Tel Aviv in 1961]] In the 1960s, some of the older buildings were demolished, making way for the country's first high-rises. The historic [[Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium]] was controversially demolished, to make way for the [[Shalom Meir Tower]], which was completed in 1965, and remained [[List of tallest buildings in Israel|Israel's tallest building]] until 1999. Tel Aviv's population peaked in the early 1960s at 390,000, representing 16&nbsp;percent of the country's total.<ref name="profile">{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/engineering/strategy/pdf/profile-main-issues.pdf |title=City Profile |access-date=30 March 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306032523/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/engineering/strategy/pdf/profile-main-issues.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2007}}</ref> By the early 1970s, Tel Aviv had entered a long and steady period of continuous population decline, which was accompanied by [[urban decay]]. By 1981, Tel Aviv had entered not just natural population decline, but an absolute population decline as well.<ref name="Interregional Migration 2012 page 164">{{cite book |title=Interregional Migration: Dynamic Theory and Comparative Analysis |editor-first1=Wolfgang |editor-last1=Weidlich |editor-first2=Günter |editor-last2=Haag |publisher=Springer |date=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0mLvCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA164 |page=164 |isbn=9783642730498 |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005124436/https://books.google.com/books?id=0mLvCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA164#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In the late 1980s the city had an aging population of 317,000.<ref name="profile" /> Construction activity had moved away from the inner ring of Tel Aviv, and had moved to its outer perimeter and adjoining cities. A mass out-migration of residents from Tel Aviv, to adjoining cities like [[Petah Tikva]] and [[Rehovot]], where better housing conditions were available, was underway by the beginning of the 1970s, and only accelerated by the [[Yom Kippur War]].<ref name="Interregional Migration 2012 page 164"/> Cramped housing conditions and high property prices pushed families out of Tel Aviv and deterred young people from moving in.<ref name="profile" /> From the beginning of 1970s, the common image of Tel Aviv became that of a decaying city,<ref name="Tel Aviv 2007 page 132">{{cite book |title=Tel Aviv: Mythography of a City |first=Maoz |last=Azaryahu |publisher=Syracuse University Press |date=2007 |page=132}}</ref> as Tel Aviv's population fell 20%.<ref name=StrategicPlan26/> [[File:Tel_Aviv-Yafo_997009323131805171.jpg|thumb|Tel Aviv in 1970]] In the 1970s, the apparent sense of Tel Aviv's urban decline became a theme in the work of novelists such as [[Yaakov Shabtai]], in works describing the city such as ''Sof Davar'' (''The End of Things'') and ''Zikhron Devarim'' (''The Memory of Things'').<ref name="Tel Aviv 2007 page 132"/> A symptomatic article of 1980 asked "Is Tel Aviv Dying?" and portrayed what it saw as the city's existential problems: "Residents leaving the city, businesses penetrating into residential areas, economic and social gaps, deteriorating neighbourhoods, contaminated air – Is the First Hebrew City destined for a slow death? Will it become a ghost town?".<ref name="Tel Aviv 2007 page 132"/> However, others saw this as a transitional period. By the late 1980s, attitudes to the city's future had become markedly more optimistic. It had also become a center of nightlife and discotheques for Israelis who lived in the suburbs and adjoining cities. By 1989, Tel Aviv had acquired the nickname "Nonstop City", as a reflection of the growing recognition of its nightlife and 24/7 culture, and "Nonstop City" had to some extent replaced the former moniker of "First Hebrew City".<ref>{{cite book |title=Tel Aviv: Mythography of a City |first=Maoz |last=Azaryahu |publisher=Syracuse University Press |date=2007 |page=131}}</ref> The largest project built in this era was the [[Dizengoff Center]], Israel's first shopping mall, which was completed in 1983. Other notable projects included the construction of [[Marganit Tower]] in 1987, the opening of the [[Suzanne Dellal Center for Dance and Theater]] in 1989, and the [[Tel Aviv Cinematheque]] (opened in 1973 and located to the current building in 1989). [[File:Assassination_of_Prime_Minister_Yitzhak_Rabin,_1995_XVI_Dan_Hadani_Archive.jpg|thumb|A poster mourning the [[assassination of Yitzhak Rabin]] hangs in the [[Carmel Market]] in Tel Aviv, 1995]] In the early 1980s, 13 embassies in Jerusalem moved to Tel Aviv as part of the [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 478|UN's measures]] responding to Israel's 1980 [[Jerusalem Law]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20Foreign%20Relations%20since%201947/1979-1980/119%20Foreign%20Ministry%20reaction%20to%20the%20transfer%20of%20t |title=Foreign Ministry reaction to the transfer of the Dutch embassy from Jerusalem to Tel Aviv |date=26 August 1980 |work=Israel's Foreign Relations: Selected Documents |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=30 December 2005 |archive-date=19 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019111032/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20Foreign%20Relations%20since%201947/1979-1980/119%20Foreign%20Ministry%20reaction%20to%20the%20transfer%20of%20t |url-status=live }}</ref> Today, most national embassies are located in Tel Aviv or environs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.science.co.il/Embassies.asp |title=Embassies and Consulates in Israel |access-date=18 July 2007 |work=Israel Science and Technology Homepage |publisher=Israel Science and Technology |archive-date=14 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114194830/http://www.science.co.il/Embassies.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 1990s, the decline in Tel Aviv's population began to be reversed and stabilized, at first temporarily due to a wave of immigrants from the [[Post-Soviet states|former Soviet Union]].<ref name="profile" /> Tel Aviv absorbed 42,000 immigrants from the FSU, many educated in scientific, technological, medical and mathematical fields.<ref name=StrategicPlan26>{{cite book |author=Municipality of Tel Aviv-Yafo |date=2006 |title=The Strategic Plan for Tel Aviv Yafo |location=Israel |publisher=Strategic Planning Unit |page=26}}</ref> In this period, the number of engineers in the city doubled.<ref>{{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=U. |date=2012 |title=What's Next for the Start up Nation? |location=Indiana |publisher=Authorhouse |page=15}}{{Self-published source|date=June 2022|reason=Authorhouse flagged as likely self-published}}</ref> Tel Aviv soon began to emerge as a global high-tech center.<ref name="Economist" /> The construction of many [[List of tallest structures in Israel|skyscrapers]] and high-tech office buildings followed. In 1993, Tel Aviv was categorized as a [[Global city|world city]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ff.uni-lj.si/oddelki/geo/publikacije/dela/files/Dela_21/019%20kipnis.pdf |title=Tel Aviv, Israel – A World City in Evolution: Urban Development at a {{sic |nolink=y|Deadend}} of the Global Economy |first=Baruch A. |last=Kipnis |year=2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409004017/http://www.ff.uni-lj.si/oddelki/geo/publikacije/dela/files/Dela_21/019%20kipnis.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2008 }}</ref> However, the city's municipality struggled to cope with an influx of new immigrants. Tel Aviv's tax base had been shrinking for many years, as a result of its preceding long term population decline, and this meant there was little money available at the time to invest in the city's deteriorating infrastructure and housing. In 1998, Tel Aviv was on the "verge of bankruptcy".<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Leaders |date=2013 |title=A Global City, An Interview with The Honorable Ron Huldai, Mayor, Tel Aviv-Yafo |volume=36 |issue=3}}</ref> Economic difficulties would then be compounded by a wave of Palestinian suicide bombings in the city from the mid-1990s, to the end of the Second Intifada, as well as the [[dot-com bubble]], which affected the city's rapidly growing hi-tech sector. On 4 November 1995, Israel's prime minister, [[Yitzhak Rabin]], [[Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin|was assassinated]] at a rally in Tel Aviv in support of the Oslo peace accord. The outdoor plaza where this occurred, formerly known as Kikar Malchei Yisrael, was renamed [[Rabin Square]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7lBpAgAAQBAJ&dq=kings+of+israel+square+rabin&pg=PA118|title=The Triumph of Israel's Radical Right|first=Ami|last=Pedahzur|date=15 October 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-990882-0|via=Google Books|access-date=9 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005124940/https://books.google.com/books?id=7lBpAgAAQBAJ&dq=kings+of+israel+square+rabin&pg=PA118#v=onepage&q=kings%20of%20israel%20square%20rabin&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_Patriot_missiles_being_launched_to_intercept_an_Iraqi_Scud_missile.jpg|thumb|[[Patriot missiles]] being launched to intercept an Iraqi [[Scud missile]] during the [[Gulf War]] in 1991]] In the [[Gulf War]] in 1991, Tel Aviv was attacked by [[Scud]] missiles from Iraq. Iraq hoped to provoke an Israeli military response, which could have destroyed the US–Arab alliance. The [[United States]] pressured Israel not to retaliate, and after Israel acquiesced, the US and [[Netherlands]] rushed [[Patriot missile]]s to defend against the attacks, but they proved largely ineffective. Tel Aviv and other Israeli cities continued to be hit by Scuds throughout the war, and every city in the Tel Aviv area except for [[Bnei Brak]] was hit. A total of 74 Israelis died as a result of the Iraqi attacks, mostly from suffocation and heart attacks,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Gulf_War.html |title=The Gulf War |website=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-date=14 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714090450/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Gulf_War.html |url-status=live }}</ref> while approximately 230 Israelis were injured.<ref name="publicpolicy.umd.edu">{{Cite journal |last1=Fetter |first1=Steve |last2=Lewis |first2=George N. |last3=Gronlund |first3=Lisbeth |author3-link=Lisbeth Gronlund |title=Why were Casualties so low? |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=361 |pages=293–296 |publisher=[[Nature Publishing Group]] |location=London |date=28 January 1993 |url=http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/4282/1/1993-Nature-Scud.pdf |doi=10.1038/361293a0 |issue=6410 |bibcode=1993Natur.361..293F |hdl=1903/4282 |s2cid=4343235 |hdl-access=free |access-date=26 October 2012 |archive-date=14 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714171614/http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/4282/1/1993-Nature-Scud.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Extensive property damage was also caused, and some 4,000 Israelis were left homeless. It was feared that Iraq would fire missiles filled with [[nerve agent]]s or [[sarin]]. As a result, the Israeli government issued [[conflict gas mask|gas mask]]s to its citizens. When the first Iraqi missiles hit Israel, some people injected themselves with an antidote for nerve gas. The inhabitants of the southeastern suburb of Hatikva erected an angel-monument as a sign of their gratitude that "it was through a great miracle, that many people were preserved from being killed by a direct hit of a Scud rocket."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://israelplaces.christ2020.de/#q |title=Spiritual places in modern Israel |website=Christ2020.de |access-date=13 January 2010 |archive-date=16 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116113058/http://israelplaces.christ2020.de/#q |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Dizengoff_Center_suicide_bombing,_1996_I_Dan_Hadani_Archive.jpg|thumb|The [[Dizengoff Center]] after the [[Dizengoff Center suicide bombing|bombing of 1996]]]] Since the [[First Intifada]], Tel Aviv has suffered from [[Palestinian political violence]]. The first [[suicide attack]] in Tel Aviv occurred on 19 October 1994, on the [[Dizengoff Street bus bombing|Line 5 bus]], when a bomber killed 22 civilians and injured 50 as part of a [[Hamas]] suicide campaign.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9511/rabin/timeline/mideast_timeline/index.html |title=Death toll |work=CNN|access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-date=26 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026004356/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9511/rabin/timeline/mideast_timeline/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 6 March 1996, another Hamas suicide bomber killed 13 people (12 civilians and 1 soldier), many of them children, in the [[Dizengoff Center suicide bombing]].<ref name="victims">{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+before+2000/Fatal+Terrorist+Attacks+in+Israel+Since+the+DOP+-S.htm |title=Fatal Terrorist Attacks in Israel Since the DOP (September 1993) |date=24 September 2000 |publisher=Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=30 April 2012 |archive-date=15 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715040430/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+before+2000/Fatal+Terrorist+Attacks+in+Israel+Since+the+DOP+-S.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{cite news |title=Bombing in Israel:The Overview;4th Terror Blast in Israel Kills 14 at Mall in Tel Aviv; Nine-Day Toll Grows to 61 |author=Serge Schmemann |newspaper=The New York Times |date=5 March 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/05/world/bombing-israel-overview-4th-terror-blast-israel-kills-14-mall-tel-aviv-nine-day.html?scp=1&sq=dizengoff%20center%20suicide&st=cse&pagewanted=print |access-date=18 February 2017 |archive-date=30 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130151625/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/05/world/bombing-israel-overview-4th-terror-blast-israel-kills-14-mall-tel-aviv-nine-day.html?scp=1&sq=dizengoff%20center%20suicide&st=cse&pagewanted=print |url-status=live }}</ref> Three women were killed by a Hamas terrorist in the [[Café Apropo bombing]] on 27 March 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://laad.btl.gov.il/show_item.asp?itemId=34825&levelId=28553&itemType=10&template=3 |title=אתר לזכר האזרחים חללי פעולות האיבה |website=Laad.btl.gov.il |access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501235044/http://laad.btl.gov.il/show_item.asp?itemId=34825&levelId=28553&itemType=10&template=3 |archive-date=1 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://laad.btl.gov.il/show_item.asp?itemId=35470&levelId=28553&itemType=10&template=3 |title=אתר לזכר האזרחים חללי פעולות האיבה |website=Laad.btl.gov.il |access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501235100/http://laad.btl.gov.il/show_item.asp?itemId=35470&levelId=28553&itemType=10&template=3 |archive-date=1 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://laad.btl.gov.il/show_item.asp?itemId=35084&levelId=28553&itemType=10&template=3 |title=אתר לזכר האזרחים חללי פעולות האיבה |website=Laad.btl.gov.il |access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508133928/http://laad.btl.gov.il/show_item.asp?itemId=35084&levelId=28553&itemType=10&template=3 |archive-date=8 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:PikiWiki Israel 19099 ruins of tel aviv dolphinarium.JPG|thumb|Tel Aviv Dolphinarium, demolished in 2018, site of the 2001 [[Dolphinarium discotheque suicide bombing]], in which 21 Israelis, mostly teenagers, were killed]] One of the deadliest attacks occurred on 1 June 2001, during the [[Second Intifada]], when a suicide bomber exploded at the entrance to the [[Dolphinarium discotheque suicide bombing|Dolphinarium discothèque]], killing 21, mostly teenagers, and injuring 132.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/65/currentpage/22/Default.aspx |title=The Palestinian Authority-Hamas Collusion – From Operational Cooperation to Propaganda Hoax |website=Ict.org.il |access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021154/http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/65/currentpage/22/Default.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-48416289.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023030542/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-48416289.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 October 2012 |title=No. 1 Hamas terrorist killed. Followers threaten revenge in Tel Aviv |last=O'Sullvian |first=Arieh |date=25 November 2001 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=30 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/29/international/middleeast/29israel.html |title=In Hamas's Overt Hatred, Many Israelis See Hope |last=Fisher |first=Ian |date=29 January 2006 |work=The New York Times |access-date=18 February 2017 |archive-date=11 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111022312/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/29/international/middleeast/29israel.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ynet.co.il/home/0,7340,L-1258,00.html |title=Ynet – פיגוע בדולפינריום – חדשות |publisher=Ynet.co.il |date=20 June 1995 |access-date=30 April 2012 |archive-date=24 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724182358/http://www.ynet.co.il/home/0,7340,L-1258,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Another Hamas suicide bomber killed six civilians and injured 70 in the [[Allenby Street bus bombing]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002-09-19-mideast-explosion_x.htm |title= Six killed, scores wounded in suicide attack on Tel Aviv bus |work=USA Today |location=McLean, VA |issn=0734-7456 |date=19 September 2002 |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=23 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223120654/https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002-09-19-mideast-explosion_x.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/sep/20/israel1 |title=Tel Aviv bus bomb shatters hopes of truce {{pipe}} World news {{pipe}} The Guardian |work=The Guardian |date=20 September 2002 |location=London |issn=0261-3077 |oclc=60623878 |first=Jonathan |last=Steele |access-date=16 December 2016 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403022403/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/sep/20/israel1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2268392.stm |title=BBC NEWS {{pipe}} Middle East {{pipe}} Fatal bus blast rocks Tel Aviv |work=BBC News |date=19 September 2002 |location=London |access-date=30 April 2012 |archive-date=19 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719093342/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2268392.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/20/world/suicide-bomber-kills-5-on-a-bus-in-tel-aviv.html |title=Suicide Bomber Kills 5 on a Bus in Tel Aviv |work=The New York Times |date=20 September 2002 |issn=0362-4331 |first=Serge |last=Schmemann |access-date=18 February 2017 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329115343/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/20/world/suicide-bomber-kills-5-on-a-bus-in-tel-aviv.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/09/19/kessel.otsc/index.html |title=CNN – Jerrold Kessel: Heart of Tel Aviv hit – 19 September 2002 |website=Archives.cnn.com |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004211435/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/09/19/kessel.otsc/index.html |archive-date=4 October 2012}}</ref> Twenty-three civilians were killed and over 100 injured in the [[Tel Aviv central bus station massacre]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-%20Obstacle%20to%20Peace/Memorial/2003/Avi%20Kotzer |title=Avi Kotzer |access-date=30 April 2012 |archive-date=26 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526053154/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-%20Obstacle%20to%20Peace/Memorial/2003/Avi%20Kotzer |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-%20Obstacle%20to%20Peace/Memorial/2003/Viktor%20Shebayev |title=Viktor Shebayev |access-date=30 April 2012 |archive-date=26 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526044641/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-%20Obstacle%20to%20Peace/Memorial/2003/Viktor%20Shebayev |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades]] claimed responsibility for the attack. In the [[Mike's Place suicide bombing]], an attack on a bar by a [[British Muslim]] suicide bomber resulted in the deaths of three civilians and wounded over 50.<ref name="jewishsf.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/20891/edition_id/429/format/html/displaystory.html |title=Tel Aviv bar and bomb target slowly getting its groove back |last=Khazzoom |first=Loolwa |website=Jewishsf.com |date=29 September 2003 |access-date=30 April 2012 |archive-date=1 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301060140/http://jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/20891/edition_id/429/format/html/displaystory.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Hamas and Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades claimed joint responsibility. An Islamic Jihad bomber killed five and wounded over 50 on 25 February 2005 [[Stage Club bombing]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-26-syria-bombing_x.htm |title=Syria-based Islamic Jihad claims role for Tel Aviv bombing |work=USA Today |date=26 February 2005 |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530052706/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-26-syria-bombing_x.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The most recent suicide attack in the city occurred on 17 April 2006, when 11 people were killed and at least 70 wounded in a [[2nd Rosh Ha'ir restaurant bombing|suicide bombing near the old central bus station]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/Israel/israel_attacks.asp |title=Major Terrorist Attacks in Israel |access-date=19 July 2007 |publisher=Anti-Defamation League |archive-date=14 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114162802/http://www.adl.org/Israel/israel_attacks.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - IAF Flight for Israel's 63rd Independence Day.jpg|thumb|[[Israeli Air Force]] [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#F-16I Sufa|F-16I Sufas]] over Tel Aviv]] Another attack took place on 29 August 2011 in which a Palestinian attacker stole an Israeli taxi cab and rammed it into a police checkpoint guarding the popular [[Haoman 17]] [[nightclub]] in Tel Aviv which was filled with 2,000<ref name="autogenerated5">{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/palestinian-drives-stolen-taxi-israelis-stabs/story?id=14403744 |title=Terror Attack Outside Tel Aviv Nightclub Filled With 2,000 Teenagers |work=ABC News |date=29 August 2011 |access-date=29 June 2020 |archive-date=30 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830180738/https://abcnews.go.com/International/palestinian-drives-stolen-taxi-israelis-stabs/story?id=14403744 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Israelis|Israeli]] teenagers. After crashing, the assailant went on a stabbing spree, injuring eight people.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Due to an [[Israel Border Police]] roadblock at the entrance and immediate response of the Border Police team during the subsequent stabbings, a much larger and fatal mass-casualty incident was avoided.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kubovich |first=Yaniv |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/terror-attack-in-tel-aviv-leaves-eight-wounded-1.381250 |title=Terror attack in Tel Aviv leaves eight wounded |work=Haaretz |date=29 August 2011 |access-date=3 May 2012 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016045010/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/terror-attack-in-tel-aviv-leaves-eight-wounded-1.381250 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 21 November 2012, during [[Operation Pillar of Defense]], the Tel Aviv area was targeted by rockets, and air raid sirens were sounded in the city for the first time since the [[Gulf War]]. All of the rockets either missed populated areas or were shot down by an [[Iron Dome]] rocket defense battery stationed near the city. During the operation, a bomb blast on a bus wounded at least 28 civilians, three seriously.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/11/21/250965.html |title='Apparent explosion' rocks Tel Aviv bus: Israeli police |publisher=Al Arabiya |date=21 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121113737/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/11/21/250965.html |archive-date=21 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id=292860 |title=Terrorist blows up bus in central Tel Aviv; 10 injured |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=21 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122112016/http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id=292860 |archive-date=22 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162356 |title=Terrorist Attack on Bus in Tel Aviv |publisher=Arutz Sheva |date=21 November 2012 |access-date=21 November 2012 |archive-date=27 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127223758/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162356 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4309791,00.html |title=Blast on bus in heart of Tel Aviv |publisher=Ynet News |date=21 November 2012 |access-date=21 November 2012 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329123906/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4309791,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This was described as a terrorist attack by Israel, Russia, and the United States and was condemned by the United Nations, United States, United Kingdom, France and Russia, whilst Hamas spokesman [[Sami Abu Zuhri]] declared that the organisation "blesses" the attack.<ref name="BBC-Nov21">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20425352 |title=Israel-Gaza crisis: 'Bomb blast' on bus in Tel Aviv |publisher=BBC |date=21 November 2012 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=23 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423214502/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20425352 |url-status=live }}</ref> More than 300 rockets were fired towards the Tel Aviv Metropolitan area in the [[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Israel: Hamas launches rocket attack on Tel Aviv |url=https://news.sky.com/story/israel-hamas-launches-rocket-attack-on-tel-aviv-12303773 |access-date=2021-05-12 |website=Sky News |language=en |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512205454/https://news.sky.com/story/israel-hamas-launches-rocket-attack-on-tel-aviv-12303773 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Channel2 - Tel Aviv.webm|thumb|thumbtime=55|Short video about Tel Aviv from the [[Israeli News Company]]]] New laws were introduced to protect Modernist buildings, and efforts to preserve them were aided by [[UNESCO]] recognition of Tel Aviv's White City as a world heritage site in 2003. In the early 2000s, Tel Aviv municipality focused on attracting more young residents to the city. It made significant investment in major boulevards, to create attractive pedestrian corridors. Former industrial areas like the city's previously derelict Northern [[Tel Aviv Port]] and the [[Jaffa railway station]], were upgraded and transformed into leisure areas. A process of gentrification began in some of the poor neighborhoods of southern Tel Aviv and many older buildings began to be renovated.<ref name="Economist" /> The demographic profile of the city changed in the 2000s, as it began to attract a higher proportion of young residents. By 2012, 28 percent of the city's population was aged between 20 and 34 years old. Between 2007 and 2012, the city's population growth averaged 6.29 percent. As a result of its population recovery and industrial transition, the city's finances were transformed, and by 2012 it was running a budget surplus and maintained a credit rating of AAA+.<ref>{{cite web |website=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |date=2013 |title=The City in Numbers |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/eng/AboutTheCity/Pages/CityNumbers.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217002045/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/eng/AboutTheCity/Pages/CityNumbers.aspx |archivedate=17 December 2015}}</ref> In the 2000s and early 2010s, Tel Aviv received tens of thousands of illegal immigrants, primarily from [[Sudan]] and [[Eritrea]],<ref name="autogenerated10">{{cite web |date=December 2009 |url=http://web.hevra.haifa.ac.il/~ch-strategy/images/publications/darfur_refugees.pdf |script-title=he:פליטים או מהגרי עבודה ממדינות אפריקה |language=he |trans-title=Refugees or migrant workers from African states |publisher=Research Center, National Defense College and Chaikin Chair in Geostrategy, University of Haifa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814142203/http://web.hevra.haifa.ac.il/~ch-strategy/images/publications/darfur_refugees.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2011}}</ref> changing the demographic profile of areas of the city. In 2009, Tel Aviv celebrated its official centennial.<ref name="centennial">{{cite web |url=http://www.tlv100.co.il/EN/ |title=Tel Aviv-Yafo Centennial Year 1909–2009 |publisher=City of Tel Aviv-Yafo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228103847/http://www.tlv100.co.il/EN |archive-date=28 February 2009}}</ref> In addition to city- and country-wide celebrations, digital collections of historical materials were assembled. These include the History section of the official Tel Aviv-Yafo Centennial Year website;<ref name="centennial" /> the Ahuzat Bayit collection, which focuses on the founding families of Tel Aviv, and includes photographs and biographies;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ahuzatbait.org.il/ |title=Ahuzat Bayit Collection |language=he |access-date=27 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228194235/http://www.ahuzatbait.org.il/ |archive-date=28 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Stanford University]]'s Eliasaf Robinson Tel Aviv Collection,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lib.stanford.edu/telaviv |title=Eliasaf Robinson Tel Aviv Collection |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |access-date=2016-02-12 |archive-date=6 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606153614/http://lib.stanford.edu/telaviv |url-status=live }}</ref> documenting the history of the city. Today, the city is regarded as a strong candidate for [[Gamma world city|global city status]].<ref name="GAWC">{{cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb57.html |title=Tel Aviv, Israel – A World City in Evolution: Urban Development at a {{sic |nolink=y|Deadend}} of the Global Economy |last=Kipnis |first=B.A. |publisher=Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network at [[Loughborough University]] |date=8 October 2001 |access-date=18 July 2007 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201248/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb57.html |url-status=live }} Cities in Transition. Ljubljana: Department of Geography, [[University of Ljubljana]], pp. 183–194.</ref> Over the past 60&nbsp;years, Tel Aviv had developed into a [[secularity|secular]], liberal-minded center with a vibrant nightlife and café culture.<ref name="Economist" /> ==Geography== [[File:Tel_Aviv,_Israel_by_Planet_Labs.jpg|thumb|Tel Aviv seen from space in 2016]] Tel Aviv is located around {{Coord|32|5|N|34|48|E|}} on the [[Israeli coastal plain|Israeli Mediterranean coastline]], in central Israel, the [[Via Maris|historic land bridge]] between Europe, Asia and Africa. Immediately north of the ancient port of Jaffa, Tel Aviv lies on land that used to be sand dunes and as such has relatively poor [[fertility (soil)|soil fertility]]. The land has been flattened and has no important gradients; its most notable geographical features are bluffs above the Mediterranean coastline and the [[Yarkon River]] mouth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Aliyah/About+Israel/Cities/Tel+Aviv.htm |title=Tel Aviv |publisher=[[Jewish Agency for Israel|Jewish Agency]] |access-date=26 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013102915/http://jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Aliyah/About%2BIsrael/Cities/Tel%2BAviv.htm |archive-date=13 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Because of the expansion of Tel Aviv and the Gush Dan region, absolute borders between Tel Aviv and Jaffa and between the city's neighborhoods do not exist. The city is located {{cvt|60|km|mi|0|sp=us}} northwest of Jerusalem and {{cvt|90|km|mi|0|sp=us}} south of the city of [[Haifa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/distances.html |title=Cities located close to Tel Aviv |access-date=26 January 2008 |website=TimeandDate.com |archive-date=10 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210031731/http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/distances.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Neighboring cities and towns include [[Herzliya]] to the north, [[Ramat HaSharon]] to the northeast, [[Petah Tikva]], [[Bnei Brak]], [[Ramat Gan]] and [[Giv'atayim]] to the east, [[Holon]] to the southeast, and [[Bat Yam]] to the south.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.science.co.il/Israel-map-Carta.asp |title=Map of Israel |access-date=15 March 2008 |publisher=Carta |archive-date=23 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323045048/http://www.science.co.il/Israel-map-Carta.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is economically stratified between the north and south. Southern Tel Aviv is considered less affluent than northern Tel Aviv with the exception of [[Neve Tzedek]] and northern and north-western [[Jaffa]]. Central Tel Aviv is home to [[Azrieli Center]] and the important financial and commerce district along [[Highway 20 (Israel)|Ayalon Highway]]. The northern side of Tel Aviv is home to [[Tel Aviv University]], [[Hayarkon Park]], and upscale residential neighborhoods such as [[Ramat Aviv]] and [[Afeka]].<ref name="yarkoni">{{cite web |last=Yarkoni |first=Amir |title=Real Estate in Tel Aviv – continued |work=Tel Aviv Insider |access-date=22 July 2008 |url=http://www.telaviv-insider.co.il/real-estate-2.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624050534/http://www.telaviv-insider.co.il/real-estate-2.php |archive-date=24 June 2008}}</ref> ===Environment=== [[File:Soldiers cleaning beach.jpg|thumb|[[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] soldiers cleaning the beaches at Tel Aviv, which have scored highly in environmental tests<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/Documents/Beaches%20_2_.pdf |title=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality, Beaches |access-date=23 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712111803/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/Documents/Beaches%20_2_.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2012}}</ref>]] Tel Aviv is ranked as the [[Sustainable city|greenest city]] in Israel.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000637815&fid=1725 |title=Tel Aviv ranked Israel's greenest city |date=11 April 2011 |newspaper=Globes |access-date=11 April 2011 |archive-date=5 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005083637/http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000637815&fid=1725 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2008, city lights are turned off annually in support of [[Earth Hour]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=969276&contrassID=1&subContrassID=0&sbSubContrassID=0 |title=Tel Aviv goes dark as part of global 'Earth Hour' campaign |date=30 March 2008 |newspaper=Haaretz |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080330175255/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=969276&contrassID=1&subContrassID=0&sbSubContrassID=0 |archive-date=30 March 2008}}</ref> In February 2009, the municipality launched a water saving campaign, including competition granting free parking for a year to the household that is found to have consumed the least water per person.<ref name=senyorwater>{{Cite news |last=Senyor |first=Eli |title=Tel Aviv launches water saving campaign |work=Ynetnews |date=22 February 2009 |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3675380,00.html |access-date=27 February 2009 |archive-date=25 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225042502/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3675380,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the early 21st century, Tel Aviv's municipality transformed a derelict [[power station]] into a public park, now named "Gan HaHashmal" ("Electricity Park"), paving the way for [[Ecology|eco-friendly]] and environmentally conscious designs.<ref name="FT">[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4d8eb606-70ae-11dd-b514-0000779fd18c.html?nclick_check=1 Electric Tel Aviv], by David Kaufman, ''[[Financial Times]]'', 12 February 2008.</ref> In October 2008, Martin Weyl turned an old garbage dump near [[Ben Gurion International Airport]], called [[Hiriya]], into an attraction by building an arc of plastic bottles.<ref name="NYTPlastic">[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/24/world/middleeast/24dump.html?_r=1&scp=4&sq=israel%20plastic&st=cse Recycling in Israel, Not Just Trash, but the Whole Dump] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130151307/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/24/world/middleeast/24dump.html?_r=1&scp=4&sq=israel%20plastic&st=cse |date=30 January 2017 }}, by Isabel Kershner, 24 October 2007.</ref> The site, which was renamed [[Ariel Sharon Park]] to honor Israel's former prime minister, will serve as the centerpiece in what is to become a {{cvt|2000|acre|km2|adj=on}} [[urban wilderness]] on the outskirts of Tel Aviv, designed by German [[landscape architect]], [[Peter Latz]].<ref name="NYTPlastic"/> At the end of the 20th century, the city began restoring historical neighborhoods such as [[Neve Tzedek]] and many buildings from the 1920s and 1930s. Since 2007, the city hosts its well-known, annual [[Open House Tel Aviv]] weekend, which offers the general public free entrance to the city's famous landmarks, private houses and public buildings. In 2010, the design of the renovated Tel Aviv Port (''Nemal Tel Aviv'') won the award for outstanding landscape architecture at the European Biennial for Landscape Architecture in [[Barcelona]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Dvir |first=Noam |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israelis-win-barcelona-landscape-architecture-prize-1.316789 |title=Israelis win Barcelona landscape prize |work=Haaretz |date=3 October 2010 |access-date=3 October 2010 |archive-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006135453/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israelis-win-barcelona-landscape-architecture-prize-1.316789 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, the Sarona Market Complex opened, following an 8-year renovation project of [[Sarona (colony)|Sarona colony]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/sarona-from-templars-to-nazis-government-terror-and-hopefully-to-tranquility/ |title=Sarona: From Templers, to Nazis, government, terror and, hopefully, to tranquility |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=18 June 2016 |access-date=13 June 2017 |archive-date=30 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330023516/http://www.timesofisrael.com/sarona-from-templars-to-nazis-government-terror-and-hopefully-to-tranquility/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{wide image|Yarkon Park Aerial 01.jpg|750px|[[Yarkon Park]] from [[Kiryat Atidim]] to the Mediterranean Sea}} ===Climate=== [[File:Tel_Aviv_Promenade_panoramics.jpg|thumb|[[Tel Aviv Promenade]]]] [[File:PikiWiki_Israel_52846_cities_in_israel.jpg|thumb|[[Rainstorm]] in Tel Aviv]] Tel Aviv has a [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: Csa),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/3471/ |title=Climate: Tel Aviv-Yafo – Temperature, Climate graph, Climate table |website=Climate-data.org |access-date=29 November 2014 |archive-date=5 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205070719/http://en.climate-data.org/location/3471/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and enjoys plenty of sunshine throughout the year. Most precipitation falls in the form of rain between the months of October and April, with intervening dry summers. The average annual temperature is {{cvt|20.9|C}}, and the average sea temperature is {{cvt|18–20|C}} during the winter, and {{cvt|24–29|C}} during the summer. The city averages {{cvt|528|mm|inch|sp=us|1}} of precipitation annually. Summers in Tel Aviv last about five months, from June to October. August, the warmest month, averages a high of {{cvt|30.6|C}}, and a low of {{cvt|25|C}}. The high relative humidity due to the location of the city by the Mediterranean Sea, in a combination with the high temperatures, creates a [[Thermal comfort|thermal discomfort]] during the summer. Summer low temperatures in Tel Aviv seldom drop below {{cvt|20|C}}. Winters are mild and wet, with most of the annual precipitation falling within the months of December, January and February as intense rainfall and thunderstorms. In January, the coolest month, the average maximum temperature is {{cvt|17.6|C}}, the minimum temperature averages {{cvt|10.2|C}}. During the coldest days of winter, temperatures may vary between {{cvt|8|C}} and {{cvt|12|C}}. Both freezing temperatures and snowfall are extremely rare in the city. Autumns and springs are characterized by sharp temperature changes, with heat waves that might be created due to hot and dry air masses that arrive from the nearby deserts. During heatwaves in autumn and springs, temperatures usually climb up to {{cvt|35|C}} and even up to {{cvt|40|C}}, accompanied with exceptionally low humidity. An average day during autumn and spring has a high of {{cvt|23|C}} to {{cvt|25|C}}, and a low of {{cvt|15|C}} to {{cvt|18|C}}. The highest recorded temperature in Tel Aviv was {{cvt|46.5|C}} on 17 May 1916, and the lowest is {{cvt|−1.9|C}} on 7 February 1950, during a cold wave that brought the [[Snow in Israel#History|only recorded snowfall]] in Tel Aviv. {|class="wikitable" |+Tel Aviv mean sea temperature ˚C (˚F)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seatemperature.org/middle-east/israel/tel-aviv-november.htm |title=Tel Aviv Sea Temperature November Average, Israel – Sea Temperatures |website=Seatemperature.org |access-date=16 November 2014 |archive-date=29 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229080400/http://www.seatemperature.org/middle-east/israel/tel-aviv-november.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !Jan !Feb !Mar !Apr !May !Jun !Jul !Aug !Sep !Oct !Nov !Dec |- style="font-size:115%; text-align: center;" | style="{{weather box/colt|18.8}}" | 18.8<br />(65.8) | style="{{weather box/colt|17.6}}" | 17.6<br />(63.7) | style="{{weather box/colt|17.9}}" | 17.9<br />(64.2) | style="{{weather box/colt|18.6}}" | 18.6<br />(65.5) | style="{{weather box/colt|21.2}}" | 21.2<br />(70.2) | style="{{weather box/colt|24.9}}" | 24.9<br />(76.8) | style="{{weather box/colt|27.4}}" | 27.4<br />(81.3) | style="{{weather box/colt|28.6}}" | 28.6<br />(83.5) | style="{{weather box/colt|28.2}}" | 28.2<br />(82.8) | style="{{weather box/colt|26.3}}" | 26.3<br />(79.3) | style="{{weather box/colt|23.2}}" | 23.2<br />(73.8) | style="{{weather box/colt|20.6}}" | 20.6<br />(69.1) |} {{Weather box |location = Tel Aviv (Temperature: 1987–2010, Precipitation: 1980–2010) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C= 30.0 |Feb record high C= 33.2 |Mar record high C= 38.3 |Apr record high C= 43.9 |May record high C= 46.5 |Jun record high C= 44.4 |Jul record high C= 37.4 |Aug record high C= 41.4 |Sep record high C= 42.0 |Oct record high C= 44.4 |Nov record high C= 35.6 |Dec record high C= 33.5 |Jan avg record high C= 23.6 |Feb avg record high C= 25.0 |Mar avg record high C= 30.4 |Apr avg record high C= 35.5 |May avg record high C= 32.4 |Jun avg record high C= 30.8 |Jul avg record high C= 31.6 |Aug avg record high C= 31.8 |Sep avg record high C= 32.0 |Oct avg record high C= 32.9 |Nov avg record high C= 29.2 |Dec avg record high C= 23.8 |time day = 1200 GMT |Jan humidity= 72 |Feb humidity= 70 |Mar humidity= 65 |Apr humidity= 60 |May humidity= 63 |Jun humidity= 67 |Jul humidity= 70 |Aug humidity= 67 |Sep humidity= 60 |Oct humidity= 65 |Nov humidity= 68 |Dec humidity= 73 |Jan high C= 17.5 |Feb high C= 17.7 |Mar high C= 19.2 |Apr high C= 22.8 |May high C= 24.9 |Jun high C= 27.5 |Jul high C= 29.4 |Aug high C= 30.2 |Sep high C= 29.4 |Oct high C= 27.3 |Nov high C= 23.4 |Dec high C= 19.2 |Jan mean C= 12.9 |Feb mean C= 13.4 |Mar mean C= 16.4 |Apr mean C= 19.2 |May mean C= 21.8 |Jun mean C= 24.8 |Jul mean C= 27.0 |Aug mean C= 27.8 |Sep mean C= 26.5 |Oct mean C= 22.7 |Nov mean C= 17.6 |Dec mean C= 13.9 |Jan low C= 9.6 |Feb low C= 9.8 |Mar low C= 11.5 |Apr low C= 14.4 |May low C= 17.3 |Jun low C= 20.6 |Jul low C= 23.0 |Aug low C= 23.7 |Sep low C= 22.5 |Oct low C= 19.1 |Nov low C= 14.6 |Dec low C= 11.2 |Jan avg record low C= 6.6 |Feb avg record low C= 7.3 |Mar avg record low C= 8.3 |Apr avg record low C= 10.7 |May avg record low C= 14.0 |Jun avg record low C= 18.3 |Jul avg record low C= 22.2 |Aug avg record low C= 23.3 |Sep avg record low C= 20.6 |Oct avg record low C= 16.2 |Nov avg record low C= 10.9 |Dec avg record low C= 7.8 |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm= 147 |Feb rain mm= 111 |Mar rain mm= 62 |Apr rain mm= 16 |May rain mm= 4 |Jun rain mm= 0 |Jul rain mm= 0 |Aug rain mm= 0 |Sep rain mm= 1 |Oct rain mm= 34 |Nov rain mm= 81 |Dec rain mm= 127 |unit rain days = 0.1 mm |Jan rain days= 15 |Feb rain days= 13 |Mar rain days= 10 |Apr rain days= 4 |May rain days= 2 |Jun rain days= 0 |Jul rain days= 0 |Aug rain days= 0 |Sep rain days= 0 |Oct rain days= 6 |Nov rain days= 9 |Dec rain days= 12 |Jan sun= 192.2 |Feb sun= 200.1 |Mar sun= 235.6 |Apr sun= 270.0 |May sun= 328.6 |Jun sun= 357.0 |Jul sun= 368.9 |Aug sun= 356.5 |Sep sun= 300.0 |Oct sun= 279.0 |Nov sun= 234.0 |Dec sun= 189.1 |source 1= ''Israel Meteorological Service''<ref name="ims">{{cite web |url=http://ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/LongTermInfo |title=Averages and Records for Tel Aviv (Precipitation, Temperature and Records written in the page) |publisher=Israel Meteorological Service |access-date=1 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914010915/http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/LongTermInfo |archive-date=14 September 2010}}{{in lang|he}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/TopClimetIsrael |title=Extremes for Tel Aviv [Records of February and May] |publisher=Israel Meteorological Service |access-date=2 August 2015 |archive-date=10 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710130329/http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/TopClimetIsrael/ |url-status=live }}{{in lang|he}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/ClimaticAtlas/TempNormals.htm |title=Temperature average |publisher=Israel Meteorological Service |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618145923/http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/ClimaticAtlas/TempNormals.htm |archive-date=18 June 2013}}{{in lang|he}}</ref><ref name="Precipitation average">{{cite web |url=http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/ClimaticAtlas/RainNormals.htm |title=Precipitation average |access-date=12 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925080227/http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/ClimaticAtlas/RainNormals.htm |archive-date=25 September 2011}}{{in lang|he}}</ref> |source 2= ''[[Hong Kong Observatory]]'' for data of sunshine hours<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/gr_tu/tel_aviv_e.htm |title=Climatological Information for Tel Aviv, Israel |publisher=Hong Kong Observatory |access-date=2 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114737/http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/gr_tu/tel_aviv_e.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> }} {{Weather box |location = Tel Aviv the West Coast (2005–2014) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C= 27.7 |Feb record high C= 31.8 |Mar record high C= 38.3 |Apr record high C= 39.1 |May record high C= 38.4 |Jun record high C= 36.7 |Jul record high C= 31.7 |Aug record high C= 32.5 |Sep record high C= 34.1 |Oct record high C= 39.5 |Nov record high C= 34.0 |Dec record high C= 29.5 |Jan high C= 18.3 |Feb high C= 18.9 |Mar high C= 20.7 |Apr high C= 22.6 |May high C= 24.4 |Jun high C= 27.1 |Jul high C= 29.0 |Aug high C= 29.9 |Sep high C= 29.0 |Oct high C= 26.9 |Nov high C= 23.9 |Dec high C= 20.3 |Jan mean C= 14.7 |Feb mean C= 15.4 |Mar mean C= 17.2 |Apr mean C= 19.3 |May mean C= 21.7 |Jun mean C= 24.7 |Jul mean C= 26.9 |Aug mean C= 27.6 |Sep mean C= 26.5 |Oct mean C= 23.8 |Nov mean C= 20.2 |Dec mean C= 16.6 |Jan low C= 11.1 |Feb low C= 11.9 |Mar low C= 13.6 |Apr low C= 16.0 |May low C= 18.9 |Jun low C= 22.4 |Jul low C= 24.7 |Aug low C= 25.4 |Sep low C= 24.1 |Oct low C= 20.7 |Nov low C= 16.5 |Dec low C= 12.8 |Jan record low C= 4.2 |Feb record low C= 5.2 |Mar record low C= 7.2 |Apr record low C= 10.3 |May record low C= 13.1 |Jun record low C= 18.8 |Jul record low C= 21.6 |Aug record low C= 22.5 |Sep record low C= 20.1 |Oct record low C= 15.1 |Nov record low C= 10.2 |Dec record low C= 4.0 |source 1= ''Israel Meteorological Service databases''<ref name="imsdb">{{cite web |url=https://data.gov.il/ims |title=Israel Meteorological Service databases |publisher=Israel Meteorological Service |access-date=31 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119205142/https://data.gov.il/ims |archive-date=19 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}{{in lang|he}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/ODOT/Stations/402.htm |title=Tel Aviv the West Coast |publisher=Israel Meteorological Service |access-date=15 August 2007 |archive-date=24 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024122213/http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/ODOT/Stations/402.htm |url-status=live }}{{in lang|he}}</ref> }} ==Government== {{see also|Mayoral elections in Tel Aviv}} [[File:20200812_113741_Tel_Aviv-Yafo_City_Hall_and_Rabin_Square_anagoria.jpg|thumb|[[Tel Aviv City Hall]] and [[Rabin Square]]]] Tel Aviv is governed by a 31-member city council elected for a five-year term by in direct proportional elections,<ref name="govt">{{cite book |last=Encyclopædia Britannica Staff |title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica |year=1974 |page=66 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YpZpY9plD7AC&q=tel-aviv+city+council |isbn=978-0-85229-290-7 |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409161144/https://books.google.com/books?id=YpZpY9plD7AC&q=tel-aviv+city+council |url-status=live }}</ref> and a mayor elected for the same term by direct elections under a [[two-round system]]. Like all other mayors in Israel, no [[term limits]] exist for the Mayor of Tel Aviv.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.idi.org.il/articles/24646 |title=Is There a Connection Between Corruption and Term Limits in Local Government? |publisher=The Israel Democracy Institute |date=2018-10-18 |access-date=2022-03-05 |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218135659/https://en.idi.org.il/articles/24646 |url-status=live }}</ref> All Israeli citizens over the age of 17 with at least one year of residence in Tel Aviv are eligible to vote in municipal elections. The municipality is responsible for social services, community programs, public infrastructure, urban planning, tourism and other local affairs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/human/index.htm |title=Social Services Administration |access-date=29 March 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426095713/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/human/index.htm |archive-date=26 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/education/community/centers.htm |title=Community Life |access-date=29 March 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050526023203/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/education/community/centers.htm |archive-date=26 May 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/Tourism/Information/Index.htm |title=Tourism |access-date=29 March 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302120451/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/Tourism/Information/Index.htm <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=2 March 2008}}</ref> The Tel Aviv City Hall is located at [[Rabin Square]]. [[Ron Huldai]] has been mayor of Tel Aviv since 1998.<ref name="govt"/> Huldai was reelected for a fifth term in the 2018 municipal elections, defeating former deputy [[Asaf Zamir]], founder of the Ha'Ir party.<ref name="ToIWootliff">{{cite news |last1=Wootliff |first1=Raoul |last2=ToI staff |title=Tel Aviv mayor fends off deputy, cruises to fifth term |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/tel-aviv-mayor-fends-off-deputy-cruises-to-fifth-term/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=31 October 2018 |access-date=8 December 2019 |archive-date=8 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208162858/https://www.timesofisrael.com/tel-aviv-mayor-fends-off-deputy-cruises-to-fifth-term/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Huldai's has become the longest-serving mayor of the city, exceeding [[Shlomo Lahat]]'s 19-year term.<ref name="ToIWootliff" /> The shortest-serving was [[David Bloch-Blumenfeld|David Bloch]], in office for two years, 1925–27. Politically, Tel Aviv is known to be a stronghold for the left, in both local and national issues. The left wing vote is especially prevalent in the city's mostly affluent central and northern neighborhoods, though not the case for its working-class southeastern neighborhoods which tend to vote for right wing parties in national elections.<ref>Haviv Rettig Gur, [http://www.timesofisrael.com/what-the-20th-knesset-says-about-israeli-society/ The 20th Knesset — parliament of a splintered, tribal Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509122619/http://www.timesofisrael.com/what-the-20th-knesset-says-about-israeli-society/ |date=9 May 2015 }}, ''The Times of Israel'', 6 April 2015</ref> Outside the [[kibbutz]]im, [[Meretz]] receives more votes in Tel Aviv than in any other city in Israel.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shiner |first=Doron |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/how-they-voted-see-israel-election-results-by-city-sector-1.269923 |title=How they voted: See Israel election results by city/sector |work=Haaretz |location=Israel |access-date=14 June 2010 |archive-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721225236/http://www.haaretz.com/news/how-they-voted-see-israel-election-results-by-city-sector-1.269923 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Demographics== [[File:Tel Aviv population pyramid.svg|thumb|Tel Aviv population pyramid in 2021]] [[File:Above_Tel-Aviv_(119529360).jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Tel Aviv]] Tel Aviv has a population of {{Israel populations|Tel Aviv - Yafo}} spread over a land area of {{cvt|52000|dunam|km2 sqmi}},{{Israel populations|reference}} yielding a population density of 7,606 people per square km (19,699 per square mile). According to the [[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]] (CBS), {{As of|2009|lc=y}} Tel Aviv's population is growing at an annual rate of 0.5 percent. Jews of all backgrounds form 91.8 percent of the population, Muslims and [[Arab Christians]] make up 4.2 percent, and the remainder belong to other groups (including various Christian and Asian communities).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gis.cbs.gov.il/website/yishuvim/yishuvim_2005/XLS/bycode.xls |title=Tel Aviv Ethnic Breakdown |publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]] |date=31 December 2005 |format=Excel |access-date=22 January 2008 |archive-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123132427/http://gis.cbs.gov.il/website/yishuvim/yishuvim_2005/XLS/bycode.xls |url-status=live }}"Others" refers to non-Arab Christians and unclassified.</ref> As Tel Aviv is a multicultural city, many languages are spoken in addition to [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. According to some estimates, about 50,000 unregistered African and Asian [[foreign worker]]s live in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://migration.ucdavis.edu/MN/more.php?id=1041_0_5_0 |title=Migration News |access-date=22 May 2007 |publisher=UC Davis |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012013249/http://migration.ucdavis.edu/MN/more.php?id=1041_0_5_0 |archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref> Compared with Westernised cities, crime in Tel Aviv is relatively low.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.osac.gov/Reports/report.cfm?contentID=64217 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20190616053732/https://www.osac.gov/Reports/report.cfm?contentID=64217 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 June 2019 |title=Israel 2007 Crime & Safety Report: Tel Aviv |access-date=26 January 2008 |publisher=Overseas Security Advisory Agency}}</ref> According to Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality, the average income in the city, which has an [[unemployment]] rate of 4.6%,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton.html?num_tab=st12_24&CYear=2015 |title=Unemployment rates in Israel, 2014, CBS (Hebrew). |website=cbs.gov.il |access-date=2016-03-06 |archive-date=16 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216085952/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton.html?num_tab=st12_24&CYear=2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> is 20% above the national average.<ref name="TA Stats">{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/cityhall/geo/6167Area.pdf |title=Tel Aviv-Yafo in Numbers |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |date=July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124142007/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/cityhall/geo/6167Area.pdf |archive-date=24 November 2007}}</ref> The city's education standards are above the national average: of its 12th-grade students, 64.4 percent are eligible for [[Bagrut|matriculation certificates]].<ref name="TA Stats"/> The age profile is relatively even, with 22.2 percent aged under 20, 18.5 percent aged 20–29, 24 percent aged 30–44, 16.2 percent aged between 45 and 59, and 19.1 percent older than 60.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_11x&CYear=2007 |title=Statistical Abstract of Israel 2007 |access-date=23 January 2008 |publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218230924/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_11x&CYear=2007 |archive-date=18 December 2008}}</ref> Tel Aviv's population reached a peak in the early 1960s at around 390,000, falling to 317,000 in the late 1980s as high property prices forced families out and deterred young couples from moving in.<ref name="profile"/> Since the 1990s, population has steadily grown.<ref name="profile"/> Today, the city's population is young and growing.<ref name="young">{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/Local-Israel/Tel-Aviv-And-Center/Tel-Aviv-getting-younger |title=Tel Aviv getting younger |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=21 January 2008 |access-date=9 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402151214/http://www.jpost.com/Local-Israel/Tel-Aviv-And-Center/Tel-Aviv-getting-younger |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2006, 22,000&nbsp;people moved to the city, while only 18,500 left,<ref name="young"/> and many of the new families had young children. The population is expected to reach 535,000 in 2030;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/en/Documents/Climate%20Adaptation%20Action%20Plan.pdf |title=Tel Aviv-Yafo Climate Adaptation Action Plan |date=2020 |website=tel-aviv.gov.il |access-date=29 October 2022 |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028220203/https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/en/Documents/Climate%20Adaptation%20Action%20Plan.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> meanwhile, the average age of residents fell from 35.8 in 1983 to 34 in 2008.<ref name="young"/> The population over age 65 stands at 14.6 percent compared with 19% in 1983.<ref name="young"/> ===Religion=== [[File:PikiWiki_Israel_6316_The_central_Synagogue_in_Tel.JPG|thumb|The [[Great Synagogue (Tel Aviv)|Great Synagogue]] is a well known synagogue in center of Tel Aviv]] [[File:סביל סולימאן והמסגד.jpg|thumb|[[Mahmoudiya Mosque]] is a largest mosque in Tel Aviv]] Tel Aviv has 544 active synagogues,<ref name=LauINN>{{cite news |last=Baruch |first=Uzi |script-title=he:תל אביב דתית יותר ממה שנהוג לחשוב |publisher=Arutz Sheva |date=17 May 2009 |url=http://www.inn.co.il/News/News.aspx/189306 |language=he |access-date=17 May 2009 |archive-date=20 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520083716/http://www.inn.co.il/News/News.aspx/189306 |url-status=live }}</ref> including historic buildings such as the [[Great Synagogue (Tel Aviv)|Great Synagogue]], established in the 1930s.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Jewish underground of Tel Aviv |url=http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3451146,00.html |work=Ynetnews |first=Udi |last=Michelson |date=19 January 2007 |access-date=16 March 2008 |archive-date=23 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223095736/http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3451146,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2008, a center for secular [[Jewish studies]] and a [[BINA Center for Jewish Identity and Hebrew Culture|secular yeshiva]] opened in the city.<ref name=arfa>{{cite news |last=Arfa |first=Orit |title=Jewish learning on the rise in Tel Aviv |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=21 October 2006 |url=http://www.jpost.com/Features/Jewish-learning-on-the-rise-in-Tel-Aviv |access-date=9 March 2015 |archive-date=21 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221075233/http://www.jpost.com/Features/Jewish-learning-on-the-rise-in-Tel-Aviv |url-status=live }}</ref> Tensions between religious and [[Secular Jewish culture|secular Jews]] before the 2006 gay pride parade ended in vandalism of a synagogue.<ref name=cohen>{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Avi |title=Synagogue vandalized as gay parade controversy picks up steam |work=Ynetnews |date=2 November 2006 |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3322809,00.html |access-date=15 July 2008 |archive-date=30 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830032836/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3322809,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The number of churches has grown to accommodate the religious needs of diplomats and foreign workers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goisrael.com/Tourism_Euk/Destinations/Tel+Aviv/Tel+Aviv-Jaffa.htm |title=Tel Aviv-Jaffa |access-date=16 March 2008 |publisher=Israeli Tourism Ministry |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080303015041/http://www.goisrael.com/Tourism_Euk/Destinations/Tel+Aviv/Tel+Aviv-Jaffa.htm |archive-date=3 March 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2019, the population was 89.9% Jewish, and 4.5% Arabs; among Arabs 82.8% were Muslims, 16.4% were Christians, and 0.8% were [[Druze]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2021/local_authorities19_1835/398_5000.pdf |title=Tel Aviv profile: 2019 |date=31 December 2019 |publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics |access-date=13 March 2022 |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303131134/https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/DocLib/2021/local_authorities19_1835/398_5000.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The remaining 5 percent were not classified by religion. [[Yisrael Meir Lau|Israel Meir Lau]] is [[Chief Rabbi]] of the city.<ref name=lau>{{Cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=Former Chief Rabbi Lau named as chair of Yad Vashem council |work=Haaretz |date=9 November 2008 |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1035690.html |access-date= 22 November 2008 |archive-date= 12 November 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081112092702/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1035690.html |url-status= dead}}</ref> Tel Aviv is an ethnically diverse city. The Jewish population, which forms the majority group in Tel Aviv, consists of the descendants of immigrants from all parts of the world, including [[Ashkenazi Jews]] from Europe, North America, South America, Australia and South Africa, as well as [[Sephardic Jews|Sephardic]] and [[Mizrahi Jews]] from Southern Europe, North Africa, India, Central Asia, West Asia, and the Arabian Peninsula. There are also a sizable number of [[Ethiopian Jews]] and their descendants living in Tel Aviv. In addition to Muslim and [[Arab Christian]] minorities in the city, several hundred [[Armenians|Armenian]] Christians who reside in the city are concentrated mainly in [[Jaffa]] and some Christians from the former Soviet Union who immigrated to Israel with Jewish spouses and relatives. In recent years, Tel Aviv has received many non-Jewish migrants from Asia and Africa, students, foreign workers (documented and undocumented) and refugees. There are many economic migrants and refugees from African countries, primarily [[Eritrea]] and [[Sudan]], located in the southern part of the city.<ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/0524/Israel-land-of-Jewish-refugees-riled-by-influx-of-Africans Christian Science Monitor: "Israel, land of Jewish refugees, riled by influx of Africans" By Joshua Mitnick] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525043834/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/0524/Israel-land-of-Jewish-refugees-riled-by-influx-of-Africans |date=25 May 2012 }} 24 May 2012</ref> ===Neighborhoods=== {{Further|Neighborhoods of Tel Aviv}} [[File:Central station from the air.jpg|thumb|View of [[Neve Sha'anan, Tel Aviv|Neve Sha'anan]] and the central bus station]] [[File:KiriaPicture_036.jpg|thumb|[[HaKirya]] neighborhood]] Tel Aviv is divided into nine districts that have formed naturally over the city's short history. The oldest of these is Jaffa, the ancient [[port|port city]] out of which Tel Aviv grew. This area is traditionally made up demographically of a greater percentage of Arabs, but recent [[gentrification]] is replacing them with a young professional and artist population. Similar processes are occurring in nearby [[Neve Tzedek]], the original Jewish neighborhood outside of Jaffa. [[Ramat Aviv]], a district in the northern part of the city that is largely made up of luxury apartments and includes [[Tel Aviv University]], is currently undergoing extensive expansion and is set to absorb the beachfront property of Sde Dov Airport after its decommissioning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3420369,00.html |title=Tel Aviv airport to make way for luxury project |date=3 July 2007 |last=Petersburg |first=Ofer |work=Ynetnews |access-date=19 July 2007 |archive-date=5 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705190018/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-3420369%2C00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The area known as [[HaKirya]] is the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) headquarters and a large [[military base]].<ref name=yarkoni/> Moreover, in the past few years, [[Rothschild Boulevard]] which is beginning in Neve Tzedek has become an attraction for tourists, businesses and startups. It features a wide, tree-lined central strip with pedestrian and bike lanes. Historically, there was a demographic split between the [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] northern side of the city, including the district of Ramat Aviv, and the southern, more [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi]] and [[Mizrahi Jews|Mizrahi]] neighborhoods including [[Neve Tzedek]] and [[Florentin, Tel Aviv|Florentin]].<ref name="Economist"/>{{Unreliable source?|failed=y|date=June 2013}} Since the 1980s, major restoration and gentrification projects have been implemented in southern Tel Aviv.<ref name="Economist"/>{{Unreliable source?|failed=y|date=June 2013}} Baruch Yoscovitz, city planner for Tel Aviv beginning in 2001, reworked old British plans for the Florentin neighborhood from the 1920s, adding green areas, pedestrian malls, and housing. The municipality invested two million shekels in the project. The goal was to make Florentin the [[Soho]] of Tel Aviv, and attract artists and young professionals to the neighborhood. Street artists, such as [[Dede (artist)|Dede]], installation artists such as [[Sigalit Landau]], and many others made the upbeat neighborhood their home base.<ref>{{cite news |last=Boulos |first=Nick |title=Show and Tel Aviv: Israel's artistic coastal city |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/middle-east/show-and-tel-aviv-israels-artistic-coastal-city-8861131.html |newspaper=The Independent |date=5 October 2013 |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=14 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814211546/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/middle-east/show-and-tel-aviv-israels-artistic-coastal-city-8861131.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Forester |last2=Fischler |last3=Shmueli |first1=John |first2=Raphael |first3=Deborah |title=Israeli Planners and Designers: Profiles of Community Builders |year=2001 |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany |pages=33–41}}</ref> Florentin is now known as a hip, "cool" place to be in Tel Aviv with coffeehouses, markets, bars, galleries and parties.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mayer |first=Joel |title=Tel Aviv Chic; Exploring Graffiti in Florentine |url=http://www.jpost.com/LocalIsrael/TelAvivAndCenter/Article.aspx?id=135152 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=4 December 2011 |access-date=12 April 2011 |archive-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023085145/http://www.jpost.com/LocalIsrael/TelAvivAndCenter/Article.aspx?id=135152 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Health=== [[File:יח'_הצילום_הרפואי_איכילוב.jpg|thumb|[[Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center]]]] Tel Aviv is home to [[Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center]], the third-largest hospital complex in Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/16/ART1/578/331.html |title=Sheba – the largest hospital in Israel |website=Nrg.co.il |access-date=2022-02-23 |archive-date=14 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514215644/http://www.nrg.co.il/online/16/ART1/578/331.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It contains Ichilov Hospital, the Ida Sourasky Rehabilitation Center, Lis Maternity and Women's Hospital, and Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital. The city also contains [[Assuta Medical Center]], a private hospital which offers surgical and diagnostic services in all fields of medicine and has an [[IVF]] clinic. ===Education=== [[File:Tel_Aviv_University_01.jpg|thumb|[[Tel Aviv University]]]] In 2006, 51,359&nbsp;children attended school in Tel Aviv, of whom 8,977&nbsp;were in municipal kindergartens, 23,573 in municipal elementary schools, and 18,809 in high schools.<ref name="TA Stats"/> Sixty-four percent of students in the city are entitled to matriculation, more than 5 percent higher than the national average.<ref name="TA Stats"/> About 4,000 children are in first grade at schools in the city, and population growth is expected to raise this number to 6,000.<ref name="young"/> As a result, 20&nbsp;additional kindergarten classes were opened in 2008–09 in the city. A new elementary school is planned north of Sde Dov as well as a new high school in northern Tel Aviv.<ref name="young"/> The first Hebrew high school, called [[Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium]], was established in Jaffa in 1905 and moved to Tel Aviv after its founding in 1909, where a new campus on Herzl Street was constructed for it. [[Tel Aviv University]], the largest university in Israel, is known internationally for its [[physics]], [[computer science]], [[chemistry]] and [[linguistics]] departments. Together with [[Bar-Ilan University]] in neighboring [[Ramat Gan]], the student population numbers over 50,000, including a sizeable [[international student|international community]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/ |title=Tel Aviv University |access-date=19 July 2007 |publisher=QS Top Universities |archive-date=27 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227112546/https://www.topuniversities.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Education/higher_ed.html |title=Higher Education |encyclopedia=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=19 July 2007 |archive-date=15 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115175642/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Education/higher_ed.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Its campus is located in the neighborhood of [[Ramat Aviv]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tau.ac.il/tau-history-eng.html |title=TAU History |publisher=[[Tel Aviv University]] |access-date=26 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108214143/http://www.tau.ac.il/tau-history-eng.html |archive-date=8 November 2007}}</ref> Tel Aviv also has several colleges.<ref name=colleges>{{cite web |title=Colleges in Israel |work=Israel Science and Technology Homepage |access-date=15 July 2008 |url=http://www.science.co.il/Colleges.asp |archive-date=16 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516110304/http://www.science.co.il/Colleges.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium]] moved from Jaffa to old Tel Aviv in 1909 and moved to [[Jabotinsky]] Street in the early 1960s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.schooly.co.il/gymnasia/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100821091601/http://www.schooly.co.il/gymnasia/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 August 2010 |title=Gymnasia Herzlia |language=he |access-date=2 April 2008}}</ref> Other notable schools in Tel Aviv include [[Shevah Mofet]], the second [[Hebrew school]] in the city, Ironi Alef High School for Arts and [[Alliance Israelite Universelle|Alliance]]. ==Economy== [[File:Azrieli_sarona_tower_and_mall.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Azrieli Sarona Tower]], the [[List of tallest buildings in Israel|tallest building in Israel]]]] Tel Aviv has been ranked as the twenty-fifth most important financial center in the world.<ref name="longfinance1">{{cite web |url=http://www.longfinance.net/images/GFCI18_23Sep2015.pdf |title=TheGlobal FinancialCentres Index 18 |author=Ami Sedghi |date=1 September 2015 |publisher=QFC |access-date=29 September 2015 |archive-date=27 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227131528/http://www.longfinance.net/images/GFCI18_23Sep2015.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1926, the country's first shopping arcade, Passage Pensak, was built there.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/culture/leisure/back-to-the-future-everything-s-up-to-date-in-tel-aviv-it-s-1935-1.372939 |title=Back to the Future / Everything's up to date in Tel Aviv. It's 1935 |work=Haaretz |access-date=25 May 2016 |archive-date=3 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803112930/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/culture/leisure/back-to-the-future-everything-s-up-to-date-in-tel-aviv-it-s-1935-1.372939 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1936, as tens of thousands of middle class [[aliyah|immigrants]] arrived from Europe, Tel Aviv was already the largest city in Palestine. A small port was built at the Yarkon estuary, and many cafes, clubs and cinemas opened. Herzl Street became a commercial thoroughfare at this time.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dvir |first=Noam |url=http://www.haaretz.com/culture/arts-leisure/back-to-the-future-everything-s-up-to-date-in-tel-aviv-it-s-1935-1.372939 |title=Back to the future: Everything's up to date in Tel Aviv. It's 1935 |work=Haaretz |date=13 July 2011 |access-date=7 November 2012 |archive-date=13 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213180603/http://www.haaretz.com/culture/arts-leisure/back-to-the-future-everything-s-up-to-date-in-tel-aviv-it-s-1935-1.372939 |url-status=live }}</ref> Economic activities account for 17 percent of the GDP.<ref name="profile"/> In 2011, Tel Aviv had an unemployment rate of 4.4 percent.<ref>[http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000728750&fid=1725 Unemployment rate at historic low in Q4 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105233505/http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000728750&fid=1725 |date=5 November 2013 }}''Globes'', 28 February 12 14:00, Adrian Filut</ref> The city has been described as a "flourishing technological center" by ''[[Newsweek]]'' and a "miniature Los Angeles" by ''[[The Economist]]''.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/cities/findStory.cfm?city_id=TLV&folder=Facts-Figures#Economic_profile |title=Tel Aviv City Guide |access-date=28 May 2007 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011233537/http://economist.com/cities/findStory.cfm?city_id=TLV&folder=Facts-Figures |archive-date=11 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="Newsweek">{{cite magazine |last=Levy |first=Stephen |author2=Matt Rees |date=9 November 1998 |title=Focus on Technology: The Hot New Tech Cities |magazine=[[Newsweek]]}} <!-- (online: 1998-11-04) "Massive immigration from Russia in the early 1990s brought the country a flood of computer scientists with advanced theoretical knowledge." --></ref> In 1998, the city was described by Newsweek as one of the 10&nbsp;most technologically influential cities in the world. Since then, high-tech industry in the Tel Aviv area has continued to develop.<ref name="Newsweek"/> The Tel Aviv metropolitan area (including [[satellite town|satellite cities]] such as [[Herzliya]] and [[Petah Tikva]]) is Israel's center of high-tech, sometimes referred to as [[Silicon Wadi]].<ref name="Newsweek"/><ref name="mercer">{{cite web |url=http://www.mercer.com/costofliving |title=Cost of living top 50 cities |publisher=[[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer Human Resource Consulting]] |access-date=25 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725183008/http://www.mercer.com/costofliving |archive-date=25 July 2008}}</ref> In 2016, the [[Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network]] (GaWC) at [[Loughborough University]] reissued an inventory of [[Global city|world cities]] based on their level of advanced producer services. Tel Aviv was ranked as an [[Global city|alpha- world city]].<ref name="lboro.ac.uk">{{cite web |title=GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2016 |work=Globalization and World Cities Research Network |access-date=18 December 2017 |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html |archive-date=10 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Kiryat Atidim]] [[high tech]] zone opened in 1972 and the city has become a major world high tech hub. In December 2012, the city was ranked second on a list of top places to found a high tech [[startup company]], just behind [[Silicon Valley]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4315220,00.html |title=Tel Aviv named 2nd best high-tech center – Israel Business, Ynetnews |work=Ynetnews |date=5 December 2012 |access-date=12 March 2013 |last1=Cohen |first1=Sagi |archive-date=15 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315063702/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4315220,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013, Tel Aviv had more than 700 startup companies and research and development centers, and was ranked the second-most innovative city in the world, behind [[Medellín]] and ahead of [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4352010,00.html |title=Tel Aviv ranks 2nd in innovation – Israel Business, Ynetnews |work=Ynetnews |date=4 March 2013 |access-date=12 March 2013 |last1=Petersburg |first1=Ofer |archive-date=14 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314190323/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4352010,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Forbes]], nine of its fifteen Israeli-born billionaires live in Israel; four live in Tel Aviv and its suburbs.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2007/10/07billionaires_The-Worlds-Billionaires_CountryOfCitizen_10.html |title=The World's Billionaires |work=Forbes |date=8 March 2007 |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=28 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128013635/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2007/10/07billionaires_The-Worlds-Billionaires_CountryOfCitizen_10.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/81/biz_06israel_Israels-Richest_land.html |title=Israel's 40 Richest |date=9 December 2006 |work=Forbes |last=Bin-Nun |first=Boaz |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=7 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707001059/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/81/biz_06israel_Israels-Richest_land.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[cost of living]] in Israel is high, with Tel Aviv being its most expensive city to live in. In 2021, Tel Aviv became the world's most expensive city to live in, according to the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Cost of Living Index 2021 |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/worldwide-cost-of-living-2021/ |access-date=2022-01-24 |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |language=en-GB |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124174307/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/worldwide-cost-of-living-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BBCcol" /> Shopping malls in Tel Aviv include [[Dizengoff Center]], [[Ramat Aviv Mall]] and [[Azrieli Center|Azrieli Shopping Mall]] and markets such as Carmel Market, Ha'Tikva Market, and Bezalel Market. [[File:Tel_Aviv_Stock_Exchange_-_New_Building_Lobby_1.jpg|thumb|[[Tel Aviv Stock Exchange]]]] [[File:RothschildBoulevardTowersMay2014Cropped.jpg|thumb|right|Towers on [[Rothschild Boulevard]]]] Tel Aviv is home to the [[Tel Aviv Stock Exchange]] (TASE), Israel's only [[stock exchange]], which has reached record heights since the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/jun2007/gb20070621_251927.htm?chan=top+news_top+news+index_global+business |title=Israel: A Hotbed of...Investment |work=[[Bloomberg BusinessWeek]] |date=21 June 2007 |last=Sandler |first=Neal |access-date=22 June 2007 |archive-date=26 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626072752/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/jun2007/gb20070621_251927.htm?chan=top+news_top+news+index_global+business |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Tel Aviv Stock exchange has also gained attention for its resilience and ability to recover from war and disasters. For example, the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange was higher on the last day of both the 2006 Lebanon war and the 2009 Operation in Gaza than on the first day of fighting.<ref>{{cite book |last=Senor, Singer |first=Dan, Saul |title=Start Up Nation |year=2009 |publisher=Twelve |location=New York |pages=13–14}}</ref> Many international [[venture capital|venture-capital]] firms, [[scientific method|scientific research]] institutes and high-tech companies are headquartered in the city. Industries in Tel Aviv include chemical processing, textile plants and food manufacturers.<ref name="Economist"/>{{Unreliable source?|failed=y|date=June 2013}} ===Tourism and recreation=== Tel Aviv receives about 2.5&nbsp;million international visitors annually, the fifth-most-visited city in the Middle East & Africa.<ref name="MasterCard ranks Tel Aviv as fifth most visited city in Middle East and Africa"/><ref name="Tourists rank Jerusalem and Tel Aviv among top cities to visit"/> In 2010, ''[[Knight Frank]]''{{'}}s [[global city#World City Survey|world city survey]] ranked it 34th globally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.knightfrank.com/wealthreport/2011/global-cities-survey/ |title=Results of the Knight Frank Global Cities Survey |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102042444/http://www.knightfrank.com/wealthreport/2011/global-cities-survey/ |archive-date=2 November 2012}}</ref> Tel Aviv has been named the third "hottest city for 2011" (behind only New York City and Tangier) by ''[[Lonely Planet]]'', third-best in the Middle East and Africa by [[Travel + Leisure|''Travel + Leisure magazine'']] (behind only Cape Town and Jerusalem), and the ninth-best [[Seaside resort|beach city]] in the world by ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/Travel/TravelNews/Article.aspx?id=193541 |title=Tel Aviv ranked world's 3rd hottest city for 2011 |access-date=1 November 2010 |archive-date=21 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021051440/http://www.jpost.com/Travel/TravelNews/Article.aspx?id=193541 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.travelandleisure.com/worldsbest/2011/cities/africa-middle-east-cities/252 |title=World's Best Awards 2011 – Africa and the Middle East |access-date=11 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711144419/http://www.travelandleisure.com/worldsbest/2011/cities/africa-middle-east-cities/252 |archive-date=11 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="Top 10 Beach Cities">{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/beach-cities-photos |title=Top 10 Beach Cities |date=8 July 2010 |access-date=30 July 2010 |archive-date=21 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721215624/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/beach-cities-photos/#beaches-tel-aviv-cities_22323_600x450.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref> Tel Aviv is consistently ranked as one of the top [[LGBT]] destinations in the world.<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=253129 Huldai proud of Tel Aviv winning best gay city of 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120123836/http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=253129 |date=20 January 2012 }} ''Jerusalem Post'', January 11, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.salon.com/2012/01/24/tel_aviv_emerges_as_top_gay_tourist_destination/ |work=Salon |agency=Associated Press |title=Tel Aviv emerges as top gay tourist destination |date=24 January 2012 |access-date=1 December 2018 |archive-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202024632/https://www.salon.com/2012/01/24/tel_aviv_emerges_as_top_gay_tourist_destination/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city has also been ranked as one of the top 10 oceanfront cities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Photos: Top 10 Oceanfront Cities |website=National Geographic Travel |date=19 December 2014 |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/photos-top-10-oceanfront-cities |access-date=30 December 2017 |archive-date=31 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103409/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/photos-top-10-oceanfront-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Tel Aviv is known as "the city that never sleeps" and a "party capital" due to its thriving [[nightlife]], young atmosphere and famous [[24/7|24-hour culture]].<ref name="Top 10 party towns"/><ref name="lonelyplanet.com"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/travel/article/953921--5-best-irish-pubs-not-in-ireland |title=5 best Irish pubs not in Ireland |work=[[The Jerusalem Post|Toronto Star]] |date=15 March 2011 |first=Adrian |last=Brijbassi |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023234008/http://www.thestar.com/travel/article/953921--5-best-irish-pubs-not-in-ireland |url-status=live }}</ref> Tel Aviv has branches of some of the world's leading hotels, including the [[Crowne Plaza]], [[Sheraton Hotels and Resorts|Sheraton]], [[Dan Hotels|Dan]], [[Isrotel Tower|Isrotel]] and [[Hilton Hotels|Hilton]]. It is home to many museums, architectural and cultural sites, with city tours available in different languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://city-tour.co.il/ntextin.asp?psn=1109 |title=Tel Aviv bus tour |access-date=19 January 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv City Tours |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828221824/http://city-tour.co.il/ntextin.asp?psn=1109 |archive-date=28 August 2008}}</ref> Apart from bus tours, architectural tours, [[Segway PT|Segway]] tours, and walking tours are also popular.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telavivarchitecture.com |title=Tel Aviv architecture tour |access-date=19 January 2008 |website=TelAvivArchitecture.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127163542/http://www.telavivarchitecture.com/ |archive-date=27 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.segways.co.il/ |title=Tel Aviv segway tours |access-date=19 January 2008 |website=Segways.co.il |archive-date=19 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219180315/http://www.segways.co.il/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telaviv4fun.com/citywalks.html |title=Tel Aviv walking tours |access-date=19 January 2008 |website=TelAviv4Fun.com |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005941/http://telaviv4fun.com/citywalks.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Tel Aviv has 44&nbsp;hotels with more than 6,500&nbsp;rooms.<ref name="TA Stats"/> The [[w:he:רצועת חוף תל אביב-יפו|beaches of Tel Aviv]] and the city's [[Tel Aviv Promenade|promenade]] play a major role in the city's cultural and touristic scene, often ranked as some of the best beaches in the world.<ref name="Top 10 Beach Cities"/> [[Yarkon Park|Hayarkon Park]] is the most visited [[park|urban park]] in Israel, with 16&nbsp;million visitors annually. Other parks within city limits include [[Charles Clore Park]], Independence Park, [[Meir Park, Tel Aviv|Meir Park]] and [[Dubnow Park]]. About 19% of the city land are green spaces.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/StatisticalOverview.htm |title=Tel Aviv Statistical Overview |work=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913132730/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/StatisticalOverview.htm |archive-date=13 September 2014}}</ref> {{Wide image|Tel Aviv Panorama.jpg|1100px|{{centre|View of Tel Aviv}}}} ==Culture== ===Architecture=== {{see also|White City (Tel Aviv)|List of tallest buildings in Tel Aviv}} [[File:PikiWiki Israel 5189 Neve Tzedek in Tel-Aviv.jpg|thumb|right|1930s [[Bauhaus]] (left) and 1920s [[Eclecticism|Eclectic]] (right) architectural styles]] Tel Aviv is home to different [[architectural style]]s that represent influential periods in its history. The early architecture of Tel Aviv consisted largely of European-style single-storey houses with red-tiled roofs.<ref name=arch>{{cite web |url=http://mjwein.net/lectures/T-Lec-WhiteCity.pdf |title=Green, White or Black City? |year=2006 |publisher=Martin Wein, Emory University |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080409004022/http://mjwein.net/lectures/T-Lec-WhiteCity.pdf |archive-date= 9 April 2008}}</ref> [[Neve Tzedek]], the first neighbourhood to be built outside of Jaffa, is characterised by two-storey sandstone buildings.<ref name=UNESCO/> By the 1920s, a new [[Eclecticism in art|eclectic Orientalist style]] came into vogue, combining European architecture with Eastern features such as arches, domes and ornamental tiles.<ref name=arch/> [[Pagoda House]] (''Beit HaPagoda''), designed by Alexander Levy and built in 1924, is an example of this style.<ref name="TA">[http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/cityhall/history/history04.htm Tel Aviv Municipality: History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006052408/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/cityhall/history/history04.htm |date=2008-10-06 }}</ref> Municipal construction followed the "[[garden city movement|garden city]]" [[Strategy|master plan]] drawn up by [[Patrick Geddes]]. Two- and three-storey buildings were interspersed with boulevards and public parks.<ref name=arch/> Various architectural styles, such as [[Art Deco]], classical and modernist also exist in Tel Aviv. [[File:מוזיאון הבאוהאוס1.jpg|thumb|[[Bauhaus Museum Tel Aviv|Bauhaus Museum]] displaying Bauhaus furnishings]] Bauhaus architecture was introduced in the 1920s and 1930s by German Jewish architects who settled in Palestine after the rise of the Nazis. Tel Aviv's [[White City (Tel Aviv)|White City]], around the city center, contains more than 5,000&nbsp;Modernist-style buildings inspired by the [[Bauhaus school]] and [[Le Corbusier]].<ref name=UNESCO/><ref name=times/> Construction of these buildings, later declared protected landmarks and, collectively, a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], continued until the 1950s in the area around [[Rothschild Boulevard]].<ref name=times/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=1096 |title=White City of Tel Aviv |access-date=19 July 2007 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610155902/http://whc.unesco.org/PG.CFM?cid=31&id_site=1096 |archive-date=10 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Some 3,000 buildings were created in this style between 1931 and 1939 alone.<ref name="arch"/> In the 1960s, this architectural style gave way to office towers and a chain of waterfront hotels and commercial skyscrapers.<ref name="Economist"/> Some of the city's Modernist buildings were neglected to the point of ruin. Before legislation to preserve this landmark architecture, many of the old buildings were demolished. Efforts are under way to refurbish Bauhaus buildings and restore them to their original condition.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/Architecture/Bauhaus.html |title=Bauhaus Architecture |encyclopedia=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |access-date=11 February 2008 |archive-date=4 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204005608/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_%26_Culture/Architecture/Bauhaus.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Tel-Aviv AzrielyTowers T36.jpg|thumb|The [[Azrieli Center]] complex contains some of the tallest skyscrapers in Tel Aviv.]] The [[Shalom Meir Tower]], Israel's first skyscraper, was built in Tel Aviv in 1965 and remained the country's tallest building until 1999. At the time of its construction, the building rivaled Europe's tallest buildings in height, and was the tallest in the Middle East. In the mid-1990s, the construction of skyscrapers began throughout the entire city, altering its skyline. Before that, Tel Aviv had had a generally low-rise skyline.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/2881/skyscrapers-dotting-tel-aviv-landscape |title=Skyscrapers dotting Tel Aviv landscape {{pipe}} j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California |website=Jweekly.com |date=29 March 1996 |access-date=20 July 2012 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012062544/http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/2881/skyscrapers-dotting-tel-aviv-landscape |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, the Tel Aviv Municipality's Planning and Construction Committee launched a new master plan for the city for 2025. It decided not to allow the construction of any additional skyscrapers in the city center, while at the same time greatly increasing the construction of skyscrapers in the east. The ban extends to an area between the coast and [[Ibn Gabirol Street]], and also between the [[Yarkon River]] and Eilat Street. It did not extend to towers already under construction or approved. One final proposed skyscraper project was approved, while dozens of others had to be scrapped. Any new buildings there will usually not be allowed to rise above six and a half stories. However, hotel towers along almost the entire beachfront will be allowed to rise up to 25 stories. According to the plan, large numbers of skyscrapers and high-rise buildings at least 18 stories tall would be built in the entire area between Ibn Gabirol Street and the eastern city limits, as part of the master plan's goal of doubling the city's office space to cement Tel Aviv as the business capital of Israel. Under the plan, "forests" of corporate skyscrapers will line both sides of the [[Highway 20 (Israel)|Ayalon Highway]]. Further south, skyscrapers rising up to 40 stories will be built along the old Ottoman railway between [[Neve Tzedek]] and [[Florentin, Tel Aviv|Florentine]], with the first such tower there being the [[Neve Tzedek Tower]]. Along nearby Shlavim Street, passing between Jaffa and south Tel Aviv, office buildings up to 25 stories will line both sides of the street, which will be widened to accommodate traffic from the city's southern entrance to the center.<ref>Fox, Jesse: ''Tel Aviv's skyline in 2025'' (21 May 2011)</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3888492,00.html |title=No new skyscrapers in central Tel Aviv – Israel Business, Ynetnews |work=Ynetnews |date=20 June 1995 |last1=Petersburg |first1=Ofer |access-date=27 March 2012 |archive-date=22 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822131552/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3888492,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Entertainment and performing arts=== [[File:Tel_Aviv_Opera_House_(8090164667).jpg|thumb|[[Tel Aviv Performing Arts Center]]]] [[File:Charles_Bronfman_Auditorium.jpg|thumb|[[Heichal HaTarbut]] theatre, home to the [[Israel Philharmonic Orchestra]]]] Tel Aviv is a major center of culture and entertainment.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyPZRi9uYxUC&pg=PA196 |title=Emerging Nodes in the Global Economy: Frankfurt and Tel Aviv Compared |last1=Felsenstein |first1=Daniel |last2=Schamp |first2=Eike W. |publisher=Springer |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-4020-0924-2 |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427162344/https://books.google.com/books?id=wyPZRi9uYxUC&pg=PA196 |url-status=live }}</ref> Eighteen of Israel's 35 major centers for the performing arts are located in the city, including five of the country's nine large theatres, where 55% of all performances in the country and 75 percent of all attendance occurs.<ref name="profile"/><ref name="culture">{{cite web |url=http://www.cityguide.travel-guides.com/city/125/culture/Middle-East/Tel-Aviv.html |title=Tel Aviv Culture |access-date=31 January 2008 |website=TravelGuides.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071217073110/http://www.cityguide.travel-guides.com/city/125/culture/Middle-East/Tel-Aviv.html |archive-date= 17 December 2007}}</ref> The [[Tel Aviv Performing Arts Center]] is home of the [[Israeli Opera]], where [[Plácido Domingo]] was house tenor between 1962 and 1965, and the [[Cameri Theater|Cameri Theatre]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israel-opera.co.il/Eng/?CategoryID=220&ArticleID=146 |title=History and Architecture |publisher=Israel Opera |access-date=31 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080122050952/http://www.israel-opera.co.il/Eng/?CategoryID=220&ArticleID=146 |archive-date=22 January 2008}}</ref> With 2,482&nbsp;seats, the [[Heichal HaTarbut]] is the city's largest theatre and home to the [[Israel Philharmonic Orchestra]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hatarbut.co.il/English/about.htm |title=Mann Auditorium |access-date=31 January 2008 |website=Hatarbut.co.il |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080119103403/http://www.hatarbut.co.il/English/about.htm |archive-date=19 January 2008}}</ref> [[File:PikiWiki Israel 35192 Suzan Dalal center.JPG|thumb|[[Suzanne Dellal Centre for Dance and Theatre]]]] [[Habima Theatre]], Israel's national theatre, was closed down for renovations in early 2008, and reopened in November 2011 after major remodeling. Enav Cultural Center is one of the newer additions to the cultural scene.<ref name="culture"/> Other theatres in Tel Aviv are the Gesher Theatre and [[Beit Lessin Theater]]; [[Tzavta]] and [[Tmuna]] are smaller theatres that host [[performance|musical performances]] and [[fringe theatre|fringe]] productions. In Jaffa, the Simta and Notzar theatres specialize in fringe as well. Tel Aviv is home to the [[Batsheva Dance Company]], a world-famous [[contemporary dance]] troupe. The Israeli Ballet is also based in Tel Aviv.<ref name="culture"/> Tel Aviv's center for modern and classical dance is the [[Suzanne Dellal Center for Dance and Theater|Suzanne Dellal Center for Dance and Theatre]] in [[Neve Tzedek]].<ref name=iexplore>{{cite web |title=Tel Aviv Activities |website=iExplore.com |access-date=15 July 2008 |url=http://www.iexplore.com/cityguides/Israel/Tel+Aviv/Activities |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602192159/http://www.iexplore.com/cityguides/Israel/Tel%2BAviv/Activities |archive-date=2 June 2008}}</ref> The city often hosts international musicians at venues such as [[Hayarkon Park]], [[Expo Tel Aviv]], the Barby Club, the Zappa Club and Live Park Rishon Lezion just south of Tel Aviv.<ref name=Reuters>{{cite news |title=McCartney wows fans with historic Israel concert |work=Reuters |access-date=26 September 2008 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSTRE48O92W20080925?feedType=RSS&feedName=entertainmentNews |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=21 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221034557/http://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSTRE48O92W20080925?feedType=RSS&feedName=entertainmentNews |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Haaretz>{{cite web |title=Depeche Mode to kick off next world tour in Israel |work=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=6 October 2008 |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1026314.html |archive-date=24 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224040943/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1026314.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Ynet>{{cite web |title=Madonna To Wrap Up Tour in Tel Aviv |work=[[The Jewish Daily Forward]] |date=4 June 2009 |access-date=4 June 2009 |url=http://www.forward.com/articles/107163/ |archive-date=5 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805194552/http://www.forward.com/articles/107163/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city hosted the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2019]] (the first Israeli-hosted Eurovision held outside of Jerusalem), following Israel's win the year prior.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/tel-aviv-municipality-to-run-free-shabbat-buses-to-eurovision/ |title=Tel Aviv municipality to run free Shabbat buses to Eurovision |website=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |access-date=2019-05-09 |archive-date=26 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526063713/https://www.timesofisrael.com/tel-aviv-municipality-to-run-free-shabbat-buses-to-eurovision/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Opera and classical music performances are held daily in Tel Aviv, with many of the world's leading [[conducting|classical conductors]] and [[solo (music)|soloists]] performing on Tel Aviv stages over the years.<ref name="culture"/> The [[Tel Aviv Cinematheque]] screens art movies, premieres of short and full-length Israeli films, and hosts a variety of film festivals, among them the Festival of Animation, Comics and Caricatures, "Icon" Science Fiction and Fantasy Festival, the Student Film Festival, the Jazz, Film and Videotape Festival and Salute to Israeli Cinema. The city has several [[multiplex (movie theater)|multiplex cinemas]].<ref name="culture"/> Tel Aviv is an international hub of highly active and diverse nightlife with bars, dance bars and [[nightclub]]s staying open well past midnight. The largest area for nightclubs is the Tel Aviv port, where the city's large, commercial clubs and bars draw big crowds of young clubbers from both Tel Aviv and neighboring cities. The South of Tel Aviv is known for the popular [[Haoman 17|Haoman 17 club]], as well as for being the city's main hub of alternative clubbing, with underground venues including established clubs like the Block Club, Comfort 13 and Paradise Garage, as well as various warehouse and loft party venues. The Allenby/Rothschild area is another popular nightlife hub, featuring such clubs as the Pasaz, Radio EPGB and the Penguin. In 2013, [[Absolut Vodka]] introduced a specially designed bottle dedicated to Tel Aviv as part of its international cities series.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4372126,00.html |title=Absolut bottle dedicated to Tel Aviv |work=Ynetnews |date=25 April 2013 |access-date=16 May 2013 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803165223/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4372126,00.html |url-status=live |last1=Linzen |first1=Yael }}</ref> ===LGBT culture=== [[File:Tel Aviv Gay Pride Parade 2015 (18549971060).jpg|thumb|[[Tel Aviv Pride]] is the largest annual [[pride parade]] in the Middle East and Asia.]] Named "the best gay city in the world" by [[American Airlines]], Tel Aviv is one of the most popular destinations for [[LGBT tourism|LGBT tourists]] internationally, with a large [[LGBT]] community.<ref name="Was Arafat Gay?">{{cite magazine |url=http://out.com/detail.asp?id=22719 |title=Was Arafat Gay? |magazine=[[Out (magazine)|Out]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202221/http://www.out.com/detail.asp?id=22719 |archive-date=26 January 2009}}</ref><ref name=Burden>{{cite news |title=Tel Aviv named world's best gay city |work=[[Ynet]] |date=11 January 2012 |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4174274,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113221159/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-4174274%2C00.html |archive-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> Approximately 25% of Tel Aviv's population identify as [[gay]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/travel/2016/03/17/welcome-tel-aviv-gayest-city-earth/y9V15VazXhtSjXVSo9gT9K/story.html |title=Welcome to Tel Aviv, the gayest city on earth |date=16 March 2016 |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829093319/https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/travel/2016/03/17/welcome-tel-aviv-gayest-city-earth/y9V15VazXhtSjXVSo9gT9K/story.html |archive-date=29 August 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/en/Pages/ArticlePage.aspx?WebID=9336473c-1537-4ab6-8a69-d299b5db8bcc&ListID=b4eda22c-a69a-4bef-9479-05d5a832ad16&ItemId=99 |title=Tel Aviv- A City With Pride |date=16 March 2018 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |quote=In order to fully embrace Tel Aviv's unique personality, the city's gay community is the most vibrant and essential characteristic. Making up an estimated 25% of the entire population, the substantially large gay community is an integral part of Tel Aviv's culture. |access-date=9 March 2022 |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309000107/https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/en/Pages/ArticlePage.aspx?WebID=9336473c-1537-4ab6-8a69-d299b5db8bcc&ListID=b4eda22c-a69a-4bef-9479-05d5a832ad16&ItemId=99 |url-status=live }}</ref> American journalist [[David Kaufman (journalist)|David Kaufman]] has described the city as a place "packed with the kind of 'we're here, we're queer', vibe more typically found in Sydney and San Francisco". The city hosts its well-known [[Tel Aviv Pride|pride parade]], the biggest in Asia, attracting over 200,000 people yearly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.722976 |title=200,000 Israelis, Tourists Take Part in Tel Aviv Gay Pride Parade |first1=Zafrir |last1=Rinat |first2=Jonathan |last2=Lis |date=3 June 2016 |website=Haaretz |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920071808/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.722976 |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2008, Tel Aviv's municipality established the city's [[Tel Aviv Municipal LGBT Community Center|LGBT Community center]], providing all of the municipal and cultural services to the LGBT community under one roof. In December 2008, Tel Aviv began putting together a team of gay athletes for the [[2009 World Outgames]] in Copenhagen.<ref name=zeitun>{{Cite news |last=Zeitun |first=Yoav |title=Tel Aviv recruits gay athletes for 2009 World Outgames |work=Ynetnews |date=26 December 2008 |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3644715,00.html |access-date=26 December 2008 |archive-date=27 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227095110/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3644715,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, Tel Aviv hosts an annual LGBT [[film festival]], known as [[TLVFest]]. Tel Aviv's LGBT community is the subject of [[Eytan Fox]]'s 2006 film ''[[The Bubble (2006 film)|The Bubble]]''. ===Fashion=== Tel Aviv has become an international center of fashion and design.<ref name="T+L1">{{cite web |url=http://www.travelandleisure.com/articles/newsflash-whats-new-in-tel-aviv |title=What's New in Tel Aviv |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019151535/http://www.travelandleisure.com/articles/newsflash-whats-new-in-tel-aviv |archivedate=19 October 2008 |first=David |last=Kaufman |date=March 2008 |url-status=live |website=Travel+Leisure |publisher=Meredith Corporation}}</ref> It has been called the "next hot destination" for fashion.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} Israeli designers, such as swimwear company [[Gottex]] show their collections at leading fashion shows, including New York's [[Bryant Park]] fashion show.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} In 2011, Tel Aviv hosted its first [[fashion week]] since the 1980s, with Italian designer [[Roberto Cavalli]] as a guest of honor.<ref>{{cite news |first=Merle |last=Ginsberg |title=Roberto Cavalli Shows Spring 2012 Collection at First Ever Tel Aviv Fashion Week |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/fash-track/roberto-cavalli-spring-2012-tel-aviv-fashion-week-264432 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=21 November 2011 |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230730/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/fash-track/roberto-cavalli-spring-2012-tel-aviv-fashion-week-264432 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Media=== [[File:Reshet Building Tel Aviv.jpg|thumb|[[Reshet]] studio building in Tel Aviv]] The three largest [[List of newspapers in Israel|newspaper companies]] in Israel: {{Lang|he-latn|[[Yedioth Ahronoth]]}}, [[Maariv (newspaper)|Maariv]] and [[Haaretz]] are all based within the city limits.<ref name="news">{{cite web |url=http://www.abyznewslinks.com/israe.htm |title=Israel Newspapers |access-date=31 January 2008 |website=Abzynewslinks.com |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208085205/http://www.abyznewslinks.com/israe.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Several radio stations cover the Tel Aviv area, including the city-based Radio Tel Aviv.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/il/235/4739 |title=Tel Aviv Israel news media |access-date=31 January 2008 |website=Mondotimes.com}}</ref> The two major Israeli television networks, [[Keshet Media Group]] and [[Reshet]], are based in the city, as well as two of the most popular radio stations in Israel: [[Israel Army Radio|Galatz]] and [[Galgalatz]], which are both based in [[Jaffa]]. Studios of the international news channel [[i24news]] is located at [[Jaffa Port]] Customs House. An English language radio station, [[TLV1]], is based at [[Kikar Hamedina]]. ===Cuisine=== Tel Aviv is famous for its wide variety of world-class restaurants, offering traditional Israeli dishes as well as international fare.<ref>{{cite news |first=Bonnie S. |last=Benwick |title=Tasting Tel Aviv, Israel's culinary capital |date=4 April 2010 |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/01/AR2010040103382.html |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=30 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130151451/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/01/AR2010040103382.html |url-status=live }}</ref> More than 100&nbsp;[[sushi]] restaurants, the third highest concentration in the world, do business in the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3499855,00.html |title=Israel becomes sushi mecca |first=Sarit |last=Saradas-Trutino |work=Ynetnews |date=28 January 2008 |access-date=15 February 2008 |archive-date=31 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131102450/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3499855,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In Tel Aviv there are some dessert specialties, the most known is the [[Halva ice cream]] traditionally topped with date syrup and pistachios. ===Museums=== [[File:PikiWiki Israel 15282 Tel Aviv Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|[[Tel Aviv Museum of Art]], the Herta and Paul Amir Building]] Israel has the highest number of museums per capita of any country, with three of the largest located in Tel Aviv.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visit-tlv.co.il/eng.html |title=Museums and Galleries |publisher=Tel Aviv Municipality |access-date=22 September 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071011022740/http://www.visit-tlv.co.il/eng.html |archive-date= 11 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Governing Israel: Chosen People, Promised Land and Prophetic Tradition |last=Sharkansky |first=Ira |author-link=Ira Sharkansky |year=2005 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-0-7658-0277-4 |page=22}}</ref> Among these are the [[Eretz Israel Museum]], known for its collection of archaeology and history exhibits dealing with the [[Land of Israel]], and the [[Tel Aviv Museum of Art]]. In 2023, the Tel Aviv Museum of Art was ranked 48th on ''[[The Art Newspaper|The Art Magazine]]''<nowiki/>'s list of the 100 most popular museums in the world. Housed on the campus of [[Tel Aviv University]] is [[ANU - Museum of the Jewish People]], a museum of the international Jewish diaspora that tells the story of Jewish prosperity and persecution throughout the [[Jewish diaspora|centuries of exile]]. Batey Haosef Museum specializes in [[Israel Defense Forces]] [[military history]]. The [[Palmach]] Museum near Tel Aviv University offers a multimedia experience of the history of the Palmach. Right next to [[Charles Clore Park]] is a museum of the [[Irgun]]. The [[Israel Trade Fairs & Convention Center]], located in the northern part of the city, hosts more than 60&nbsp;major events annually. Many offbeat museums and galleries operate in the southern areas, including the Tel Aviv Raw Art [[contemporary art]] gallery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/culture/museums/index.htm |title=Treasure of the State |access-date=26 January 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911073600/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/culture/museums/index.htm |archive-date=11 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/culture/museums/list.htm |title=The Museums of Tel-Aviv-Jaffa |access-date=26 January 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080114035243/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/culture/museums/list.htm <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=14 January 2008}}</ref> ===Sports=== [[File:Bloomfield_Stadium,_January_2022_-_42.jpg|thumb|[[Bloomfield Stadium]], the largest of Tel Aviv]] [[File:Nokia_Arena_-_Israel_vs_Montenegro_-_August_2012.JPG|thumb|right|[[Menora Mivtachim Arena]]]] [[File:Marathon Tel Aviv - Hayarkon View.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Tel Aviv Marathon]] going through [[Hayarkon Park]]]] The city has a number of football stadiums, the largest of which is [[Bloomfield Stadium]], which contains 29,400 seats used by [[Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C.|Hapoel Tel Aviv]], [[Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv]] and [[Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv F.C.|Bnei Yehuda]]. Another stadium in the city is the [[Hatikva Neighborhood Stadium]]. [[Menora Mivtachim Arena]] is a large multi-purpose sports [[indoor arena]], The arena is home to the [[Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv]], and the [[Drive in Arena]], a multi-purpose hall that serves as the home ground of the [[Hapoel Tel Aviv B.C.|Hapoel Tel Aviv]]. [[National Sport Center Tel Aviv]] (also Hadar Yosef Sports Center) is a compound of stadiums and sports facilities. It also houses the [[Olympic Committee of Israel]] and the National Athletics Stadium with the [[Israeli Athletic Association]]. The [[Maccabi Tel Aviv|Maccabi Tel Aviv Sports Club]] was founded in 1906 and competes in more than 10&nbsp;sport fields. Its [[basketball team]], [[Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv Basketball Club]], is a world-known professional team, that holds 56 Israeli titles, has won 45&nbsp;editions of the Israel cup, and has six&nbsp;European Championships, and its [[football team]] [[Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv Football Club]] has won 23 Israeli league titles and has won 24 [[Israel State Cup|State Cups]], seven [[Toto Cup]]s and two [[AFC Champions League|Asian Club Championships]]. [[Yael Arad]], an athlete in Maccabi's [[judo]] club, won a silver medal in the [[1992 Summer Olympics|1992 Olympic Games]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Great Jews in Sports |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWE_lEPfHpIC&q=yael+arad+olympics+tel+aviv&pg=PA19 |publisher=Jonathan David Company, Inc. |first=Robert |last=Slater |year=2003 |page=19 |isbn=978-0-8246-0453-0 |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815055500/https://books.google.com/books?id=GWE_lEPfHpIC&q=yael+arad+olympics+tel+aviv&pg=PA19 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Hapoel Tel Aviv|Hapoel Tel Aviv Sports Club]], founded in 1923, comprises more than 11 sports clubs,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fotw.info/flags/il@hapta.html |title=Hapoel Tel Aviv |access-date=19 July 2007 |publisher=Flag of the World |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629025747/http://www.fotw.net/flags/il%40hapta.html |archive-date=29 June 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> including [[Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C.|Hapoel Tel Aviv Football Club]] (13 championships, 16 State Cups, one Toto Cup and once Asian champions) which plays in [[Bloomfield Stadium]], and [[Hapoel Tel Aviv B.C.|Hapoel Tel Aviv Basketball Club]]. [[Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv F.C.|Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv]] (once Israeli champion, twice [[Israel State Cup|State Cup]] winners and twice [[Toto Cup]] winner) is the Israeli football team that represents a neighborhood, the [[Hatikva Quarter]] in Tel Aviv, and not a city. [[Beitar Tel Aviv Bat Yam F.C.|Beitar Tel Aviv Bat Yam]] formerly played in the top division, the club now playing in [[Liga Leumit]] and also represents the city [[Bat Yam]]. [[Maccabi Jaffa F.C.|Maccabi Jaffa]] formerly played in the top division, the club now playing in [[Liga Alef]] and represents the [[Jaffa]]. [[Shimshon Tel Aviv F.C.|Shimshon Tel Aviv]] formerly played in the top division, the club now playing in [[Liga Alef]]. There are more Tel Aviv football teams: [[Hapoel Kfar Shalem F.C.|Hapoel Kfar Shalem]], [[F.C. Bnei Jaffa Ortodoxim]], [[Beitar Ezra F.C.|Beitar Ezra]], [[Beitar Jaffa F.C.|Beitar Jaffa]], [[Elitzur Jaffa Tel Aviv F.C.|Elitzur Jaffa Tel Aviv]], [[F.C. Roei Heshbon Tel Aviv]], [[Gadna Tel Aviv Yehuda F.C.|Gadna Tel Aviv Yehuda]], [[Hapoel Kiryat Shalom F.C.|Hapoel Kiryat Shalom]], [[Hapoel Neve Golan F.C.|Hapoel Neve Golan]] and [[Hapoel Ramat Yisrael F.C.|Hapoel Ramat Yisrael]]. Two [[rowing (sport)|rowing]] clubs operate in Tel Aviv. The [[Tel Aviv Rowing Club]], established in 1935 on the banks of the [[Yarkon River]], is the largest rowing club in Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rowersalmanac.com/profiles/israel.asp |title=Rowers Almanac |access-date=19 July 2007 |website=Rowersalmanac.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008113952/http://www.rowersalmanac.com/profiles/israel.asp |archive-date=8 October 2007}}</ref> Meanwhile, the beaches of Tel Aviv provide a vibrant [[Matkot]] (beach paddleball) scene.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telaviv-insider.co.il/sports.php |title=Sports in the Tel-Aviv |access-date=19 July 2007 |publisher=Tel Aviv Insider |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070726094956/http://www.telaviv-insider.co.il/sports.php |archive-date=26 July 2007}}</ref> [[Tel Aviv Lightning]] represent Tel Aviv in the [[Israel Baseball League]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.stljewishlight.com/topstories/12348156495807.php |title=Israel Baseball League starts in June |work=[[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]] Jewish Light |access-date=19 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927214233/http://www.stljewishlight.com/topstories/12348156495807.php |archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> Tel Aviv also has an annual [[half marathon]], run in 2008 by 10,000 athletes with runners coming from around the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1035198.html |title=10,000 athletes to run in Tel Aviv half marathon |access-date=7 November 2008 |archive-date=12 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112095032/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1035198.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2009, the [[Tel Aviv Marathon]] was revived after a fifteen-year hiatus, and is run annually since, attracting a field of over 18,000 runners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/thousands-sport-sneakers-for-tel-aviv-marathon-1.354898 |title=Thousands sport sneakers for Tel Aviv marathon |access-date=8 April 2011 |work=Haaretz |location=Israel |archive-date=11 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411045258/http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/thousands-sport-sneakers-for-tel-aviv-marathon-1.354898 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Transportation== {{main |Transport in Tel Aviv}} Tel Aviv is a major transportation hub, served by a comprehensive public transport network, with many major routes of the national transportation network running through the city. As of 2023, 56% of the residents are going to work without using cars and the plan is to expand it to 70% by the end of the decade.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Huldai |first1=Ron |title=Tough Decisions for an Accessible Tel Aviv |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2023-06-06/ty-article-opinion/.premium/tough-decisions-for-an-accessible-tel-aviv/00000188-8d2c-d808-abcc-cd2cf5850000 |access-date=20 June 2023 |agency=Haaretz |date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605225622/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2023-06-06/ty-article-opinion/.premium/tough-decisions-for-an-accessible-tel-aviv/00000188-8d2c-d808-abcc-cd2cf5850000 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Bus and taxi=== [[File:New centaral station tel aviv.JPG|thumb|[[Tel Aviv central bus station]]]] As with the rest of Israel, bus transport is the most common form of public transport and is very widely used. The [[Tel Aviv central bus station]] is located in the southern part of the city. The main bus network in Tel Aviv metropolitan area operated by [[Dan Bus Company]], [[Metropoline]], and [[Kavim]]. the [[Egged (company)|Egged Bus Cooperative]], Israels's largest bus company, provides intercity transportation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2001/11/Facets%20of%20the%20Israeli%20Economy-%20Transportation |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Facets of the Israeli Economy – Transportation |date=1 November 2001 |last=Solomon |first=Shoshanna |access-date=17 July 2007 |archive-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016111121/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2001/11/Facets%20of%20the%20Israeli%20Economy-%20Transportation |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is also served by local and inter-city [[share taxis]]. Many local and inter-city bus routes also have sherut taxis that follow the same route and display the same route number in their window. Fares are standardised within the region and are comparable to or less expensive than bus fares. Unlike other forms of public transport, these taxis also operate on Fridays and Saturdays (the Jewish sabbath "Shabbat"). Private taxis are white with a yellow sign on top. Fares are standardised and metered, but may be negotiated ahead of time with the driver.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schaefer |first=Brian |date=2014-02-22 |title=How to Take Inter-city Shared Taxis Between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/travel/inter-city-shared-taxis-1.5230176 |access-date=2021-11-19 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119044609/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/travel/inter-city-shared-taxis-1.5230176 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Rail=== {{Main|Tel Aviv Light Rail|Tel Aviv Metro}} [[File:Tlvgenel002.jpg|thumb|[[Tel Aviv Savidor Central railway station]]]] The [[Tel Aviv Savidor Central railway station]] is the main railway station of the city, and the second-busiest station in Israel. The city has five additional [[Israel Railways|railway stations]] along the Ayalon Highway: three of them, [[Tel Aviv University railway station|Tel Aviv University]], [[Tel Aviv HaShalom railway station|HaShalom]] (the busiest station in Israel, adjacent to [[Azrieli Center]]) and [[Tel Aviv HaHagana railway station|HaHagana]] (near the [[Tel Aviv central bus station]]), serve Tel Aviv directly, while the remaining two, [[Holon Junction railway station|Holon Junction]] and [[Holon Wolfson Railway Station|Holon-Wolfson]], are within Tel Aviv's municipal boundaries but serve the southern suburb of [[Holon]]. It is estimated that over a million&nbsp;passengers travel by rail to Tel Aviv monthly. The trains do not run on Saturday and the principal Jewish festivals (Rosh Hashana (2 days), Yom Kippur, Sukkot, Simkhat Torah, Pessach (Passover) first and fifth days and Shavuot (Pentecost)). [[Jaffa railway station]] was the first railway station in the Middle East. It served as the terminus for the [[Jaffa–Jerusalem railway]]. The station opened in 1891 and closed in 1948. In 2005–2009, the station was restored and converted into an entertainment and leisure venue marketed as "HaTachana", Hebrew for "the station" (see homepage here:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hatachana.co.il/Home |title=HATACHANA – HOME PAGE |first=Alex |last=Ribin |website=Hatachana.co.il |access-date=3 April 2016 |archive-date=27 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327164650/http://hatachana.co.il/Home |url-status=live }}</ref>). The Jaffa–Jerusalem railway also included the Tel Aviv Beit Hadar railway station, which was opened in 1920 and replaced in 1970, and the [[Tel Aviv South railway station]], which was opened in 1970 to replace Beit Hadar and itself closed in 1993. The [[Bnei Brak–Ramat HaHayal railway station|Bnei Brak railway station]], while located in Bnei Brak's municipal borders, is closer to the Tel Aviv neighborhood of [[Ramat HaHayal]] than to Bnei Brak's city center and was originally called Tel Aviv North. [[File:Tel_Aviv_Red_Line_LRT_Carriage_Prototype.jpg|thumb|[[Tel Aviv Light Rail]]]] [[Tel Aviv Light Rail]] is a [[mass transit]] system for the [[Tel Aviv metropolitan area]]. As of 2023, two LRT lines are under construction. Work on the [[Red Line (Tel Aviv Light Rail)|Red Line]], the first in the project, started on September 21, 2011, following years of preparatory works,<ref>{{cite news |author=Barkat |first=Amiram |date=September 20, 2011 |title=Work begins on Tel Aviv light rail |publisher=[[Globes (newspaper)|Globes]] |url=http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000684515&fid=1725 |access-date=April 15, 2012 |archive-date=29 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229075954/http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000684515&fid=1725 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was expected to be completed and opened in late 2022 after numerous delays,<ref name="maariv920">{{cite news |last1=Cohen |first1=Moshe |title=עבודות הרכבת הקלה בתל אביב נכנסות לשלב הסופי |url=https://www.maariv.co.il/news/israel/Article-787911 |trans-title=Red Line Works in Tel Aviv Entering Final Stage |access-date=6 September 2020 |work=[[Maariv (newspaper)|Maariv]] |date=4 October 2020 |language=he |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017195318/https://www.maariv.co.il/news/israel/Article-787911 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hoffman |first=Carl |date=2016-09-01 |title=The project that could help determine Israel's future |url=https://www.jpost.com/metro/tel-aviv-light-rail-what-a-difference-a-year-makes-466080 |access-date=2021-04-29 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en-US |archive-date=17 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817150406/https://www.jpost.com/Metro/Tel-Aviv-Light-Rail-What-a-difference-a-year-makes-466080 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was finally opened on August 18, 2023, after the opening day was postponed numerous times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/we-waited-a-long-time-for-this-tel-aviv-light-rail-sets-off-after-years-of-delays/|title='We waited a long time for this': Tel Aviv light rail sets off after years of delays|publisher=The Times of Israel|date=2023-08-18|accessdate=2023-08-18|archive-date=18 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818122352/https://www.timesofisrael.com/we-waited-a-long-time-for-this-tel-aviv-light-rail-sets-off-after-years-of-delays/|url-status=live}}</ref> Construction of the [[Purple Line (Tel Aviv Light Rail)|Purple Line]] started in December 2018;<ref name="globes-purple">{{cite news |author=Gorodeisky |first=Sonia |date=December 25, 2018 |title=Work begins on second Tel Aviv light rail line |work=[[Globes (newspaper)|Globes]] |url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-work-begins-on-second-ta-light-rail-line-1001266293 |access-date=January 3, 2019 |archive-date=9 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409214431/https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-work-begins-on-second-ta-light-rail-line-1001266293 |url-status=live }}</ref> work on the [[Green Line (Tel Aviv Light Rail)|Green Line]] began in 2021 and is scheduled for completion in 2028.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-tel-aviv-light-rail-green-line-completion-delayed-until-2028-1001386574|title=Tel Aviv light rail Green Line completion delayed until 2028|newspaper=Globes|date=7 October 2021|access-date=6 February 2022|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103222248/https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-tel-aviv-light-rail-green-line-completion-delayed-until-2028-1001386574|url-status=live}}</ref> Tel Aviv Metro is a proposed subway system for the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]]. It will augment the [[Tel Aviv Light Rail]] and [[Israel Railways]] suburban lines and 3 underground metro lines to form a rapid transit transportation solution for the city. Construction is expected to start in 2025, with the first public opening in 2032.<ref name="ynet-2021-update">{{cite news |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/hkgkpgqtd |title=מרימים לתחתית: פרויקט המטרו של גוש דן: תמונת מצב |trans-title=Setting up for the underground: Gush Dan metro project: situation report |author=Zagrizak, Asaf |work=[[Ynet]] |date=July 13, 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2021 |language=he |archive-date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011180516/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/hkgkpgqtd |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Roads=== [[File:Azriely.jpg|thumb|[[Begin Road]] as seen from [[Azrieli Center]]]] The main highway leading to and within the city is the [[Highway 20 (Israel)|Ayalon Highway (Highway 20)]], which runs in the eastern side of the city from north to south along the Ayalon River riverbed. Driving south on Ayalon gives access to [[Highway 4 (Israel)|Highway 4]] leading to [[Ashdod]], [[Highway 1 (Israel/Palestine)|Highway 1]], leading to [[Ben Gurion International Airport]] and [[Jerusalem]] and [[Highway 431 (Israel)|Highway 431]] leading to Jerusalem, [[Modiin]], [[Rehovot]] and the [[Highway 6 (Israel)|Highway 6]] Trans-Israel Highway. Driving north on Ayalon gives access to the [[Highway 2 (Israel)|Highway 2]] coastal road leading to [[Netanya]], [[Hadera]] and [[Haifa]]. Within the city, main routes include [[Kaplan Street]], [[Allenby Street]], [[Ibn Gabirol Street]], [[Dizengoff Street]], [[Rothschild Boulevard]], and in Jaffa the main route is Jerusalem Boulevard. Namir Road connects the city to [[Highway 2 (Israel)|Highway 2]], Israel's main north–south highway, and Begin/Jabotinsky Road, which provides access from the east through Ramat Gan, [[Bnei Brak]] and Petah Tikva. Tel Aviv, accommodating about 500,000&nbsp;commuter cars daily, suffers from increasing congestion. In 2007, the Sadan Report recommended the introduction of a [[Road pricing|congestion charge]] similar to that of London in Tel Aviv as well as other Israeli cities. Under this plan, road users traveling into the city would pay a fixed fee.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/landedpages/printarticle.aspx?id=88094 |title=Public transportation to be overhauled |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=1 August 2008 |last=Wrobel |first=Sharon |access-date=9 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123507/http://www.jpost.com/landedpages/printarticle.aspx?id=88094 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Air=== [[File:Ben-gurion-airport-terminal--september-2012_(cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Ben Gurion International Airport]]]] The main airport serving Greater Tel Aviv is [[Ben Gurion Airport|Ben Gurion International Airport]]. Located in the neighbouring city of [[Lod]], it handled over 20&nbsp;million passengers in 2017. Ben Gurion is the main hub of [[El Al]], [[Arkia]], [[Israir|Israir Airlines]] and [[Sun d'Or]]. The airport is {{Convert|15|km|mi nmi}} southeast of Tel Aviv, on [[Highway 1 (Israel)|Highway 1]] between Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. [[Sde Dov Airport]] ([[IATA airport code|IATA]]: SDV), in northwestern Tel Aviv, is a domestic airport and was closed in 2019 in favor of real-estate development.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/793988.html |title=Sde Dov to be vacated, state gets half of Big Bloc |work=[[Haaretz]] |last=Bar-Eli |first=Avi |date=30 November 2006 |access-date=17 July 2007 |archive-date=1 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001103806/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/793988.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> All services to Sde Dov will be transferred to Ben Gurion Airport. ===Cycling=== [[File:PikiWiki_Israel_56859_cities_in_israel.jpg|thumb|[[Tel-O-Fun]] bicycle rental system]] The Tel Aviv Municipality encourages the use of bicycles in the city. Plans called for expansion of the paths to {{cvt|100|km|mi|1|sp=us}} by 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/Local-Israel/Tel-Aviv-And-Center/City-wheels-in-bicycle-rental-plan |title=City wheels in bicycle rental plan |date=21 January 2008 |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |access-date=9 March 2015 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904025142/http://www.jpost.com/Local-Israel/Tel-Aviv-And-Center/City-wheels-in-bicycle-rental-plan |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2020, the city had 140 kilometres of bicycle paths with plans to reach 300&nbsp;km by 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Peleg |first1=Bar |last2=Riba |first2=Naama |date=2020-05-27 |title=Tel Aviv Plans to Double the City's Network of Bike Paths by 2025 |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-tel-aviv-plans-to-double-the-city-s-network-of-bike-paths-by-2025-1.8877233 |access-date=2021-11-19 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119060250/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-tel-aviv-plans-to-double-the-city-s-network-of-bike-paths-by-2025-1.8877233 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is at the center of the [[Ofnidan]], a network of bicycle paths throughout the Gush Dan metropolitan area. In April 2011, the Tel Aviv municipality launched [[Tel-O-Fun]], a [[bicycle sharing system]], in which 150 stations of bicycles for rent were installed within the city limits.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-o-fun.co.il/ |publisher=Tel Aviv Municipality |title=Tel-O-Fun |access-date=10 May 2011 |archive-date=26 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626092937/http://www.tel-o-fun.co.il/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Foreign relations== The municipality of Tel Aviv signed agreements with many cities worldwide. {| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+class="nowrap"|Cities that signed agreements with Tel Aviv<ref>{{cite web |title=Cities in partnership |url=https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/About/Pages/Partnerships.aspx |website=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |language=he |access-date=21 January 2020 |archive-date=18 November 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171118182155/https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/About/Pages/Partnerships.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="col"|City !scope="col"|Country !scope="col"|Continent !scope="col"|Year of signing !scope="col"|Type of agreement |- |{{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Almaty]] |[[Kazakhstan]] |[[Asia]] |1999 |twin cities |- |{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Barcelona]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Barcelona re-establishes twin city relations with Tel Aviv, suspended by Colau |url=https://www.elnacional.cat/en/politics/barcelona-re-establishes-twin-city-relations-tel-aviv-colau_1086444_102.html |website=ElNacional.cat |date=1 September 2023 |access-date=4 September 2023 |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903150038/https://www.elnacional.cat/en/politics/barcelona-re-establishes-twin-city-relations-tel-aviv-colau_1086444_102.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |[[Spain]] |[[Europe]] |1998, ratified in 2013, revoked and restored in 2023 |friendship and collaboration |- |{{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]] |[[China]] |[[Asia]] |1995, 2004, 2006 |understanding, friendship and collaboration |- |{{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Belgrade]] |[[Serbia]] |[[Europe]] |1990 |collaboration |- |{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Bonn]] |[[Germany]] |[[Europe]] |1983 |collaboration |- |{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Budapest]] |[[Hungary]] |[[Europe]] |1989 |collaboration |- |{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]] |[[Argentina]] |[[South America]] |1988 |twin cities |- |{{flagicon|France}} [[Cannes]] |[[France]] |[[Europe]] |1993 |friendship |- |{{flagicon|Moldova}} [[Chișinău]] |[[Moldova]] |[[Europe]] |2000 |twin cities |- |{{flagicon|China}} [[Chongqing]] |[[China]] |[[Asia]] |2014 |[[Memorandum of understanding]] |- |{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Cologne]] |[[Germany]] |[[Europe]] |1979 |collaboration |- |{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Essen]] |[[Germany]] |[[Europe]] |1992 |collaboration |- |{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Frankfurt]] |[[Germany]] |[[Europe]] |1980, expanded in 2017 |collaboration |- |{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Freiburg im Breisgau]] |[[Germany]] |[[Europe]] |2012, 2015 |[[Memorandum of understanding]] for sustainability, collaboration |- |{{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Gaza City]] |[[State of Palestine|Palestine]] |[[Asia]] |1999 |[[Sister city|Sister cities agreement]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=When Tel Aviv and Gaza Signed a Sister City Agreement |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-09-23/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/when-tel-aviv-and-gaza-signed-a-sister-city-agreement/00000183-6bd1-d4b1-a197-efdf46560000 |access-date=2022-09-27 |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927225930/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-09-23/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/when-tel-aviv-and-gaza-signed-a-sister-city-agreement/00000183-6bd1-d4b1-a197-efdf46560000 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|China}} [[Guangdong]] (province) |[[China]] |[[Asia]] |2014 |[[Memorandum of understanding]] |- |{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Incheon]] |[[South Korea]] |[[Asia]] |2000 |twin cities |- |{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] |[[Turkey]] |[[Asia]] |1996 |twin cities |- |{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Łódź]] |[[Poland]] |[[Europe]] |1994 |collaboration |- |{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Milan]] |[[Italy]] |[[Europe]] |1994 |twin cities |- |{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Montreal]] |[[Canada]] |[[North America]] |2016 |friendship |- |{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]] |[[Russia]] |[[Europe]] |2014 |[[Memorandum of understanding]] for economic, trade, scientific, technological and cultural fields |- |{{flagicon|US}} [[New York City|New York]] |[[United States]] |[[North America]] |1996 |understanding, friendship and collaboration |- |{{flagicon|Panama}} [[Panama City]] |[[Panama]] |[[North America]] |2013 |friendship |- |{{flagicon|France}} [[Paris]] |[[France]] |[[Europe]] |1985, expanded in 2010 |collaboration |- |{{flagicon|US}} [[Philadelphia]] |[[United States]] |[[North America]] |1967 |twin cities |- |{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Saint Petersburg]] |[[Russia]] |[[Europe]] |2011 |collaboration |- |{{flagicon|US}} [[San Antonio]] |[[United States]] |[[North America]] |2011 |friendship |- |{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Sofia]] |[[Bulgaria]] |[[Europe]] |1992 |twin cities |- |{{flagicon|Greece}} [[Thessaloniki]] |[[Greece]] |[[Europe]] |1994 |twin cities |- |{{flagicon|France}} [[Toulouse]] |[[France]] |[[Europe]] |1962 |twin cities |- |{{flagicon|Austria}} [[Vienna]] |[[Austria]] |[[Europe]] |2005 |economic collaboration |- |{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Warsaw]] |[[Poland]] |[[Europe]] |1992, 2009 (education collaboration) |collaboration |- |{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Yokohama]] |[[Japan]] |[[Asia]] |2012 |friendship |} == Explanatory notes == {{notelist}} == References == {{reflist}} == General bibliography == *Michael Turner, Catherine Weill-Rochant, Geneviève Blondiau, Silvina Sosnovsky, Philippe Brandeis, ''Sur les traces du modernisme, Tel Aviv-Haïfa-Jérusalem'', CIVA (ed.), Bruxelles, 2004 {{In lang|he|fr|cap=Yes}}. *Catherine Weill-Rochant, ''L'Atlas de Tel Aviv 1908–2008'', Paris, CNRS Editions, 2008 (historical maps and photos, French, soon in Hebrew and English). *Catherine Weill-Rochant, ''Bauhaus " – Architektur in Tel-Aviv, L'architecture " Bauhaus " à Tel Aviv'', Rita Gans (éd.), Zürich, Yad Yearim, 2008 {{In lang|de|fr|cap=Yes}}. *Catherine Weill-Rochant, "The Tel Aviv School: a constrained rationalism", ''DOCOMOMO journal'' (documentation and conservation of buildings, sites and neighbourhoods of the modern movement), April 2009. *{{Cite thesis |degree=PhD |title=Le plan de Patrick Geddes pour la " ville blanche " de Tel Aviv : une part d'ombre et de lumière. Volume 1 |url=http://www.bu.univ-paris8.fr/web/collections/theses/RochantThese1.pdf |author=Catherine Weill-Rochant |year=2006 |publisher=Université Paris 8 |location=Paris |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203073901/http://www.bu.univ-paris8.fr/web/collections/theses/RochantThese1.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2009}} And: {{Cite thesis |degree=PhD |title=Le plan de Patrick Geddes pour la " ville blanche " de Tel Aviv : une part d'ombre et de lumière. Volume 2 |url=http://www.bu.univ-paris8.fr/web/collections/theses/RochantThese2.pdf |author=Catherine Weill-Rochant |year=2006 |publisher=Université Paris 8 |location=Paris |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203073505/http://www.bu.univ-paris8.fr/web/collections/theses/RochantThese2.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2009}} *Catherine Weill-Rochant, ''Le travail de Patrick Geddes à Tel-Aviv, un plan d'ombre et de lumière'', [[Saarbrücken]], Éditions Universitaires Européennes, May 2010. *Jochen Visscher (ed.): ''Tel Aviv: The White City'', Photographs by Stefan Boness, JOVIS Verlag Berlin 2012. {{ISBN|978-3-939633-75-4}}. ==External links== <!--======================== {{No more links}} ============================ |PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. 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'{{short description|City in Israel}} {{About}} {{pp-30-500|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} {{Use American English|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Tel Aviv | native_name = {{native name|he|תל־אביב|italics=off}}<br />{{native name|ar|تل أبيب|italics=off}} | other_name = | official_name = Tel Aviv-Yafo | settlement_type = [[Cities in Israel|City]] | iso_code = IL-TA | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | perrow = 1/3/2/1 | border = infobox | total_width = 300 | caption_align = center | image1 = Hashalom interchange.jpg | caption1 = [[List of tallest buildings in Tel Aviv|Skyline of Tel Aviv]] and [[Highway 20 (Israel)|HaShalom interchange]] | image2 = Azriely Sarona5.jpg | caption2 = [[Azrieli Sarona Tower|Azrieli Sarona]] | image3 = ISR-2015-Jaffa-Clock tower-cropped.jpg | caption3 = [[Jaffa Clock Tower]] | image4 = Azrieli_Center_From_ToHa_2019-12.jpg | caption4 = [[Azrieli Center]] | image5 = Rabin_Squre_eco_pool.jpg | caption5 = [[Rabin Square]] and [[Tel Aviv City Hall|City Hall]] | image6 = Dizingoff_Square.JPG | caption6 = [[Dizengoff Square]] | image7 = PikiWiki_Israel_68164_port_of_jaffa.jpg | caption7 = [[Jaffa]] and the [[Tel Aviv Promenade|Tel Aviv sea shore]] | color = red }} | image_flag = Tel Aviv flag.svg | flag_alt = | image_shield = [[File:TelAvivEmblem.svg|60px]] | shield_alt = | image_blank_emblem = Logo of Tel Aviv-Yafo.svg | blank_emblem_type = [[Brandmark]] | nickname = {{unbulleted list |'The first Hebrew city' |'[[White City (Tel Aviv)|The White City]]' |'Non-Stop City' |'The Bubble' | 'TLV' |'The Big Orange' }} | motto = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Israel#Asia#Earth | pushpin_label_position = left | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location within Israel##Location within Asia##Location on Earth | pushpin_relief = 1 | coordinates = {{coord|32.08|N|34.78|E|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Israel}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Districts of Israel|District]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Tel Aviv District|name=Tel Aviv}} | subdivision_type2 = Metropolitan area | subdivision_name2 = [[Tel Aviv metropolitan area|Gush Dan]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = Founded | established_date = {{start date|df=yes|1909|04|11}} | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | founder = | named_for = [[Tel Abib]] in Ezekiel 3:15,<ref name="auto">{{bibleverse||Ezekiel|3:15|HE}}</ref> via [[Theodor Herzl|Herzl]]'s ''[[Altneuland]]'' | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–council]] | governing_body = [[Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality]] | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = [[Ron Huldai]] | unit_pref = | area_magnitude = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 52 | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = 176 | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = 1516 | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 5 | elevation_ft = | population_footnotes = {{Israel populations|reference}} | population_total = {{Israel populations|Tel Aviv - Yafo}} | population_rank = [[List of Israeli cities|2nd]] in Israel | population_urban = 1,388,400 | population_metro = 4,156,900 | population_as_of = {{Israel populations|Year}} | population_density_km2 = 8468.7 | population_density_rank = [[List of Israeli cities|12th]] in Israel | population_density_urban_km2 = 8057.7 | population_density_metro_km2 = 2286 | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_demonym = Tel Avivian<ref>{{cite book |title=Tel Aviv: Mythography of a City |first=Maoz |last=Azaryahu |year=2007 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location=Syracuse, New York |isbn=978-0-8156-3129-3 |pages=133–134}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A Place in History: Modernism, Tel Aviv, and the Creation of Jewish Urban Space |first=Barbara E. |last=Mann |year=2006 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, California |isbn=978-0-8047-5019-6 |pages=148, 166}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Cities Book: A Journey Through the Best Cities in the World |year=2009 |publisher=Lonely Planet |location=Melbourne, Oakland and London |isbn=978-1-74179-887-6 |pages=380–381}}</ref> | population_note = | demographics_type2 = Gross Metropolitan Product | demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.calcalist.co.il/Article.aspx?guid=3552158|title=Instead of talking about national economy, we should talk about cities|website=www.calcalist.co.il}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=436,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2020&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title= World Economic Outlook database: October 2023|website=www.imf.org}}</ref> |demographics2_title1 = Gush Dan |demographics2_info1 = [[US$]]310 billion<br />'''59% of Israel's [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]''' (2022) | timezone1 = [[Israel Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +2 | timezone1_DST = [[Israel Summer Time|IDT]] | utc_offset1_DST = +3 | postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Israel|Postal code]] | postal_code = 61XXXXX | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Israel|Area code]] | area_code = +972-3 | website = {{URL|http://tel-aviv.gov.il/eng/Pages/HomePage.aspx|tel-aviv.gov.il}} | footnotes = {{designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = WHS | designation1_offname = [[White City (Tel Aviv)|White City of Tel Aviv]] | designation1_date = 2003 | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1096] | designation1_criteria = ii, iv | designation1_type = Cultural | designation1_free1name = Region | designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Israel|Israel]] | designation1_meaning of name = Ancient Hill of Spring (see [[Altneuland|here]]) }} }} '''Tel Aviv-Yafo''' ({{lang-he|תֵּל־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ|translit=Tēl-ʾĀvīv-Yāfō}}, {{IPA|he|tel aˈviv jaˈfo|IPA}}; {{lang-ar|تَلّ أَبِيب – يَافَا|translit=Tall ʾAbīb-Yāfā}}), usually referred to as just '''Tel Aviv''', is the most populous city in the [[Gush Dan]] metropolitan area of [[Israel]]. Located on the [[Israeli coastal plain|Israeli Mediterranean coastline]] and with a population of {{Israel populations|Tel Aviv - Yafo}}, it is the [[Economy of Israel|economic]] and [[Technology of Israel|technological]] center of the country. If [[East Jerusalem]] is considered part of Israel, Tel Aviv is the country's second-most-populous city, after [[Jerusalem]]; if not, Tel Aviv is the most populous city, ahead of [[West Jerusalem]].{{efn|West and East Jerusalem combined have 901,000 residents, more than twice as many as Tel Aviv-Yafo with 444,000. West Jerusalem alone has a population of 348,000.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://jerusaleminstitute.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/PUB_505_facts-and-trends_eng_2019_web.pdf |page=14 |publisher=Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research |title=Jerusalem Facts and Trends 2019 |first1=Michal |last1=Korach |first2=Maya |last2=Choshen |access-date=8 July 2019 |archive-date=2 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702012955/https://jerusaleminstitute.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/PUB_505_facts-and-trends_eng_2019_web.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}} Tel Aviv is governed by the [[Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality]], headed by Mayor [[Ron Huldai]], and is home to most of Israel's [[List of diplomatic missions in Israel|foreign embassies]].{{efn|[[Jerusalem]] is Israel's capital according to the [[Jerusalem Law]] passed in 1980. The presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament ([[Knesset]]) are located there. The [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]] foresees East Jerusalem as the capital of its future state. The UN does not recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital, taking the position that the final status of Jerusalem is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authorities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |access-date=29 June 2017 |archive-date=1 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601135924/https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |url-status=live }}&nbsp;{{small|(319&nbsp;KB)}}</ref> Countries maintain their embassies in Tel Aviv and its suburbs, or suburbs of Jerusalem, such as [[Mevaseret Zion]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ |website=CIA World Factbook |title=Israel |date=21 June 2022 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=13 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913131645/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Czech Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Taiwan, the United States, and Vanuatu recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.}} It is a [[Global city|beta+ world city]] and is ranked 57th in the 2022 [[Global Financial Centres Index]]. Tel Aviv has the [[List of cities by GDP|third- or fourth-largest economy]] and the largest economy [[per capita]] in the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2018 |title=Global Financial Centres Index #23 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/documents/1318/GFCI23.pdf |website=longfinance.net |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617214112/https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI23.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Brookings">{{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/ |title=Global city GDP 2014 |date=22 January 2015 |publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] |access-date=8 May 2015 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107040203/https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city currently has the highest cost of living in the world.<ref name="BBCcol">{{cite web |title=Tel Aviv named as world's most expensive city to live in |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-59489259 |website=BBC |date=1 December 2021 |access-date=24 January 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114231746/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-59489259 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McKeever |first1=Vicky |title=This is now the world's most expensive city to live in, study says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/30/this-is-now-the-worlds-most-expensive-city-to-live-in-eiu.html#:~:text=Tel%20Aviv%2C%20Israel%2C%20is%20now,from%20fifth%20place%20last%20year. |website=CNBC |date=1 December 2021 |access-date=24 January 2022 |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124170238/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/30/this-is-now-the-worlds-most-expensive-city-to-live-in-eiu.html#:~:text=Tel%20Aviv%2C%20Israel%2C%20is%20now,from%20fifth%20place%20last%20year. |url-status=live }}</ref> Tel Aviv receives over 2.5&nbsp;million international visitors annually.<ref name="MasterCard ranks Tel Aviv as fifth most visited city in Middle East and Africa">{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/mastercard-ranks-tel-aviv-as-fifth-most-visited-city-in-middle-east-and-africa/ |title=MasterCard ranks Tel Aviv as fifth most visited city in Middle East and Africa |newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]] |first=Yoel |last=Goldman |date=12 June 2012 |access-date=12 June 2012 |archive-date=15 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615203611/http://www.timesofisrael.com/mastercard-ranks-tel-aviv-as-fifth-most-visited-city-in-middle-east-and-africa/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Tourists rank Jerusalem and Tel Aviv among top cities to visit">{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/travel/travel-news/tourists-rank-jerusalem-and-tel-aviv-among-top-cities-to-visit-1.374032 |title=Tourists rank Jerusalem and Tel Aviv among top cities to visit |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |first=Tanya |last=Sapty |date=19 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112145431/http://www.haaretz.com/travel/travel-news/tourists-rank-jerusalem-and-tel-aviv-among-top-cities-to-visit-1.374032 |archive-date=12 November 2011}}</ref> A "party capital" in the Middle East, it has a lively [[nightlife]] and 24-hour culture.<ref name="Top 10 party towns">{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/travel/the-worlds-top-10-party-towns-20091118-im4q.html |title=The world's top 10 party towns |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=19 November 2009 |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=10 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410045707/http://www.smh.com.au/travel/the-worlds-top-10-party-towns-20091118-im4q.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="lonelyplanet.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/usa/new-york-city/travel-tips-and-articles/76165 |title=Lonely Planet's top 10 cities for 2011 |access-date=31 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103065648/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/usa/new-york-city/travel-tips-and-articles/76165 |archive-date=3 November 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The city is [[gay-friendly]], with a large [[LGBT community]].<ref name=Burden/> Tel Aviv is home to [[Tel Aviv University]], the largest university in the country with more than 30,000 students. The city was founded in 1909 by the [[Yishuv]] ([[Jewish]] residents) as a modern housing estate on the outskirts of the ancient [[port|port city]] of [[Jaffa]] (''Yafo'' in Hebrew), then part of the [[Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem]] within the [[Ottoman Empire]]. It was at first called ''Ahuzat Bayit'' ({{abbr|lit.|literally}} 'House Estate' or 'Homestead'),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Christian-News/Today-in-history-Founding-of-Tel-Aviv-450852 |title=Today in history: Founding of Tel Aviv – Christian News – Jerusalem Post |website=The Jerusalem Post |date=11 April 2016 |access-date=2019-05-22 |archive-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114230449/https://www.jpost.com/Christian-News/Today-in-history-Founding-of-Tel-Aviv-450852 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4684411,00.html |title=The promised landfill: 106 years of garbage in Tel Aviv |date=2015-07-27 |website=Ynetnews |language=en |access-date=2019-05-22 |last1=Dvir |first1=Noam (Dabul) |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523083131/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4684411,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the name of the association which established the neighbourhood. Its name was changed the following year to Tel Aviv, after the biblical name [[Tel Abib]] ({{abbr|lit.|literally}} "[[Tell (archaeology)|Tell]] of Spring") adopted by [[Nahum Sokolow]] as the title for his Hebrew translation of [[Theodor Herzl]]'s 1902 novel [[The Old New Land|''Altneuland'']] ("Old New Land"). Other Jewish suburbs of Jaffa had been established before Tel Aviv, the oldest among them being [[Neve Tzedek]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Yafo – Neve-Tzedek, Rashita shel Tel-Aviv |last=Elkayam |first=Mordechai |publisher=Ministry of Defence |year=1990 |page=199 |language=he}}</ref> Tel Aviv was given township status within the Jaffa Municipality in 1921, and became independent from Jaffa in 1934.<ref name=Goren>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/00263206.2015.1125340 |volume=52 |title=Tel Aviv and the question of separation from Jaffa 1921–1936 |year=2016 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |pages=473–487 |last1=Goren |first1=Tamir |issue=3 |s2cid=147012425}}<br />Page 1: "Once Tel Aviv had won municipal status (the so-called Tel Aviv Township) in 1921, it strove to amend the relevant legislation by rescission of the clauses that placed it under Jaffa municipality's supervision. In the succeeding years, this question became increasingly to the fore, and demanded a speedy solution. Together with the Tel Aviv's ambition of independence as a Hebrew city with its own autonomous Hebrew government, some members of the township's council did not favour separation from the mother city Jaffa. In the mid-1920s, the view consoli- dated among the town councillors that Tel Aviv's subjection to Jaffa municipality had to be annulled, and it must be granted its deserved status as an independent Hebrew city."<br />Page 3: "Tel Aviv municipality strove for full municipal rights, for the status of a municipality with all its implications, in this way enjoying absolute independence. Yet it still wished to maintain its interests in Jaffa. Most obvious was the desire not to lose the Jewish influence in the Jaffa municipality, as well as reinforcing the clout of the Jews on the municipal council. In Tel Aviv's view, Jaffa enjoyed important status not only locally. At that time it was second in importance in Palestine only to Jerusalem, and was followed by Haifa, Safed and Tiberias."<br />Page 4: "...the Mandate government took a positive view of Tel Aviv's desire for full municipal independence. But at that stage it refrained from making any changes at all in Tel Aviv's municipal status. From the closing years of the 1920s, the authorities immersed themselves in the preparation of a new framework for the Municipalities Law, which was intended to replace the Ottoman law. So as long as the new law was incomplete, the authorities avoided any change in the municipal status of Tel Aviv. [Footnote: The new Municipalities Order was published in 1934. That year Tel Aviv gained full municipal independence, becoming a municipal corporation.]"</ref><ref name=Gorion>M. Gorion (Wager), Introduction to the History of Local Government in Israel (Jerusalem: University of Tel Aviv, 1957), pp.184–5 [Hebrew].</ref> Immigration by mostly Jewish refugees meant that the growth of Tel Aviv soon outpaced that of Jaffa, which had a majority [[Palestinians|Arab]] population at the time.<ref>85% in 1922, 92% in 1931 (Census reports)</ref> In 1948 the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]] was proclaimed in the city. After the [[1947–1949 Palestine war]], Tel Aviv began the [[municipal annexation]] of parts of Jaffa, fully unified with Jaffa under the name Tel Aviv in April 1950, and was formally renamed to Tel Aviv-Yafo in August 1950.<ref name="Golan1995" /> Tel Aviv's [[White City (Tel Aviv)|White City]], designated a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in 2003, comprises the world's largest concentration of [[International Style (architecture)|International Style]] buildings, including [[Bauhaus]] and other related [[Modern architecture|modernist architectural]] styles.<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1096.pdf |title=The White City of Tel Aviv |access-date=29 March 2008 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409004015/http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1096.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="times">{{cite news |url=http://travel.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/travel/holiday_type/breaks/article3370349.ece |title=Hip and happening in Tel Aviv |work=The Times |date=16 February 2008 |last=Strimpel |first=Zoe |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719184519/http://travel.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/travel/holiday_type/breaks/article3370349.ece |archive-date=19 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Popular attractions include [[Old Jaffa|Jaffa Old City]], the [[Eretz Israel Museum]], the [[Tel Aviv Museum of Art|Museum of Art]], [[Yarkon Park|Hayarkon Park]], and the [[Tel Aviv Promenade|city's promenade and beach]]. ==Etymology and origins== {{See also|Tel Abib}} ''Tel Aviv'' is the Hebrew title of [[Theodor Herzl]]’s 1902 novel {{lang|de|[[The Old New Land|Altneuland]]}} ("Old New Land"), as translated from German by [[Nahum Sokolow]]. Sokolow had adopted the name of a [[Mesopotamia]]n site near the city of Babylon mentioned in [[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]]: "Then I came to them of the captivity at {{As written|Tel Abib}} [Tel Aviv], that lived by the [[river Chebar]], and to where they lived; and I sat there overwhelmed among them seven days."<ref name="auto"/> The name was chosen in 1910 from several suggestions, including "[[Herzliya]]". It was found fitting as it embraced the idea of a renaissance in the ancient Jewish homeland. ''Aviv'' ({{lang|he|אביב}}, or ''Abib'') is a Hebrew word that can be translated as "spring", symbolizing renewal, and ''[[Tell (archaeology)|tell]]'' (or ''tel'') is an artificial mound created over centuries through the accumulation of successive layers of civilization built one over the other and symbolizing the ancient. Although founded in 1909 as a small settlement on the sand dunes north of Jaffa, Tel Aviv was envisaged as a future city from the start. Its founders hoped that in contrast to what they perceived as the squalid and unsanitary conditions of neighbouring Arab towns, Tel Aviv was to be a clean and modern city, inspired by the European cities of [[Warsaw]] and [[Odesa]].<ref name="Shavit 2012">{{cite book |last=Shavit |first=Yaacov |chapter=Telling the Story of a Hebrew City |pages=1–12 |title=Tel-Aviv, the First Century: Visions, Designs, Actualities |editor-last1=Azaryahu |editor-first1=Maoz |editor-first2=Selwyn |editor-last2=Ilan Troen |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLQrEPLDkGAC&pg=PA1 |isbn=978-0-253-22357-9 |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005124456/https://books.google.com/books?id=yLQrEPLDkGAC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The marketing pamphlets advocating for its establishment stated:<ref name="Shavit 2012"/> {{blockquote|In this city we will build the streets so they have roads and sidewalks and electric lights. Every house will have water from wells that will flow through pipes as in every modern European city, and also sewerage pipes will be installed for the health of the city and its residents. | Akiva Arieh Weiss | 1906}} ==History== {{For timeline|Timeline of Tel Aviv}} ===Jaffa=== {{main|Jaffa}} [[File:ISR-2013-Aerial-Jaffa-Port_of_Jaffa.jpg|thumb|Ancient port of [[Jaffa]] where, according to the [[Bible]], [[Jonah]] set sail into the [[Mediterranean Sea]] before being swallowed by a fish<ref>{{cite book |title=Israel |first=Sue |last=Bryant |publisher=New Holland Publishers |date=2008 |page=72 |edition=fourth |isbn=978-1-84773-012-1}}</ref>|left]] The [[walled city]] of [[Jaffa]] is modern-day Tel Aviv-Yafo's only urban centre that existed in early modern times. Jaffa was an important port city in the region for millennia. Archaeological evidence shows signs of human settlement there starting in roughly 7,500 BC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.palyam.org/About_us/displaySOHarticle?name=Jaffa&id=t00102b&bl=b00102b |title=Jaffa |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313073111/http://www.palyam.org/About_us/displaySOHarticle?name=Jaffa&id=t00102b&bl=b00102b |archive-date=13 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The city was established around 1,800 BC at the latest. Its natural harbour has been used since the [[Bronze Age]]. By the time Tel Aviv was founded as a separate city during [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule of the region, Jaffa had been ruled by the [[Canaan]]ites, [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]], [[Philistines]], [[Israelites]], [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Assyrians]], [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|Babylonians]], [[Achaemenid Empire|Persians]], [[Phoenicia]]ns, [[Ptolemies]], [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucids]], [[Hasmonean dynasty|Hasmoneans]], [[Roman Empire|Romans]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]], [[Caliphate|the early Islamic caliphates]], [[Crusades|Crusaders]], [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]], and [[Mamluk]]s before coming under Ottoman rule in 1515. It had been fought over numerous times. The city is mentioned in ancient Egyptian documents, as well as the [[Hebrew Bible]]. Other ancient sites in Tel Aviv include: [[Tell Qasile]], [[Tel Gerisa]], [[Abattoir Hill]], [[Tel Hashash]], and [[Tell Qudadi]]. During the [[First Aliyah]] in the 1880s, when Jewish immigrants began arriving in the region in significant numbers, new neighborhoods were founded outside Jaffa on the current territory of Tel Aviv. The first was [[Neve Tzedek]], founded in 1887 by [[Mizrahi Jews]] due to overcrowding in Jaffa and built on lands owned by [[Aharon Chelouche]].<ref name=":0"/> Other neighborhoods were [[Neve Shalom (neighborhood)|Neve Shalom]] (1890), [[Yafa Nof (neighborhood)|Yafa Nof]] (1896), [[Achva (neighborhood)|Achva]] (1899), [[Ohel Moshe (neighborhood)|Ohel Moshe]] (1904), [[Kerem HaTeimanim]] (1906), and others. Once Tel Aviv received city status in the 1920s, those neighborhoods joined the newly formed municipality, now becoming separated from Jaffa. ===1904–1917: Foundation in the Late Ottoman Period=== {{multiple image |image1= TelAviv-Founding.jpg |caption1= Lottery for the first lots, April 1909 |image2= PikiWiki Israel 49257 Nachlat Binyamin .jpg |width2=210 |caption2= Nahlat Binyamin, 1913 }} {{Quote box | width = 20em | bgcolor = #B0C4DE | title = Historical States | fontsize = 80% | align = left | quote = {{flag|Ottoman Empire}} 1909–1917{{-}} {{flagcountry|UK}} 1917–1948 * [[Occupied Enemy Territory Administration]] 1917–1920 * [[Mandatory Palestine]] 1920–1948 {{flag|Israel}} 1948–present }} The [[Second Aliyah]] led to further expansion. In 1906, a group of Jews, among them residents of Jaffa, followed the initiative of [[Akiva Aryeh Weiss]] and banded together to form the ''Ahuzat Bayit'' (lit. "homestead") society. One of the society's goals was to form a "Hebrew urban centre in a healthy environment, planned according to the rules of aesthetics and modern hygiene".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Mythical Dimensions of the Tel-Aviv Century |first=Iris |last=Araviot |journal=The International Journal of the Arts in Society |volume=6 |issue=2 |year=2011 |pages=237–258 |doi=10.18848/1833-1866/CGP/v06i02/35994}}</ref> The urban planning for the new city was influenced by the [[garden city movement]].<ref name="JewishVL">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/geo/tahist.html |title=From Spring Hill to Independence |encyclopedia=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |access-date=20 January 2008 |archive-date=14 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514175515/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_%26_Culture/geo/tahist.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The first 60 plots were purchased in Kerem Djebali near Jaffa by [[Jacobus Kann]], a Dutch citizen, who registered them in his name to circumvent the Turkish prohibition on Jewish land acquisition.<ref>{{cite web |last=Azoulay |first=Yuval |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/jacobus-street-corner-of-oblivion-1.273311 |title=Jacobus Street, corner of Oblivion |work=Haaretz |date=1 April 2009 |access-date=30 October 2012 |archive-date=4 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404193456/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/jacobus-street-corner-of-oblivion-1.273311 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Meir Dizengoff]], later Tel Aviv's first mayor, also joined the Ahuzat Bayit society.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/BIOS/dizen.html |title=Dizengoff, Meir |publisher=[[Jewish Agency for Israel|Jewish Agency]] |access-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113202104/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/BIOS/dizen.html |archive-date=13 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bridger |first=David |title=The New Jewish Encyclopedia |publisher=Behrman House, Inc |year=1906 |page=117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZqpCrG3qw0C&pg=PA117 |isbn=978-0-87441-120-1 |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409160749/https://books.google.com/books?id=hZqpCrG3qw0C&pg=PA117 |url-status=live }}</ref> His vision for Tel Aviv involved peaceful co-existence with Arabs.<ref name="Economist">{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/topics/tel-aviv?city_id=TLV&folder=Facts-History |title=Economist City Guide-Tel Aviv |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |access-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012143130/http://www.economist.com/topics/tel-aviv?city_id=TLV&folder=Facts-History |archive-date=12 October 2012}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|failed=y|date=June 2013}}{{Unreliable source?|failed=y|date=June 2013}} On 11 April 1909, 66 Jewish families gathered on a desolate sand dune to parcel out the land by lottery using seashells. This gathering is considered the official date of the establishment of Tel Aviv. The lottery was organised by [[Akiva Aryeh Weiss]], president of the building society.<ref name="AzaryahuTroen2012">{{cite book |last=Azaryahu |first=Maoz |chapter=Tel Aviv's Birthdays: Anniversary Celebrations, 1929–1959 |page=31 |title=Tel-Aviv, the First Century: Visions, Designs, Actualities |editor-last1=Azaryahu |editor-first1=Maoz |editor-first2=Selwyn |editor-last2=Ilan Troen |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2012 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLQrEPLDkGAC&pg=PA31 |isbn=978-0-253-22357-9 |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005124435/https://books.google.com/books?id=yLQrEPLDkGAC&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kosharek |first=Noah |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1079400.html |title=Seashell lottery |work=Haaretz |date=20 April 2009 |access-date=20 April 2009 |archive-date=21 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121145822/https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1079400.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Weiss collected 120 sea shells on the beach, half of them white and half of them grey. The members' names were written on the white shells and the plot numbers on the grey shells. A boy drew names from one box of shells and a girl drew plot numbers from the second box. A photographer, [[Abraham Soskin]], documented the event. The first water well was later dug at this site, located on what is today [[Rothschild Boulevard]], across from Dizengoff House.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.israelphilately.org.il/articles/content/en/000874 |title=Tel-Aviv Centennial – "Ahuzat-Bayit Land Lottery |website=English.israelphilately.org.il |access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-date=19 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019220608/http://english.israelphilately.org.il/articles/content/en/000874 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Within a year, [[Theodor Herzl|Herzl]], [[Ahad Ha'am]], [[Judah Halevi|Yehuda Halevi]], [[Moshe Leib Lilienblum|Lilienblum]], and Rothschild streets were built; a water system was installed; and 66&nbsp;houses (including some on six subdivided plots) were completed.<ref name="JewishVL" /> At the end of Herzl Street, a plot was allocated for a new building for the [[The Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium|Herzliya Hebrew High School]], founded in Jaffa in 1906.<ref name="JewishVL" /> The cornerstone for the building was laid on 28 July 1909. The town was originally named Ahuzat Bayit. On 21 May 1910, the name Tel Aviv was adopted.<ref name="JewishVL" /> The flag and city arms of Tel Aviv (see above) contain under the red Star of David 2 words from the biblical book of Jeremiah: "I (God) will build You up again and you will be rebuilt." (Jer 31:4) Tel Aviv was planned as an independent Hebrew city with wide streets and boulevards, running water for each house, and street lights.<ref name="brit">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.travelwritersmagazine.com/RonBernthal/tel-aviv-and-its-bauhaus-tradition.html |title=The White City: Tel Aviv And Its Bauhaus Tradition |last=Bernthal |first=Ron |magazine=Travel Writer's Magazine |access-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108053105/http://www.travelwritersmagazine.com/RonBernthal/tel-aviv-and-its-bauhaus-tradition.html |archive-date=8 January 2008}}</ref> By 1914, Tel Aviv had grown to more than {{cvt|1|km2|acre|0}}.<ref name="JewishVL" /> In 1915 a census of Tel Aviv was conducted, recording a population 2,679.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isragen.org.il/siteFiles/1/153/6574.asp |title=1915 Census of Tel-Aviv |access-date=27 March 2019 |archive-date=1 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101002438/http://www.isragen.org.il/siteFiles/1/153/6574.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref> However, growth halted in 1917 when the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] authorities [[Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation|expelled the residents of Jaffa and Tel Aviv]] as a wartime measure.<ref name="JewishVL" /> A report published in ''The New York Times'' by United States Consul Garrels in [[Alexandria|Alexandria, Egypt]] described the Jaffa deportation of early April 1917. The orders of evacuation were aimed chiefly at the Jewish population.<ref name="Turkish">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lls-WnKHpccC&q=Consul+Garrels+in+Alexandria+new+york+times+jaffa |title=The New York Times Current History |publisher=[[The New York Times Company]] |year=1917 |page=167 |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816034429/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lls-WnKHpccC&q=Consul+Garrels+in+Alexandria+new+york+times+jaffa |archive-date=16 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Jews were free to return to their homes in Tel Aviv at the end of the following year when, with the end of World War I and the defeat of the Ottomans, the British took control of Palestine. The town had rapidly become an attraction to immigrants, with a local activist writing:<ref>{{cite book |last=Shavit |first=Yaacov |chapter=Telling the Story of a Hebrew City |page=8 |title=Tel-Aviv, the First Century: Visions, Designs, Actualities |editor-last1=Azaryahu |editor-first1=Maoz |editor-first2=Selwyn |editor-last2=Ilan Troen |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2012 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLQrEPLDkGAC&pg=PA8 |isbn=978-0-253-22357-9 |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005124435/https://books.google.com/books?id=yLQrEPLDkGAC&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> {{blockquote|The immigrants were attracted to Tel Aviv because they found in it all the comforts they were used to in Europe: electric light, water, a little cleanliness, cinema, opera, theatre, and also more or less advanced schools... busy streets, full restaurants, cafes open until 2 a.m., singing, music, and dancing.}} ===British administration 1917–34: Townships within the Jaffa Municipality=== {{multiple image |width = 180px |image1=1930 Survey of Palestine map, with highlighting showing urban boundaries of Jaffa and Tel Aviv within the Jaffa Municipality.jpg |caption1=1930 [[Survey of Palestine]] map, showing urban boundaries of Jaffa (green) and the Tel Aviv township (blue) within the Jaffa Municipality (red)<ref name=Goren/><ref name=Gorion/> |image2=Geddes Plan for Tel Aviv 1925.jpg |caption2=Master plan for the Tel Aviv township, 1925 }} A [[Comprehensive planning|master plan]] for the Tel Aviv township was created by [[Patrick Geddes]], 1925, based on the [[garden city movement]].<ref name=Levine/> The plan consisted of four main features: a hierarchical system of streets laid out in a grid, large blocks consisting of small-scale domestic dwellings, the organization of these blocks around central open spaces, and the concentration of cultural institutions to form a civic center.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Welter |first1=Volker M. |title=The 1925 Master Plan for Tel-Aviv by Patrick Geddes |journal=Israel Studies |year=2009 |volume=14 |issue=3 |page=100 |doi=10.2979/ISR.2009.14.3.94 |s2cid=146499373}}</ref> Tel Aviv, along with the rest of the Jaffa municipality, was conquered by the [[British Empire#First World War|British imperial army]] in late 1917 during the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]] of [[World War I]] and became part of British-administered [[Mandatory Palestine]] until 1948. Tel Aviv, established as suburb of Jaffa, received "township" or local council status within the Jaffa Municipality in 1921.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tel-Aviv-Yafo |title=Tel Aviv–Yafo &#124; History, Population, & Points of Interest |website=Britannica.com |access-date=23 February 2022 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318060506/https://www.britannica.com/place/Tel-Aviv-Yafo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Goren/><ref name=Gorion/> According to a [[1922 census of Palestine|census]] conducted in 1922 by the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate authorities]], Tel Aviv had a population of 15,185 (15,065 Jews, 78 Muslims and 42 Christians).<ref name="Census1922">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |title=Palestine Census (1922) |website=Archive.org}}</ref> The population increased in the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]] to 46,101 (45,564 Jews, 288 with no religion, 143 Christians, and 106 Muslims), in 12,545 houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 15]</ref> With increasing Jewish immigration during the [[Mandatory Palestine|British administration]], friction between Arabs and Jews in Palestine increased. On 1 May 1921, the [[Jaffa riots]] resulted in the deaths of 48 Arabs and 47 Jews and injuries to 146 Jews and 73 Arabs.<ref>[http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:hcpp&rft_dat=xri:hcpp:rec:1921-024927 Report of the Commission of Enquiry into the disturbances in Palestine in May, 1921] {{dead link|date=June 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, with correspondence relating thereto (Disturbances), 1921, Cmd. 1540, p. 60.</ref> In the wake of this violence, many Jews left Jaffa for Tel Aviv. The population of Tel Aviv increased from 2,000 in 1920 to around 34,000 by 1925.<ref name="UNESCO" /><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://www.travelnet.co.il/israel/TelAviv/History.htm |title=Tel Aviv History |access-date=20 January 2008 |website=Travelnet.co.il |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505085933/http://www.travelnet.co.il/israel/TelAviv/History.htm |archive-date=5 May 2009}}</ref> Tel Aviv began to develop as a commercial center.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgqj1Ox8StsC&pg=PA298 |title=From New Zion to Old Zion: American Jewish Immigration and Settlement in Palestine, 1917–1939 |first=Joseph B. |last=Glass |date=1 January 2002 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=978-0-8143-2842-2 |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005124541/https://books.google.com/books?id=dgqj1Ox8StsC&pg=PA298#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1923, Tel Aviv was the first town to be wired to electricity in Palestine, followed by Jaffa later in the same year. The opening ceremony of the Jaffa Electric Company powerhouse, on 10 June 1923, celebrated the lighting of the two main streets of Tel Aviv.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shamir |first=Ronen |date=2013 |title=Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine. |location=Stanford |publisher=Stanford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GaT3AAAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-8047-8868-7 |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005124438/https://books.google.com/books?id=GaT3AAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1925, the Scottish biologist, sociologist, philanthropist and pioneering town planner [[Patrick Geddes]] drew up a [[Urban planning|master plan]] for Tel Aviv which was adopted by the city council led by [[Meir Dizengoff]]. Geddes's plan for developing the northern part of the district was based on [[Ebenezer Howard]]'s [[garden city movement]].<ref name=Levine>{{cite journal |last1=Levine |first1=Mark |title=Globalization, Architecture, and Town Planning in a Colonial City: The Case of Jaffa and Tel Aviv |journal=Journal of World History |year=2007 |volume=18 |issue=2 |page=178 |doi=10.1353/jwh.2007.0013 |s2cid=145670872}}</ref> While most of the northern area of Tel Aviv was built according to this plan, the [[Fifth Aliyah|influx of European refugees in the 1930s]] necessitated the construction of taller apartment buildings on a larger footprint in the city.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Welter |first1=Volker M. |title=The 1925 Master Plan for Tel-Aviv by Patrick Geddes |journal=Israel Studies |year=2009 |volume=14 |issue=3 |page=115 |doi=10.2979/ISR.2009.14.3.94 |s2cid=146499373}}</ref> [[Ben Gurion House]] was built in 1930–31, part of a new workers' housing development. At the same time, Jewish cultural life was given a boost by the establishment of the Ohel Theatre and the decision of [[Habima Theatre]] to make Tel Aviv its permanent base in 1931.<ref name="JewishVL" /> ===1934 municipal independence from Jaffa=== [[File:תחנת אוטובוסים בתל - אביב הישנה-JNF001486.jpeg|thumb|Tel Aviv bus station during the Mandate era]] [[File:SHADAL STREET IN TEL AVIV. רחוב שדל בתל אביב..jpg|thumb|Shadal Street in 1926]] [[File:רחוב אלנבי - מהרחובות הראשיים בתל אביב.-JNF033908.jpeg|thumb|Tel Aviv, Allenby Street, 1940]] Tel Aviv was granted the status of an independent municipality separate from Jaffa in 1934.<ref name=Goren/><ref name=Gorion/> The Jewish population rose dramatically during the [[Fifth Aliyah]] after the Nazis came to power in Germany.<ref name="JewishVL" /> By 1937 the Jewish population of Tel Aviv had risen to 150,000, compared to Jaffa's mainly Arab 69,000&nbsp;residents. Within two years, it had reached 160,000, which was over a third of Palestine's total Jewish population.<ref name="JewishVL" /> Many new Jewish immigrants to Palestine disembarked in Jaffa, and remained in Tel Aviv, turning the city into a center of urban life. Friction during the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine|1936–39 Arab revolt]] led to the opening of a local Jewish port, [[Tel Aviv Port]], independent of Jaffa, in 1938. It closed on 25 October 1965. [[Ben Gurion International Airport|Lydda Airport]] (later Ben Gurion Airport) and [[Sde Dov Airport]] opened between 1937 and 1938.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://geography.huji.ac.il/emppp/israel%20conflict/envcnf.apn.htm | title=The Sde Dov Airport | access-date=2008-03-22 | publisher=Hebrew University | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330185558/http://geography.huji.ac.il/emppp/israel%20conflict/envcnf.apn.htm | archive-date=2008-03-30 }}</ref> Many [[German Jews|German Jewish]] architects trained at the [[Bauhaus]], the [[Modernism|Modernist]] school of architecture in Germany, and left Germany during the 1930s. Some, like [[Arieh Sharon]], came to Palestine and adapted the architectural outlook of the Bauhaus and similar schools to the local conditions there, creating what is recognized as the largest concentration of buildings in the International Style in the world.<ref name="UNESCO" /> Tel Aviv's [[White City (Tel Aviv)|White City]] emerged in the 1930s, and became a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1096/ |title=White City of Tel-Aviv – the Modern Movement |author=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=26 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231131729/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1096/ |archive-date=31 December 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> During World War II, Tel Aviv was [[Bombing of Palestine in World War II|hit by Italian airstrikes]] on 9 September 1940, which killed 137 people in the city.<ref>{{cite web |first=Maya |last=Zamir |url=http://www.tam.co.il/7_9_2007/magazin1.htm |title=The Day of The bombing |access-date=2009-04-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112084944/http://www.tam.co.il/7_9_2007/magazin1.htm |archive-date=12 January 2008 |work=Tel Aviv magazine |date=7 September 2007 |language=he}}</ref> The village statistics of 1938 listed Tel Aviv's population as 140,000, all Jews.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VillageStatistics1938orig.pdf |title=Village Statistics |year=1938 |pages=55}}</ref> The [[Village Statistics, 1945|village statistics of 1945]] listed Tel Aviv's population as 166,660 (166,000 Jews, 300 "other", 230 Christians, and 130 Muslims).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VillageStatistics1945orig.pdf |title=Village Statistics |year=1945 |pages=28}}</ref> During the [[Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine]], Jewish [[Irgun]] and [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]] guerrillas launched repeated attacks against British military, police, and government targets in the city. In 1946, following the [[King David Hotel bombing]], the British carried out [[Operation Shark]], in which the entire city was searched for Jewish militants and most of the residents questioned, during which the entire city was placed under curfew. During the [[March 1947 martial law in Mandatory Palestine]], Tel Aviv was placed under martial law by the British authorities for 15 days, with the residents kept under curfew for all but three hours a day as British forces scoured the city for militants. In spite of this, Jewish guerrilla attacks continued in Tel Aviv and other areas under martial law in Palestine. According to the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|1947 UN Partition Plan]] for dividing Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, Tel Aviv, by then a city of 230,000, was to be included in the proposed [[Homeland for the Jewish people|Jewish state]]. Jaffa with, as of 1945, a population of 101,580 people—53,930 Muslims, 30,820 Jews and 16,800 Christians—was designated as part of the Arab state. [[1947-1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine|Civil War]] broke out in the country and in particular between the neighbouring cities of Tel Aviv and Jaffa, which had been assigned to the Jewish and Arab states respectively. After several months of siege, on 13 May 1948, Jaffa fell and the Arab population fled en masse. ===State of Israel=== [[File:Israel -Independence May 14, 1948.jpg|thumb|Crowd outside Dizengoff House (now [[Independence Hall (Israel)|Independence Hall]]) to witness the proclamation and signing of Israel's Declaration of Independence in 1948]] When Israel [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|declared Independence]] on 14 May 1948, the population of Tel Aviv was over 200,000.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} Tel Aviv was the temporary government center of the State of Israel until the government moved to Jerusalem in December 1949. Due to the international dispute over the [[Positions on Jerusalem|status of Jerusalem]], most embassies remained in or near Tel Aviv.<ref name="VTLV">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vie/Telaviv.html |title=Tel Aviv |access-date=18 July 2007 |encyclopedia=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |archive-date=1 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601204949/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vie/Telaviv.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The boundaries of Tel Aviv and Jaffa became a matter of contention between the Tel Aviv municipality and the Israeli government in 1948.<ref name="Golan1995">{{cite journal |last1=Golan |first1=Arnon |year=1995 |title=The demarcation of Tel Aviv-Jaffa's municipal boundaries |journal=Planning Perspectives |volume=10 |pages=383–398 |doi=10.1080/02665439508725830}}</ref> The former wished to incorporate only the northern Jewish suburbs of Jaffa, while the latter wanted a more complete unification.<ref name="Golan1995" /> The issue also had international sensitivity, since the main part of Jaffa was in the Arab portion of the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|United Nations Partition Plan]], whereas Tel Aviv was not, and no armistice agreements had yet been signed.<ref name="Golan1995" /> On 10 December 1948, the government announced the annexation to Tel Aviv of Jaffa's Jewish suburbs, the [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] neighborhood of [[Abu Kabir]], the Arab village of [[Salama, Jaffa|Salama]] and some of its agricultural land, and the Jewish Hatikva slum.<ref name="Golan1995" /> On 25 February 1949, the depopulated Palestinian village of [[al-Shaykh Muwannis]] was also annexed to Tel Aviv.<ref name="Golan1995" /> On 18 May 1949, [[Manshiya]] and part of Jaffa's central zone were added, for the first time including land that had been in the Arab portion of the UN partition plan.<ref name="Golan1995" /> The government voted on the unification of Tel Aviv and Jaffa on 4 October 1949, but the decision was not implemented until 24 April 1950 due to the opposition of Tel Aviv mayor [[Israel Rokach]].<ref name="Golan1995" /> The name of the unified city was Tel Aviv until 19 August 1950, when it was renamed Tel Aviv-Yafo in order to preserve the historical name Jaffa.<ref name="Golan1995" /> Tel Aviv thus grew to {{cvt|42|km2|sqmi|sp=us|1}}. In 1949, a memorial to the 60&nbsp;founders of Tel Aviv was constructed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fodors.com/world/africa%20and%20middle%20east/israel/tel%20aviv/entity_190378.html |title=Founders Monument and Fountain |access-date=21 January 2008 |work=[[Fodor's]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130002108/http://www.fodors.com/world/africa%20and%20middle%20east/israel/tel%20aviv/entity_190378.html |archive-date=30 January 2008}}</ref> [[File:Tel_Aviv-Yafo_997009452359205171.jpg|thumb|Tel Aviv in 1961]] In the 1960s, some of the older buildings were demolished, making way for the country's first high-rises. The historic [[Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium]] was controversially demolished, to make way for the [[Shalom Meir Tower]], which was completed in 1965, and remained [[List of tallest buildings in Israel|Israel's tallest building]] until 1999. Tel Aviv's population peaked in the early 1960s at 390,000, representing 16&nbsp;percent of the country's total.<ref name="profile">{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/engineering/strategy/pdf/profile-main-issues.pdf |title=City Profile |access-date=30 March 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306032523/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/engineering/strategy/pdf/profile-main-issues.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2007}}</ref> By the early 1970s, Tel Aviv had entered a long and steady period of continuous population decline, which was accompanied by [[urban decay]]. By 1981, Tel Aviv had entered not just natural population decline, but an absolute population decline as well.<ref name="Interregional Migration 2012 page 164">{{cite book |title=Interregional Migration: Dynamic Theory and Comparative Analysis |editor-first1=Wolfgang |editor-last1=Weidlich |editor-first2=Günter |editor-last2=Haag |publisher=Springer |date=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0mLvCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA164 |page=164 |isbn=9783642730498 |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005124436/https://books.google.com/books?id=0mLvCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA164#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In the late 1980s the city had an aging population of 317,000.<ref name="profile" /> Construction activity had moved away from the inner ring of Tel Aviv, and had moved to its outer perimeter and adjoining cities. A mass out-migration of residents from Tel Aviv, to adjoining cities like [[Petah Tikva]] and [[Rehovot]], where better housing conditions were available, was underway by the beginning of the 1970s, and only accelerated by the [[Yom Kippur War]].<ref name="Interregional Migration 2012 page 164"/> Cramped housing conditions and high property prices pushed families out of Tel Aviv and deterred young people from moving in.<ref name="profile" /> From the beginning of 1970s, the common image of Tel Aviv became that of a decaying city,<ref name="Tel Aviv 2007 page 132">{{cite book |title=Tel Aviv: Mythography of a City |first=Maoz |last=Azaryahu |publisher=Syracuse University Press |date=2007 |page=132}}</ref> as Tel Aviv's population fell 20%.<ref name=StrategicPlan26/> [[File:Tel_Aviv-Yafo_997009323131805171.jpg|thumb|Tel Aviv in 1970]] In the 1970s, the apparent sense of Tel Aviv's urban decline became a theme in the work of novelists such as [[Yaakov Shabtai]], in works describing the city such as ''Sof Davar'' (''The End of Things'') and ''Zikhron Devarim'' (''The Memory of Things'').<ref name="Tel Aviv 2007 page 132"/> A symptomatic article of 1980 asked "Is Tel Aviv Dying?" and portrayed what it saw as the city's existential problems: "Residents leaving the city, businesses penetrating into residential areas, economic and social gaps, deteriorating neighbourhoods, contaminated air – Is the First Hebrew City destined for a slow death? Will it become a ghost town?".<ref name="Tel Aviv 2007 page 132"/> However, others saw this as a transitional period. By the late 1980s, attitudes to the city's future had become markedly more optimistic. It had also become a center of nightlife and discotheques for Israelis who lived in the suburbs and adjoining cities. By 1989, Tel Aviv had acquired the nickname "Nonstop City", as a reflection of the growing recognition of its nightlife and 24/7 culture, and "Nonstop City" had to some extent replaced the former moniker of "First Hebrew City".<ref>{{cite book |title=Tel Aviv: Mythography of a City |first=Maoz |last=Azaryahu |publisher=Syracuse University Press |date=2007 |page=131}}</ref> The largest project built in this era was the [[Dizengoff Center]], Israel's first shopping mall, which was completed in 1983. Other notable projects included the construction of [[Marganit Tower]] in 1987, the opening of the [[Suzanne Dellal Center for Dance and Theater]] in 1989, and the [[Tel Aviv Cinematheque]] (opened in 1973 and located to the current building in 1989). [[File:Assassination_of_Prime_Minister_Yitzhak_Rabin,_1995_XVI_Dan_Hadani_Archive.jpg|thumb|A poster mourning the [[assassination of Yitzhak Rabin]] hangs in the [[Carmel Market]] in Tel Aviv, 1995]] In the early 1980s, 13 embassies in Jerusalem moved to Tel Aviv as part of the [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 478|UN's measures]] responding to Israel's 1980 [[Jerusalem Law]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20Foreign%20Relations%20since%201947/1979-1980/119%20Foreign%20Ministry%20reaction%20to%20the%20transfer%20of%20t |title=Foreign Ministry reaction to the transfer of the Dutch embassy from Jerusalem to Tel Aviv |date=26 August 1980 |work=Israel's Foreign Relations: Selected Documents |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=30 December 2005 |archive-date=19 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019111032/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20Foreign%20Relations%20since%201947/1979-1980/119%20Foreign%20Ministry%20reaction%20to%20the%20transfer%20of%20t |url-status=live }}</ref> Today, most national embassies are located in Tel Aviv or environs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.science.co.il/Embassies.asp |title=Embassies and Consulates in Israel |access-date=18 July 2007 |work=Israel Science and Technology Homepage |publisher=Israel Science and Technology |archive-date=14 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114194830/http://www.science.co.il/Embassies.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 1990s, the decline in Tel Aviv's population began to be reversed and stabilized, at first temporarily due to a wave of immigrants from the [[Post-Soviet states|former Soviet Union]].<ref name="profile" /> Tel Aviv absorbed 42,000 immigrants from the FSU, many educated in scientific, technological, medical and mathematical fields.<ref name=StrategicPlan26>{{cite book |author=Municipality of Tel Aviv-Yafo |date=2006 |title=The Strategic Plan for Tel Aviv Yafo |location=Israel |publisher=Strategic Planning Unit |page=26}}</ref> In this period, the number of engineers in the city doubled.<ref>{{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=U. |date=2012 |title=What's Next for the Start up Nation? |location=Indiana |publisher=Authorhouse |page=15}}{{Self-published source|date=June 2022|reason=Authorhouse flagged as likely self-published}}</ref> Tel Aviv soon began to emerge as a global high-tech center.<ref name="Economist" /> The construction of many [[List of tallest structures in Israel|skyscrapers]] and high-tech office buildings followed. In 1993, Tel Aviv was categorized as a [[Global city|world city]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ff.uni-lj.si/oddelki/geo/publikacije/dela/files/Dela_21/019%20kipnis.pdf |title=Tel Aviv, Israel – A World City in Evolution: Urban Development at a {{sic |nolink=y|Deadend}} of the Global Economy |first=Baruch A. |last=Kipnis |year=2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409004017/http://www.ff.uni-lj.si/oddelki/geo/publikacije/dela/files/Dela_21/019%20kipnis.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2008 }}</ref> However, the city's municipality struggled to cope with an influx of new immigrants. Tel Aviv's tax base had been shrinking for many years, as a result of its preceding long term population decline, and this meant there was little money available at the time to invest in the city's deteriorating infrastructure and housing. In 1998, Tel Aviv was on the "verge of bankruptcy".<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Leaders |date=2013 |title=A Global City, An Interview with The Honorable Ron Huldai, Mayor, Tel Aviv-Yafo |volume=36 |issue=3}}</ref> Economic difficulties would then be compounded by a wave of Palestinian suicide bombings in the city from the mid-1990s, to the end of the Second Intifada, as well as the [[dot-com bubble]], which affected the city's rapidly growing hi-tech sector. On 4 November 1995, Israel's prime minister, [[Yitzhak Rabin]], [[Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin|was assassinated]] at a rally in Tel Aviv in support of the Oslo peace accord. The outdoor plaza where this occurred, formerly known as Kikar Malchei Yisrael, was renamed [[Rabin Square]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7lBpAgAAQBAJ&dq=kings+of+israel+square+rabin&pg=PA118|title=The Triumph of Israel's Radical Right|first=Ami|last=Pedahzur|date=15 October 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-990882-0|via=Google Books|access-date=9 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005124940/https://books.google.com/books?id=7lBpAgAAQBAJ&dq=kings+of+israel+square+rabin&pg=PA118#v=onepage&q=kings%20of%20israel%20square%20rabin&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_Patriot_missiles_being_launched_to_intercept_an_Iraqi_Scud_missile.jpg|thumb|[[Patriot missiles]] being launched to intercept an Iraqi [[Scud missile]] during the [[Gulf War]] in 1991]] In the [[Gulf War]] in 1991, Tel Aviv was attacked by [[Scud]] missiles from Iraq. Iraq hoped to provoke an Israeli military response, which could have destroyed the US–Arab alliance. The [[United States]] pressured Israel not to retaliate, and after Israel acquiesced, the US and [[Netherlands]] rushed [[Patriot missile]]s to defend against the attacks, but they proved largely ineffective. Tel Aviv and other Israeli cities continued to be hit by Scuds throughout the war, and every city in the Tel Aviv area except for [[Bnei Brak]] was hit. A total of 74 Israelis died as a result of the Iraqi attacks, mostly from suffocation and heart attacks,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Gulf_War.html |title=The Gulf War |website=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-date=14 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714090450/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Gulf_War.html |url-status=live }}</ref> while approximately 230 Israelis were injured.<ref name="publicpolicy.umd.edu">{{Cite journal |last1=Fetter |first1=Steve |last2=Lewis |first2=George N. |last3=Gronlund |first3=Lisbeth |author3-link=Lisbeth Gronlund |title=Why were Casualties so low? |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=361 |pages=293–296 |publisher=[[Nature Publishing Group]] |location=London |date=28 January 1993 |url=http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/4282/1/1993-Nature-Scud.pdf |doi=10.1038/361293a0 |issue=6410 |bibcode=1993Natur.361..293F |hdl=1903/4282 |s2cid=4343235 |hdl-access=free |access-date=26 October 2012 |archive-date=14 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714171614/http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/4282/1/1993-Nature-Scud.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Extensive property damage was also caused, and some 4,000 Israelis were left homeless. It was feared that Iraq would fire missiles filled with [[nerve agent]]s or [[sarin]]. As a result, the Israeli government issued [[conflict gas mask|gas mask]]s to its citizens. When the first Iraqi missiles hit Israel, some people injected themselves with an antidote for nerve gas. The inhabitants of the southeastern suburb of Hatikva erected an angel-monument as a sign of their gratitude that "it was through a great miracle, that many people were preserved from being killed by a direct hit of a Scud rocket."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://israelplaces.christ2020.de/#q |title=Spiritual places in modern Israel |website=Christ2020.de |access-date=13 January 2010 |archive-date=16 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116113058/http://israelplaces.christ2020.de/#q |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Dizengoff_Center_suicide_bombing,_1996_I_Dan_Hadani_Archive.jpg|thumb|The [[Dizengoff Center]] after the [[Dizengoff Center suicide bombing|bombing of 1996]]]] Since the [[First Intifada]], Tel Aviv has suffered from [[Palestinian political violence]]. The first [[suicide attack]] in Tel Aviv occurred on 19 October 1994, on the [[Dizengoff Street bus bombing|Line 5 bus]], when a bomber killed 22 civilians and injured 50 as part of a [[Hamas]] suicide campaign.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9511/rabin/timeline/mideast_timeline/index.html |title=Death toll |work=CNN|access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-date=26 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026004356/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9511/rabin/timeline/mideast_timeline/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 6 March 1996, another Hamas suicide bomber killed 13 people (12 civilians and 1 soldier), many of them children, in the [[Dizengoff Center suicide bombing]].<ref name="victims">{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+before+2000/Fatal+Terrorist+Attacks+in+Israel+Since+the+DOP+-S.htm |title=Fatal Terrorist Attacks in Israel Since the DOP (September 1993) |date=24 September 2000 |publisher=Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=30 April 2012 |archive-date=15 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715040430/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+before+2000/Fatal+Terrorist+Attacks+in+Israel+Since+the+DOP+-S.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{cite news |title=Bombing in Israel:The Overview;4th Terror Blast in Israel Kills 14 at Mall in Tel Aviv; Nine-Day Toll Grows to 61 |author=Serge Schmemann |newspaper=The New York Times |date=5 March 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/05/world/bombing-israel-overview-4th-terror-blast-israel-kills-14-mall-tel-aviv-nine-day.html?scp=1&sq=dizengoff%20center%20suicide&st=cse&pagewanted=print |access-date=18 February 2017 |archive-date=30 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130151625/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/05/world/bombing-israel-overview-4th-terror-blast-israel-kills-14-mall-tel-aviv-nine-day.html?scp=1&sq=dizengoff%20center%20suicide&st=cse&pagewanted=print |url-status=live }}</ref> Three women were killed by a Hamas terrorist in the [[Café Apropo bombing]] on 27 March 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://laad.btl.gov.il/show_item.asp?itemId=34825&levelId=28553&itemType=10&template=3 |title=אתר לזכר האזרחים חללי פעולות האיבה |website=Laad.btl.gov.il |access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501235044/http://laad.btl.gov.il/show_item.asp?itemId=34825&levelId=28553&itemType=10&template=3 |archive-date=1 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://laad.btl.gov.il/show_item.asp?itemId=35470&levelId=28553&itemType=10&template=3 |title=אתר לזכר האזרחים חללי פעולות האיבה |website=Laad.btl.gov.il |access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501235100/http://laad.btl.gov.il/show_item.asp?itemId=35470&levelId=28553&itemType=10&template=3 |archive-date=1 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://laad.btl.gov.il/show_item.asp?itemId=35084&levelId=28553&itemType=10&template=3 |title=אתר לזכר האזרחים חללי פעולות האיבה |website=Laad.btl.gov.il |access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508133928/http://laad.btl.gov.il/show_item.asp?itemId=35084&levelId=28553&itemType=10&template=3 |archive-date=8 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:PikiWiki Israel 19099 ruins of tel aviv dolphinarium.JPG|thumb|Tel Aviv Dolphinarium, demolished in 2018, site of the 2001 [[Dolphinarium discotheque suicide bombing]], in which 21 Israelis, mostly teenagers, were killed]] One of the deadliest attacks occurred on 1 June 2001, during the [[Second Intifada]], when a suicide bomber exploded at the entrance to the [[Dolphinarium discotheque suicide bombing|Dolphinarium discothèque]], killing 21, mostly teenagers, and injuring 132.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/65/currentpage/22/Default.aspx |title=The Palestinian Authority-Hamas Collusion – From Operational Cooperation to Propaganda Hoax |website=Ict.org.il |access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021154/http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/65/currentpage/22/Default.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-48416289.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023030542/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-48416289.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 October 2012 |title=No. 1 Hamas terrorist killed. Followers threaten revenge in Tel Aviv |last=O'Sullvian |first=Arieh |date=25 November 2001 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=30 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/29/international/middleeast/29israel.html |title=In Hamas's Overt Hatred, Many Israelis See Hope |last=Fisher |first=Ian |date=29 January 2006 |work=The New York Times |access-date=18 February 2017 |archive-date=11 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111022312/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/29/international/middleeast/29israel.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ynet.co.il/home/0,7340,L-1258,00.html |title=Ynet – פיגוע בדולפינריום – חדשות |publisher=Ynet.co.il |date=20 June 1995 |access-date=30 April 2012 |archive-date=24 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724182358/http://www.ynet.co.il/home/0,7340,L-1258,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Another Hamas suicide bomber killed six civilians and injured 70 in the [[Allenby Street bus bombing]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002-09-19-mideast-explosion_x.htm |title= Six killed, scores wounded in suicide attack on Tel Aviv bus |work=USA Today |location=McLean, VA |issn=0734-7456 |date=19 September 2002 |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=23 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223120654/https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002-09-19-mideast-explosion_x.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/sep/20/israel1 |title=Tel Aviv bus bomb shatters hopes of truce {{pipe}} World news {{pipe}} The Guardian |work=The Guardian |date=20 September 2002 |location=London |issn=0261-3077 |oclc=60623878 |first=Jonathan |last=Steele |access-date=16 December 2016 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403022403/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/sep/20/israel1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2268392.stm |title=BBC NEWS {{pipe}} Middle East {{pipe}} Fatal bus blast rocks Tel Aviv |work=BBC News |date=19 September 2002 |location=London |access-date=30 April 2012 |archive-date=19 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719093342/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2268392.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/20/world/suicide-bomber-kills-5-on-a-bus-in-tel-aviv.html |title=Suicide Bomber Kills 5 on a Bus in Tel Aviv |work=The New York Times |date=20 September 2002 |issn=0362-4331 |first=Serge |last=Schmemann |access-date=18 February 2017 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329115343/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/20/world/suicide-bomber-kills-5-on-a-bus-in-tel-aviv.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/09/19/kessel.otsc/index.html |title=CNN – Jerrold Kessel: Heart of Tel Aviv hit – 19 September 2002 |website=Archives.cnn.com |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004211435/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/09/19/kessel.otsc/index.html |archive-date=4 October 2012}}</ref> Twenty-three civilians were killed and over 100 injured in the [[Tel Aviv central bus station massacre]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-%20Obstacle%20to%20Peace/Memorial/2003/Avi%20Kotzer |title=Avi Kotzer |access-date=30 April 2012 |archive-date=26 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526053154/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-%20Obstacle%20to%20Peace/Memorial/2003/Avi%20Kotzer |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-%20Obstacle%20to%20Peace/Memorial/2003/Viktor%20Shebayev |title=Viktor Shebayev |access-date=30 April 2012 |archive-date=26 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526044641/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-%20Obstacle%20to%20Peace/Memorial/2003/Viktor%20Shebayev |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades]] claimed responsibility for the attack. In the [[Mike's Place suicide bombing]], an attack on a bar by a [[British Muslim]] suicide bomber resulted in the deaths of three civilians and wounded over 50.<ref name="jewishsf.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/20891/edition_id/429/format/html/displaystory.html |title=Tel Aviv bar and bomb target slowly getting its groove back |last=Khazzoom |first=Loolwa |website=Jewishsf.com |date=29 September 2003 |access-date=30 April 2012 |archive-date=1 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301060140/http://jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/20891/edition_id/429/format/html/displaystory.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Hamas and Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades claimed joint responsibility. An Islamic Jihad bomber killed five and wounded over 50 on 25 February 2005 [[Stage Club bombing]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-26-syria-bombing_x.htm |title=Syria-based Islamic Jihad claims role for Tel Aviv bombing |work=USA Today |date=26 February 2005 |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530052706/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-26-syria-bombing_x.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The most recent suicide attack in the city occurred on 17 April 2006, when 11 people were killed and at least 70 wounded in a [[2nd Rosh Ha'ir restaurant bombing|suicide bombing near the old central bus station]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/Israel/israel_attacks.asp |title=Major Terrorist Attacks in Israel |access-date=19 July 2007 |publisher=Anti-Defamation League |archive-date=14 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114162802/http://www.adl.org/Israel/israel_attacks.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - IAF Flight for Israel's 63rd Independence Day.jpg|thumb|[[Israeli Air Force]] [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#F-16I Sufa|F-16I Sufas]] over Tel Aviv]] Another attack took place on 29 August 2011 in which a Palestinian attacker stole an Israeli taxi cab and rammed it into a police checkpoint guarding the popular [[Haoman 17]] [[nightclub]] in Tel Aviv which was filled with 2,000<ref name="autogenerated5">{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/palestinian-drives-stolen-taxi-israelis-stabs/story?id=14403744 |title=Terror Attack Outside Tel Aviv Nightclub Filled With 2,000 Teenagers |work=ABC News |date=29 August 2011 |access-date=29 June 2020 |archive-date=30 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830180738/https://abcnews.go.com/International/palestinian-drives-stolen-taxi-israelis-stabs/story?id=14403744 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Israelis|Israeli]] teenagers. After crashing, the assailant went on a stabbing spree, injuring eight people.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Due to an [[Israel Border Police]] roadblock at the entrance and immediate response of the Border Police team during the subsequent stabbings, a much larger and fatal mass-casualty incident was avoided.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kubovich |first=Yaniv |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/terror-attack-in-tel-aviv-leaves-eight-wounded-1.381250 |title=Terror attack in Tel Aviv leaves eight wounded |work=Haaretz |date=29 August 2011 |access-date=3 May 2012 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016045010/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/terror-attack-in-tel-aviv-leaves-eight-wounded-1.381250 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 21 November 2012, during [[Operation Pillar of Defense]], the Tel Aviv area was targeted by rockets, and air raid sirens were sounded in the city for the first time since the [[Gulf War]]. All of the rockets either missed populated areas or were shot down by an [[Iron Dome]] rocket defense battery stationed near the city. During the operation, a bomb blast on a bus wounded at least 28 civilians, three seriously.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/11/21/250965.html |title='Apparent explosion' rocks Tel Aviv bus: Israeli police |publisher=Al Arabiya |date=21 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121113737/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/11/21/250965.html |archive-date=21 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id=292860 |title=Terrorist blows up bus in central Tel Aviv; 10 injured |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=21 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122112016/http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id=292860 |archive-date=22 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162356 |title=Terrorist Attack on Bus in Tel Aviv |publisher=Arutz Sheva |date=21 November 2012 |access-date=21 November 2012 |archive-date=27 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127223758/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162356 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4309791,00.html |title=Blast on bus in heart of Tel Aviv |publisher=Ynet News |date=21 November 2012 |access-date=21 November 2012 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329123906/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4309791,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This was described as a terrorist attack by Israel, Russia, and the United States and was condemned by the United Nations, United States, United Kingdom, France and Russia, whilst Hamas spokesman [[Sami Abu Zuhri]] declared that the organisation "blesses" the attack.<ref name="BBC-Nov21">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20425352 |title=Israel-Gaza crisis: 'Bomb blast' on bus in Tel Aviv |publisher=BBC |date=21 November 2012 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=23 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423214502/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20425352 |url-status=live }}</ref> More than 300 rockets were fired towards the Tel Aviv Metropolitan area in the [[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Israel: Hamas launches rocket attack on Tel Aviv |url=https://news.sky.com/story/israel-hamas-launches-rocket-attack-on-tel-aviv-12303773 |access-date=2021-05-12 |website=Sky News |language=en |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512205454/https://news.sky.com/story/israel-hamas-launches-rocket-attack-on-tel-aviv-12303773 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Channel2 - Tel Aviv.webm|thumb|thumbtime=55|Short video about Tel Aviv from the [[Israeli News Company]]]] New laws were introduced to protect Modernist buildings, and efforts to preserve them were aided by [[UNESCO]] recognition of Tel Aviv's White City as a world heritage site in 2003. In the early 2000s, Tel Aviv municipality focused on attracting more young residents to the city. It made significant investment in major boulevards, to create attractive pedestrian corridors. Former industrial areas like the city's previously derelict Northern [[Tel Aviv Port]] and the [[Jaffa railway station]], were upgraded and transformed into leisure areas. A process of gentrification began in some of the poor neighborhoods of southern Tel Aviv and many older buildings began to be renovated.<ref name="Economist" /> The demographic profile of the city changed in the 2000s, as it began to attract a higher proportion of young residents. By 2012, 28 percent of the city's population was aged between 20 and 34 years old. Between 2007 and 2012, the city's population growth averaged 6.29 percent. As a result of its population recovery and industrial transition, the city's finances were transformed, and by 2012 it was running a budget surplus and maintained a credit rating of AAA+.<ref>{{cite web |website=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |date=2013 |title=The City in Numbers |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/eng/AboutTheCity/Pages/CityNumbers.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217002045/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/eng/AboutTheCity/Pages/CityNumbers.aspx |archivedate=17 December 2015}}</ref> In the 2000s and early 2010s, Tel Aviv received tens of thousands of illegal immigrants, primarily from [[Sudan]] and [[Eritrea]],<ref name="autogenerated10">{{cite web |date=December 2009 |url=http://web.hevra.haifa.ac.il/~ch-strategy/images/publications/darfur_refugees.pdf |script-title=he:פליטים או מהגרי עבודה ממדינות אפריקה |language=he |trans-title=Refugees or migrant workers from African states |publisher=Research Center, National Defense College and Chaikin Chair in Geostrategy, University of Haifa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814142203/http://web.hevra.haifa.ac.il/~ch-strategy/images/publications/darfur_refugees.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2011}}</ref> changing the demographic profile of areas of the city. In 2009, Tel Aviv celebrated its official centennial.<ref name="centennial">{{cite web |url=http://www.tlv100.co.il/EN/ |title=Tel Aviv-Yafo Centennial Year 1909–2009 |publisher=City of Tel Aviv-Yafo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228103847/http://www.tlv100.co.il/EN |archive-date=28 February 2009}}</ref> In addition to city- and country-wide celebrations, digital collections of historical materials were assembled. These include the History section of the official Tel Aviv-Yafo Centennial Year website;<ref name="centennial" /> the Ahuzat Bayit collection, which focuses on the founding families of Tel Aviv, and includes photographs and biographies;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ahuzatbait.org.il/ |title=Ahuzat Bayit Collection |language=he |access-date=27 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228194235/http://www.ahuzatbait.org.il/ |archive-date=28 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Stanford University]]'s Eliasaf Robinson Tel Aviv Collection,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lib.stanford.edu/telaviv |title=Eliasaf Robinson Tel Aviv Collection |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |access-date=2016-02-12 |archive-date=6 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606153614/http://lib.stanford.edu/telaviv |url-status=live }}</ref> documenting the history of the city. Today, the city is regarded as a strong candidate for [[Gamma world city|global city status]].<ref name="GAWC">{{cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb57.html |title=Tel Aviv, Israel – A World City in Evolution: Urban Development at a {{sic |nolink=y|Deadend}} of the Global Economy |last=Kipnis |first=B.A. |publisher=Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network at [[Loughborough University]] |date=8 October 2001 |access-date=18 July 2007 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201248/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb57.html |url-status=live }} Cities in Transition. Ljubljana: Department of Geography, [[University of Ljubljana]], pp. 183–194.</ref> Over the past 60&nbsp;years, Tel Aviv had developed into a [[secularity|secular]], liberal-minded center with a vibrant nightlife and café culture.<ref name="Economist" /> ==Geography== [[File:Tel_Aviv,_Israel_by_Planet_Labs.jpg|thumb|Tel Aviv seen from space in 2016]] Tel Aviv is located around {{Coord|32|5|N|34|48|E|}} on the [[Israeli coastal plain|Israeli Mediterranean coastline]], in central Israel, the [[Via Maris|historic land bridge]] between Europe, Asia and Africa. Immediately north of the ancient port of Jaffa, Tel Aviv lies on land that used to be sand dunes and as such has relatively poor [[fertility (soil)|soil fertility]]. The land has been flattened and has no important gradients; its most notable geographical features are bluffs above the Mediterranean coastline and the [[Yarkon River]] mouth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Aliyah/About+Israel/Cities/Tel+Aviv.htm |title=Tel Aviv |publisher=[[Jewish Agency for Israel|Jewish Agency]] |access-date=26 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013102915/http://jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Aliyah/About%2BIsrael/Cities/Tel%2BAviv.htm |archive-date=13 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Because of the expansion of Tel Aviv and the Gush Dan region, absolute borders between Tel Aviv and Jaffa and between the city's neighborhoods do not exist. The city is located {{cvt|60|km|mi|0|sp=us}} northwest of Jerusalem and {{cvt|90|km|mi|0|sp=us}} south of the city of [[Haifa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/distances.html |title=Cities located close to Tel Aviv |access-date=26 January 2008 |website=TimeandDate.com |archive-date=10 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210031731/http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/distances.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Neighboring cities and towns include [[Herzliya]] to the north, [[Ramat HaSharon]] to the northeast, [[Petah Tikva]], [[Bnei Brak]], [[Ramat Gan]] and [[Giv'atayim]] to the east, [[Holon]] to the southeast, and [[Bat Yam]] to the south.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.science.co.il/Israel-map-Carta.asp |title=Map of Israel |access-date=15 March 2008 |publisher=Carta |archive-date=23 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323045048/http://www.science.co.il/Israel-map-Carta.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is economically stratified between the north and south. Southern Tel Aviv is considered less affluent than northern Tel Aviv with the exception of [[Neve Tzedek]] and northern and north-western [[Jaffa]]. Central Tel Aviv is home to [[Azrieli Center]] and the important financial and commerce district along [[Highway 20 (Israel)|Ayalon Highway]]. The northern side of Tel Aviv is home to [[Tel Aviv University]], [[Hayarkon Park]], and upscale residential neighborhoods such as [[Ramat Aviv]] and [[Afeka]].<ref name="yarkoni">{{cite web |last=Yarkoni |first=Amir |title=Real Estate in Tel Aviv – continued |work=Tel Aviv Insider |access-date=22 July 2008 |url=http://www.telaviv-insider.co.il/real-estate-2.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624050534/http://www.telaviv-insider.co.il/real-estate-2.php |archive-date=24 June 2008}}</ref> ===Environment=== [[File:Soldiers cleaning beach.jpg|thumb|[[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] soldiers cleaning the beaches at Tel Aviv, which have scored highly in environmental tests<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/Documents/Beaches%20_2_.pdf |title=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality, Beaches |access-date=23 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712111803/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/Documents/Beaches%20_2_.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2012}}</ref>]] Tel Aviv is ranked as the [[Sustainable city|greenest city]] in Israel.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000637815&fid=1725 |title=Tel Aviv ranked Israel's greenest city |date=11 April 2011 |newspaper=Globes |access-date=11 April 2011 |archive-date=5 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005083637/http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000637815&fid=1725 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2008, city lights are turned off annually in support of [[Earth Hour]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=969276&contrassID=1&subContrassID=0&sbSubContrassID=0 |title=Tel Aviv goes dark as part of global 'Earth Hour' campaign |date=30 March 2008 |newspaper=Haaretz |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080330175255/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=969276&contrassID=1&subContrassID=0&sbSubContrassID=0 |archive-date=30 March 2008}}</ref> In February 2009, the municipality launched a water saving campaign, including competition granting free parking for a year to the household that is found to have consumed the least water per person.<ref name=senyorwater>{{Cite news |last=Senyor |first=Eli |title=Tel Aviv launches water saving campaign |work=Ynetnews |date=22 February 2009 |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3675380,00.html |access-date=27 February 2009 |archive-date=25 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225042502/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3675380,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the early 21st century, Tel Aviv's municipality transformed a derelict [[power station]] into a public park, now named "Gan HaHashmal" ("Electricity Park"), paving the way for [[Ecology|eco-friendly]] and environmentally conscious designs.<ref name="FT">[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4d8eb606-70ae-11dd-b514-0000779fd18c.html?nclick_check=1 Electric Tel Aviv], by David Kaufman, ''[[Financial Times]]'', 12 February 2008.</ref> In October 2008, Martin Weyl turned an old garbage dump near [[Ben Gurion International Airport]], called [[Hiriya]], into an attraction by building an arc of plastic bottles.<ref name="NYTPlastic">[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/24/world/middleeast/24dump.html?_r=1&scp=4&sq=israel%20plastic&st=cse Recycling in Israel, Not Just Trash, but the Whole Dump] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130151307/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/24/world/middleeast/24dump.html?_r=1&scp=4&sq=israel%20plastic&st=cse |date=30 January 2017 }}, by Isabel Kershner, 24 October 2007.</ref> The site, which was renamed [[Ariel Sharon Park]] to honor Israel's former prime minister, will serve as the centerpiece in what is to become a {{cvt|2000|acre|km2|adj=on}} [[urban wilderness]] on the outskirts of Tel Aviv, designed by German [[landscape architect]], [[Peter Latz]].<ref name="NYTPlastic"/> At the end of the 20th century, the city began restoring historical neighborhoods such as [[Neve Tzedek]] and many buildings from the 1920s and 1930s. Since 2007, the city hosts its well-known, annual [[Open House Tel Aviv]] weekend, which offers the general public free entrance to the city's famous landmarks, private houses and public buildings. In 2010, the design of the renovated Tel Aviv Port (''Nemal Tel Aviv'') won the award for outstanding landscape architecture at the European Biennial for Landscape Architecture in [[Barcelona]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Dvir |first=Noam |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israelis-win-barcelona-landscape-architecture-prize-1.316789 |title=Israelis win Barcelona landscape prize |work=Haaretz |date=3 October 2010 |access-date=3 October 2010 |archive-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006135453/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israelis-win-barcelona-landscape-architecture-prize-1.316789 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, the Sarona Market Complex opened, following an 8-year renovation project of [[Sarona (colony)|Sarona colony]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/sarona-from-templars-to-nazis-government-terror-and-hopefully-to-tranquility/ |title=Sarona: From Templers, to Nazis, government, terror and, hopefully, to tranquility |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=18 June 2016 |access-date=13 June 2017 |archive-date=30 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330023516/http://www.timesofisrael.com/sarona-from-templars-to-nazis-government-terror-and-hopefully-to-tranquility/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{wide image|Yarkon Park Aerial 01.jpg|750px|[[Yarkon Park]] from [[Kiryat Atidim]] to the Mediterranean Sea}} ===Climate=== [[File:Tel_Aviv_Promenade_panoramics.jpg|thumb|[[Tel Aviv Promenade]]]] [[File:PikiWiki_Israel_52846_cities_in_israel.jpg|thumb|[[Rainstorm]] in Tel Aviv]] Tel Aviv has a [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: Csa),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/3471/ |title=Climate: Tel Aviv-Yafo – Temperature, Climate graph, Climate table |website=Climate-data.org |access-date=29 November 2014 |archive-date=5 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205070719/http://en.climate-data.org/location/3471/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and enjoys plenty of sunshine throughout the year. Most precipitation falls in the form of rain between the months of October and April, with intervening dry summers. The average annual temperature is {{cvt|20.9|C}}, and the average sea temperature is {{cvt|18–20|C}} during the winter, and {{cvt|24–29|C}} during the summer. The city averages {{cvt|528|mm|inch|sp=us|1}} of precipitation annually. Summers in Tel Aviv last about five months, from June to October. August, the warmest month, averages a high of {{cvt|30.6|C}}, and a low of {{cvt|25|C}}. The high relative humidity due to the location of the city by the Mediterranean Sea, in a combination with the high temperatures, creates a [[Thermal comfort|thermal discomfort]] during the summer. Summer low temperatures in Tel Aviv seldom drop below {{cvt|20|C}}. Winters are mild and wet, with most of the annual precipitation falling within the months of December, January and February as intense rainfall and thunderstorms. In January, the coolest month, the average maximum temperature is {{cvt|17.6|C}}, the minimum temperature averages {{cvt|10.2|C}}. During the coldest days of winter, temperatures may vary between {{cvt|8|C}} and {{cvt|12|C}}. Both freezing temperatures and snowfall are extremely rare in the city. Autumns and springs are characterized by sharp temperature changes, with heat waves that might be created due to hot and dry air masses that arrive from the nearby deserts. During heatwaves in autumn and springs, temperatures usually climb up to {{cvt|35|C}} and even up to {{cvt|40|C}}, accompanied with exceptionally low humidity. An average day during autumn and spring has a high of {{cvt|23|C}} to {{cvt|25|C}}, and a low of {{cvt|15|C}} to {{cvt|18|C}}. The highest recorded temperature in Tel Aviv was {{cvt|46.5|C}} on 17 May 1916, and the lowest is {{cvt|−1.9|C}} on 7 February 1950, during a cold wave that brought the [[Snow in Israel#History|only recorded snowfall]] in Tel Aviv. {|class="wikitable" |+Tel Aviv mean sea temperature ˚C (˚F)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seatemperature.org/middle-east/israel/tel-aviv-november.htm |title=Tel Aviv Sea Temperature November Average, Israel – Sea Temperatures |website=Seatemperature.org |access-date=16 November 2014 |archive-date=29 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229080400/http://www.seatemperature.org/middle-east/israel/tel-aviv-november.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !Jan !Feb !Mar !Apr !May !Jun !Jul !Aug !Sep !Oct !Nov !Dec |- style="font-size:115%; text-align: center;" | style="{{weather box/colt|18.8}}" | 18.8<br />(65.8) | style="{{weather box/colt|17.6}}" | 17.6<br />(63.7) | style="{{weather box/colt|17.9}}" | 17.9<br />(64.2) | style="{{weather box/colt|18.6}}" | 18.6<br />(65.5) | style="{{weather box/colt|21.2}}" | 21.2<br />(70.2) | style="{{weather box/colt|24.9}}" | 24.9<br />(76.8) | style="{{weather box/colt|27.4}}" | 27.4<br />(81.3) | style="{{weather box/colt|28.6}}" | 28.6<br />(83.5) | style="{{weather box/colt|28.2}}" | 28.2<br />(82.8) | style="{{weather box/colt|26.3}}" | 26.3<br />(79.3) | style="{{weather box/colt|23.2}}" | 23.2<br />(73.8) | style="{{weather box/colt|20.6}}" | 20.6<br />(69.1) |} {{Weather box |location = Tel Aviv (Temperature: 1987–2010, Precipitation: 1980–2010) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C= 30.0 |Feb record high C= 33.2 |Mar record high C= 38.3 |Apr record high C= 43.9 |May record high C= 46.5 |Jun record high C= 44.4 |Jul record high C= 37.4 |Aug record high C= 41.4 |Sep record high C= 42.0 |Oct record high C= 44.4 |Nov record high C= 35.6 |Dec record high C= 33.5 |Jan avg record high C= 23.6 |Feb avg record high C= 25.0 |Mar avg record high C= 30.4 |Apr avg record high C= 35.5 |May avg record high C= 32.4 |Jun avg record high C= 30.8 |Jul avg record high C= 31.6 |Aug avg record high C= 31.8 |Sep avg record high C= 32.0 |Oct avg record high C= 32.9 |Nov avg record high C= 29.2 |Dec avg record high C= 23.8 |time day = 1200 GMT |Jan humidity= 72 |Feb humidity= 70 |Mar humidity= 65 |Apr humidity= 60 |May humidity= 63 |Jun humidity= 67 |Jul humidity= 70 |Aug humidity= 67 |Sep humidity= 60 |Oct humidity= 65 |Nov humidity= 68 |Dec humidity= 73 |Jan high C= 17.5 |Feb high C= 17.7 |Mar high C= 19.2 |Apr high C= 22.8 |May high C= 24.9 |Jun high C= 27.5 |Jul high C= 29.4 |Aug high C= 30.2 |Sep high C= 29.4 |Oct high C= 27.3 |Nov high C= 23.4 |Dec high C= 19.2 |Jan mean C= 12.9 |Feb mean C= 13.4 |Mar mean C= 16.4 |Apr mean C= 19.2 |May mean C= 21.8 |Jun mean C= 24.8 |Jul mean C= 27.0 |Aug mean C= 27.8 |Sep mean C= 26.5 |Oct mean C= 22.7 |Nov mean C= 17.6 |Dec mean C= 13.9 |Jan low C= 9.6 |Feb low C= 9.8 |Mar low C= 11.5 |Apr low C= 14.4 |May low C= 17.3 |Jun low C= 20.6 |Jul low C= 23.0 |Aug low C= 23.7 |Sep low C= 22.5 |Oct low C= 19.1 |Nov low C= 14.6 |Dec low C= 11.2 |Jan avg record low C= 6.6 |Feb avg record low C= 7.3 |Mar avg record low C= 8.3 |Apr avg record low C= 10.7 |May avg record low C= 14.0 |Jun avg record low C= 18.3 |Jul avg record low C= 22.2 |Aug avg record low C= 23.3 |Sep avg record low C= 20.6 |Oct avg record low C= 16.2 |Nov avg record low C= 10.9 |Dec avg record low C= 7.8 |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm= 147 |Feb rain mm= 111 |Mar rain mm= 62 |Apr rain mm= 16 |May rain mm= 4 |Jun rain mm= 0 |Jul rain mm= 0 |Aug rain mm= 0 |Sep rain mm= 1 |Oct rain mm= 34 |Nov rain mm= 81 |Dec rain mm= 127 |unit rain days = 0.1 mm |Jan rain days= 15 |Feb rain days= 13 |Mar rain days= 10 |Apr rain days= 4 |May rain days= 2 |Jun rain days= 0 |Jul rain days= 0 |Aug rain days= 0 |Sep rain days= 0 |Oct rain days= 6 |Nov rain days= 9 |Dec rain days= 12 |Jan sun= 192.2 |Feb sun= 200.1 |Mar sun= 235.6 |Apr sun= 270.0 |May sun= 328.6 |Jun sun= 357.0 |Jul sun= 368.9 |Aug sun= 356.5 |Sep sun= 300.0 |Oct sun= 279.0 |Nov sun= 234.0 |Dec sun= 189.1 |source 1= ''Israel Meteorological Service''<ref name="ims">{{cite web |url=http://ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/LongTermInfo |title=Averages and Records for Tel Aviv (Precipitation, Temperature and Records written in the page) |publisher=Israel Meteorological Service |access-date=1 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914010915/http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/LongTermInfo |archive-date=14 September 2010}}{{in lang|he}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/TopClimetIsrael |title=Extremes for Tel Aviv [Records of February and May] |publisher=Israel Meteorological Service |access-date=2 August 2015 |archive-date=10 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710130329/http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/TopClimetIsrael/ |url-status=live }}{{in lang|he}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/ClimaticAtlas/TempNormals.htm |title=Temperature average |publisher=Israel Meteorological Service |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618145923/http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/ClimaticAtlas/TempNormals.htm |archive-date=18 June 2013}}{{in lang|he}}</ref><ref name="Precipitation average">{{cite web |url=http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/ClimaticAtlas/RainNormals.htm |title=Precipitation average |access-date=12 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925080227/http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/ClimaticAtlas/RainNormals.htm |archive-date=25 September 2011}}{{in lang|he}}</ref> |source 2= ''[[Hong Kong Observatory]]'' for data of sunshine hours<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/gr_tu/tel_aviv_e.htm |title=Climatological Information for Tel Aviv, Israel |publisher=Hong Kong Observatory |access-date=2 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114737/http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/gr_tu/tel_aviv_e.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> }} {{Weather box |location = Tel Aviv the West Coast (2005–2014) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C= 27.7 |Feb record high C= 31.8 |Mar record high C= 38.3 |Apr record high C= 39.1 |May record high C= 38.4 |Jun record high C= 36.7 |Jul record high C= 31.7 |Aug record high C= 32.5 |Sep record high C= 34.1 |Oct record high C= 39.5 |Nov record high C= 34.0 |Dec record high C= 29.5 |Jan high C= 18.3 |Feb high C= 18.9 |Mar high C= 20.7 |Apr high C= 22.6 |May high C= 24.4 |Jun high C= 27.1 |Jul high C= 29.0 |Aug high C= 29.9 |Sep high C= 29.0 |Oct high C= 26.9 |Nov high C= 23.9 |Dec high C= 20.3 |Jan mean C= 14.7 |Feb mean C= 15.4 |Mar mean C= 17.2 |Apr mean C= 19.3 |May mean C= 21.7 |Jun mean C= 24.7 |Jul mean C= 26.9 |Aug mean C= 27.6 |Sep mean C= 26.5 |Oct mean C= 23.8 |Nov mean C= 20.2 |Dec mean C= 16.6 |Jan low C= 11.1 |Feb low C= 11.9 |Mar low C= 13.6 |Apr low C= 16.0 |May low C= 18.9 |Jun low C= 22.4 |Jul low C= 24.7 |Aug low C= 25.4 |Sep low C= 24.1 |Oct low C= 20.7 |Nov low C= 16.5 |Dec low C= 12.8 |Jan record low C= 4.2 |Feb record low C= 5.2 |Mar record low C= 7.2 |Apr record low C= 10.3 |May record low C= 13.1 |Jun record low C= 18.8 |Jul record low C= 21.6 |Aug record low C= 22.5 |Sep record low C= 20.1 |Oct record low C= 15.1 |Nov record low C= 10.2 |Dec record low C= 4.0 |source 1= ''Israel Meteorological Service databases''<ref name="imsdb">{{cite web |url=https://data.gov.il/ims |title=Israel Meteorological Service databases |publisher=Israel Meteorological Service |access-date=31 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119205142/https://data.gov.il/ims |archive-date=19 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}{{in lang|he}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/ODOT/Stations/402.htm |title=Tel Aviv the West Coast |publisher=Israel Meteorological Service |access-date=15 August 2007 |archive-date=24 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024122213/http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/ODOT/Stations/402.htm |url-status=live }}{{in lang|he}}</ref> }} ==Government== {{see also|Mayoral elections in Tel Aviv}} [[File:20200812_113741_Tel_Aviv-Yafo_City_Hall_and_Rabin_Square_anagoria.jpg|thumb|[[Tel Aviv City Hall]] and [[Rabin Square]]]] Tel Aviv is governed by a 31-member city council elected for a five-year term by in direct proportional elections,<ref name="govt">{{cite book |last=Encyclopædia Britannica Staff |title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica |year=1974 |page=66 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YpZpY9plD7AC&q=tel-aviv+city+council |isbn=978-0-85229-290-7 |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409161144/https://books.google.com/books?id=YpZpY9plD7AC&q=tel-aviv+city+council |url-status=live }}</ref> and a mayor elected for the same term by direct elections under a [[two-round system]]. Like all other mayors in Israel, no [[term limits]] exist for the Mayor of Tel Aviv.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.idi.org.il/articles/24646 |title=Is There a Connection Between Corruption and Term Limits in Local Government? |publisher=The Israel Democracy Institute |date=2018-10-18 |access-date=2022-03-05 |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218135659/https://en.idi.org.il/articles/24646 |url-status=live }}</ref> All Israeli citizens over the age of 17 with at least one year of residence in Tel Aviv are eligible to vote in municipal elections. The municipality is responsible for social services, community programs, public infrastructure, urban planning, tourism and other local affairs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/human/index.htm |title=Social Services Administration |access-date=29 March 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426095713/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/human/index.htm |archive-date=26 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/education/community/centers.htm |title=Community Life |access-date=29 March 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050526023203/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/education/community/centers.htm |archive-date=26 May 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/Tourism/Information/Index.htm |title=Tourism |access-date=29 March 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302120451/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/Tourism/Information/Index.htm <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=2 March 2008}}</ref> The Tel Aviv City Hall is located at [[Rabin Square]]. [[Ron Huldai]] has been mayor of Tel Aviv since 1998.<ref name="govt"/> Huldai was reelected for a fifth term in the 2018 municipal elections, defeating former deputy [[Asaf Zamir]], founder of the Ha'Ir party.<ref name="ToIWootliff">{{cite news |last1=Wootliff |first1=Raoul |last2=ToI staff |title=Tel Aviv mayor fends off deputy, cruises to fifth term |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/tel-aviv-mayor-fends-off-deputy-cruises-to-fifth-term/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=31 October 2018 |access-date=8 December 2019 |archive-date=8 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208162858/https://www.timesofisrael.com/tel-aviv-mayor-fends-off-deputy-cruises-to-fifth-term/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Huldai's has become the longest-serving mayor of the city, exceeding [[Shlomo Lahat]]'s 19-year term.<ref name="ToIWootliff" /> The shortest-serving was [[David Bloch-Blumenfeld|David Bloch]], in office for two years, 1925–27. Politically, Tel Aviv is known to be a stronghold for the left, in both local and national issues. The left wing vote is especially prevalent in the city's mostly affluent central and northern neighborhoods, though not the case for its working-class southeastern neighborhoods which tend to vote for right wing parties in national elections.<ref>Haviv Rettig Gur, [http://www.timesofisrael.com/what-the-20th-knesset-says-about-israeli-society/ The 20th Knesset — parliament of a splintered, tribal Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509122619/http://www.timesofisrael.com/what-the-20th-knesset-says-about-israeli-society/ |date=9 May 2015 }}, ''The Times of Israel'', 6 April 2015</ref> Outside the [[kibbutz]]im, [[Meretz]] receives more votes in Tel Aviv than in any other city in Israel.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shiner |first=Doron |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/how-they-voted-see-israel-election-results-by-city-sector-1.269923 |title=How they voted: See Israel election results by city/sector |work=Haaretz |location=Israel |access-date=14 June 2010 |archive-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721225236/http://www.haaretz.com/news/how-they-voted-see-israel-election-results-by-city-sector-1.269923 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Demographics== [[File:Tel Aviv population pyramid.svg|thumb|Tel Aviv population pyramid in 2021]] [[File:Above_Tel-Aviv_(119529360).jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Tel Aviv]] Tel Aviv has a population of {{Israel populations|Tel Aviv - Yafo}} spread over a land area of {{cvt|52000|dunam|km2 sqmi}},{{Israel populations|reference}} yielding a population density of 7,606 people per square km (19,699 per square mile). According to the [[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]] (CBS), {{As of|2009|lc=y}} Tel Aviv's population is growing at an annual rate of 0.5 percent. Jews of all backgrounds form 91.8 percent of the population, Muslims and [[Arab Christians]] make up 4.2 percent, and the remainder belong to other groups (including various Christian and Asian communities).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gis.cbs.gov.il/website/yishuvim/yishuvim_2005/XLS/bycode.xls |title=Tel Aviv Ethnic Breakdown |publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]] |date=31 December 2005 |format=Excel |access-date=22 January 2008 |archive-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123132427/http://gis.cbs.gov.il/website/yishuvim/yishuvim_2005/XLS/bycode.xls |url-status=live }}"Others" refers to non-Arab Christians and unclassified.</ref> As Tel Aviv is a multicultural city, many languages are spoken in addition to [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. According to some estimates, about 50,000 unregistered African and Asian [[foreign worker]]s live in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://migration.ucdavis.edu/MN/more.php?id=1041_0_5_0 |title=Migration News |access-date=22 May 2007 |publisher=UC Davis |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012013249/http://migration.ucdavis.edu/MN/more.php?id=1041_0_5_0 |archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref> Compared with Westernised cities, crime in Tel Aviv is relatively low.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.osac.gov/Reports/report.cfm?contentID=64217 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20190616053732/https://www.osac.gov/Reports/report.cfm?contentID=64217 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 June 2019 |title=Israel 2007 Crime & Safety Report: Tel Aviv |access-date=26 January 2008 |publisher=Overseas Security Advisory Agency}}</ref> According to Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality, the average income in the city, which has an [[unemployment]] rate of 4.6%,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton.html?num_tab=st12_24&CYear=2015 |title=Unemployment rates in Israel, 2014, CBS (Hebrew). |website=cbs.gov.il |access-date=2016-03-06 |archive-date=16 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216085952/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton.html?num_tab=st12_24&CYear=2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> is 20% above the national average.<ref name="TA Stats">{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/cityhall/geo/6167Area.pdf |title=Tel Aviv-Yafo in Numbers |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |date=July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124142007/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/cityhall/geo/6167Area.pdf |archive-date=24 November 2007}}</ref> The city's education standards are above the national average: of its 12th-grade students, 64.4 percent are eligible for [[Bagrut|matriculation certificates]].<ref name="TA Stats"/> The age profile is relatively even, with 22.2 percent aged under 20, 18.5 percent aged 20–29, 24 percent aged 30–44, 16.2 percent aged between 45 and 59, and 19.1 percent older than 60.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_11x&CYear=2007 |title=Statistical Abstract of Israel 2007 |access-date=23 January 2008 |publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218230924/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_11x&CYear=2007 |archive-date=18 December 2008}}</ref> Tel Aviv's population reached a peak in the early 1960s at around 390,000, falling to 317,000 in the late 1980s as high property prices forced families out and deterred young couples from moving in.<ref name="profile"/> Since the 1990s, population has steadily grown.<ref name="profile"/> Today, the city's population is young and growing.<ref name="young">{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/Local-Israel/Tel-Aviv-And-Center/Tel-Aviv-getting-younger |title=Tel Aviv getting younger |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=21 January 2008 |access-date=9 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402151214/http://www.jpost.com/Local-Israel/Tel-Aviv-And-Center/Tel-Aviv-getting-younger |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2006, 22,000&nbsp;people moved to the city, while only 18,500 left,<ref name="young"/> and many of the new families had young children. The population is expected to reach 535,000 in 2030;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/en/Documents/Climate%20Adaptation%20Action%20Plan.pdf |title=Tel Aviv-Yafo Climate Adaptation Action Plan |date=2020 |website=tel-aviv.gov.il |access-date=29 October 2022 |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028220203/https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/en/Documents/Climate%20Adaptation%20Action%20Plan.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> meanwhile, the average age of residents fell from 35.8 in 1983 to 34 in 2008.<ref name="young"/> The population over age 65 stands at 14.6 percent compared with 19% in 1983.<ref name="young"/> ===Religion=== [[File:PikiWiki_Israel_6316_The_central_Synagogue_in_Tel.JPG|thumb|The [[Great Synagogue (Tel Aviv)|Great Synagogue]] is a well known synagogue in center of Tel Aviv]] [[File:סביל סולימאן והמסגד.jpg|thumb|[[Mahmoudiya Mosque]] is a largest mosque in Tel Aviv]] Tel Aviv has 544 active synagogues,<ref name=LauINN>{{cite news |last=Baruch |first=Uzi |script-title=he:תל אביב דתית יותר ממה שנהוג לחשוב |publisher=Arutz Sheva |date=17 May 2009 |url=http://www.inn.co.il/News/News.aspx/189306 |language=he |access-date=17 May 2009 |archive-date=20 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520083716/http://www.inn.co.il/News/News.aspx/189306 |url-status=live }}</ref> including historic buildings such as the [[Great Synagogue (Tel Aviv)|Great Synagogue]], established in the 1930s.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Jewish underground of Tel Aviv |url=http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3451146,00.html |work=Ynetnews |first=Udi |last=Michelson |date=19 January 2007 |access-date=16 March 2008 |archive-date=23 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223095736/http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3451146,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2008, a center for secular [[Jewish studies]] and a [[BINA Center for Jewish Identity and Hebrew Culture|secular yeshiva]] opened in the city.<ref name=arfa>{{cite news |last=Arfa |first=Orit |title=Jewish learning on the rise in Tel Aviv |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=21 October 2006 |url=http://www.jpost.com/Features/Jewish-learning-on-the-rise-in-Tel-Aviv |access-date=9 March 2015 |archive-date=21 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221075233/http://www.jpost.com/Features/Jewish-learning-on-the-rise-in-Tel-Aviv |url-status=live }}</ref> Tensions between religious and [[Secular Jewish culture|secular Jews]] before the 2006 gay pride parade ended in vandalism of a synagogue.<ref name=cohen>{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Avi |title=Synagogue vandalized as gay parade controversy picks up steam |work=Ynetnews |date=2 November 2006 |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3322809,00.html |access-date=15 July 2008 |archive-date=30 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830032836/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3322809,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The number of churches has grown to accommodate the religious needs of diplomats and foreign workers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goisrael.com/Tourism_Euk/Destinations/Tel+Aviv/Tel+Aviv-Jaffa.htm |title=Tel Aviv-Jaffa |access-date=16 March 2008 |publisher=Israeli Tourism Ministry |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080303015041/http://www.goisrael.com/Tourism_Euk/Destinations/Tel+Aviv/Tel+Aviv-Jaffa.htm |archive-date=3 March 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2019, the population was 89.9% Jewish, and 4.5% Arabs; among Arabs 82.8% were Muslims, 16.4% were Christians, and 0.8% were [[Druze]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2021/local_authorities19_1835/398_5000.pdf |title=Tel Aviv profile: 2019 |date=31 December 2019 |publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics |access-date=13 March 2022 |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303131134/https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/DocLib/2021/local_authorities19_1835/398_5000.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The remaining 5 percent were not classified by religion. [[Yisrael Meir Lau|Israel Meir Lau]] is [[Chief Rabbi]] of the city.<ref name=lau>{{Cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=Former Chief Rabbi Lau named as chair of Yad Vashem council |work=Haaretz |date=9 November 2008 |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1035690.html |access-date= 22 November 2008 |archive-date= 12 November 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081112092702/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1035690.html |url-status= dead}}</ref> Tel Aviv is an ethnically diverse city. The Jewish population, which forms the majority group in Tel Aviv, consists of the descendants of immigrants from all parts of the world, including [[Ashkenazi Jews]] from Europe, North America, South America, Australia and South Africa, as well as [[Sephardic Jews|Sephardic]] and [[Mizrahi Jews]] from Southern Europe, North Africa, India, Central Asia, West Asia, and the Arabian Peninsula. There are also a sizable number of [[Ethiopian Jews]] and their descendants living in Tel Aviv. In addition to Muslim and [[Arab Christian]] minorities in the city, several hundred [[Armenians|Armenian]] Christians who reside in the city are concentrated mainly in [[Jaffa]] and some Christians from the former Soviet Union who immigrated to Israel with Jewish spouses and relatives. In recent years, Tel Aviv has received many non-Jewish migrants from Asia and Africa, students, foreign workers (documented and undocumented) and refugees. There are many economic migrants and refugees from African countries, primarily [[Eritrea]] and [[Sudan]], located in the southern part of the city.<ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/0524/Israel-land-of-Jewish-refugees-riled-by-influx-of-Africans Christian Science Monitor: "Israel, land of Jewish refugees, riled by influx of Africans" By Joshua Mitnick] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525043834/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/0524/Israel-land-of-Jewish-refugees-riled-by-influx-of-Africans |date=25 May 2012 }} 24 May 2012</ref> ===Neighborhoods=== {{Further|Neighborhoods of Tel Aviv}} [[File:Central station from the air.jpg|thumb|View of [[Neve Sha'anan, Tel Aviv|Neve Sha'anan]] and the central bus station]] [[File:KiriaPicture_036.jpg|thumb|[[HaKirya]] neighborhood]] Tel Aviv is divided into nine districts that have formed naturally over the city's short history. The oldest of these is Jaffa, the ancient [[port|port city]] out of which Tel Aviv grew. This area is traditionally made up demographically of a greater percentage of Arabs, but recent [[gentrification]] is replacing them with a young professional and artist population. Similar processes are occurring in nearby [[Neve Tzedek]], the original Jewish neighborhood outside of Jaffa. [[Ramat Aviv]], a district in the northern part of the city that is largely made up of luxury apartments and includes [[Tel Aviv University]], is currently undergoing extensive expansion and is set to absorb the beachfront property of Sde Dov Airport after its decommissioning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3420369,00.html |title=Tel Aviv airport to make way for luxury project |date=3 July 2007 |last=Petersburg |first=Ofer |work=Ynetnews |access-date=19 July 2007 |archive-date=5 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705190018/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-3420369%2C00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The area known as [[HaKirya]] is the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) headquarters and a large [[military base]].<ref name=yarkoni/> Moreover, in the past few years, [[Rothschild Boulevard]] which is beginning in Neve Tzedek has become an attraction for tourists, businesses and startups. It features a wide, tree-lined central strip with pedestrian and bike lanes. Historically, there was a demographic split between the [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] northern side of the city, including the district of Ramat Aviv, and the southern, more [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi]] and [[Mizrahi Jews|Mizrahi]] neighborhoods including [[Neve Tzedek]] and [[Florentin, Tel Aviv|Florentin]].<ref name="Economist"/>{{Unreliable source?|failed=y|date=June 2013}} Since the 1980s, major restoration and gentrification projects have been implemented in southern Tel Aviv.<ref name="Economist"/>{{Unreliable source?|failed=y|date=June 2013}} Baruch Yoscovitz, city planner for Tel Aviv beginning in 2001, reworked old British plans for the Florentin neighborhood from the 1920s, adding green areas, pedestrian malls, and housing. The municipality invested two million shekels in the project. The goal was to make Florentin the [[Soho]] of Tel Aviv, and attract artists and young professionals to the neighborhood. Street artists, such as [[Dede (artist)|Dede]], installation artists such as [[Sigalit Landau]], and many others made the upbeat neighborhood their home base.<ref>{{cite news |last=Boulos |first=Nick |title=Show and Tel Aviv: Israel's artistic coastal city |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/middle-east/show-and-tel-aviv-israels-artistic-coastal-city-8861131.html |newspaper=The Independent |date=5 October 2013 |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=14 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814211546/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/middle-east/show-and-tel-aviv-israels-artistic-coastal-city-8861131.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Forester |last2=Fischler |last3=Shmueli |first1=John |first2=Raphael |first3=Deborah |title=Israeli Planners and Designers: Profiles of Community Builders |year=2001 |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany |pages=33–41}}</ref> Florentin is now known as a hip, "cool" place to be in Tel Aviv with coffeehouses, markets, bars, galleries and parties.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mayer |first=Joel |title=Tel Aviv Chic; Exploring Graffiti in Florentine |url=http://www.jpost.com/LocalIsrael/TelAvivAndCenter/Article.aspx?id=135152 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=4 December 2011 |access-date=12 April 2011 |archive-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023085145/http://www.jpost.com/LocalIsrael/TelAvivAndCenter/Article.aspx?id=135152 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Health=== [[File:יח'_הצילום_הרפואי_איכילוב.jpg|thumb|[[Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center]]]] Tel Aviv is home to [[Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center]], the third-largest hospital complex in Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/16/ART1/578/331.html |title=Sheba – the largest hospital in Israel |website=Nrg.co.il |access-date=2022-02-23 |archive-date=14 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514215644/http://www.nrg.co.il/online/16/ART1/578/331.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It contains Ichilov Hospital, the Ida Sourasky Rehabilitation Center, Lis Maternity and Women's Hospital, and Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital. The city also contains [[Assuta Medical Center]], a private hospital which offers surgical and diagnostic services in all fields of medicine and has an [[IVF]] clinic. ===Education=== [[File:Tel_Aviv_University_01.jpg|thumb|[[Tel Aviv University]]]] In 2006, 51,359&nbsp;children attended school in Tel Aviv, of whom 8,977&nbsp;were in municipal kindergartens, 23,573 in municipal elementary schools, and 18,809 in high schools.<ref name="TA Stats"/> Sixty-four percent of students in the city are entitled to matriculation, more than 5 percent higher than the national average.<ref name="TA Stats"/> About 4,000 children are in first grade at schools in the city, and population growth is expected to raise this number to 6,000.<ref name="young"/> As a result, 20&nbsp;additional kindergarten classes were opened in 2008–09 in the city. A new elementary school is planned north of Sde Dov as well as a new high school in northern Tel Aviv.<ref name="young"/> The first Hebrew high school, called [[Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium]], was established in Jaffa in 1905 and moved to Tel Aviv after its founding in 1909, where a new campus on Herzl Street was constructed for it. [[Tel Aviv University]], the largest university in Israel, is known internationally for its [[physics]], [[computer science]], [[chemistry]] and [[linguistics]] departments. Together with [[Bar-Ilan University]] in neighboring [[Ramat Gan]], the student population numbers over 50,000, including a sizeable [[international student|international community]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/ |title=Tel Aviv University |access-date=19 July 2007 |publisher=QS Top Universities |archive-date=27 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227112546/https://www.topuniversities.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Education/higher_ed.html |title=Higher Education |encyclopedia=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=19 July 2007 |archive-date=15 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115175642/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Education/higher_ed.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Its campus is located in the neighborhood of [[Ramat Aviv]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tau.ac.il/tau-history-eng.html |title=TAU History |publisher=[[Tel Aviv University]] |access-date=26 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108214143/http://www.tau.ac.il/tau-history-eng.html |archive-date=8 November 2007}}</ref> Tel Aviv also has several colleges.<ref name=colleges>{{cite web |title=Colleges in Israel |work=Israel Science and Technology Homepage |access-date=15 July 2008 |url=http://www.science.co.il/Colleges.asp |archive-date=16 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516110304/http://www.science.co.il/Colleges.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium]] moved from Jaffa to old Tel Aviv in 1909 and moved to [[Jabotinsky]] Street in the early 1960s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.schooly.co.il/gymnasia/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100821091601/http://www.schooly.co.il/gymnasia/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 August 2010 |title=Gymnasia Herzlia |language=he |access-date=2 April 2008}}</ref> Other notable schools in Tel Aviv include [[Shevah Mofet]], the second [[Hebrew school]] in the city, Ironi Alef High School for Arts and [[Alliance Israelite Universelle|Alliance]]. ==Economy== [[File:Azrieli_sarona_tower_and_mall.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Azrieli Sarona Tower]], the [[List of tallest buildings in Israel|tallest building in Israel]]]] Tel Aviv has been ranked as the twenty-fifth most important financial center in the world.<ref name="longfinance1">{{cite web |url=http://www.longfinance.net/images/GFCI18_23Sep2015.pdf |title=TheGlobal FinancialCentres Index 18 |author=Ami Sedghi |date=1 September 2015 |publisher=QFC |access-date=29 September 2015 |archive-date=27 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227131528/http://www.longfinance.net/images/GFCI18_23Sep2015.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1926, the country's first shopping arcade, Passage Pensak, was built there.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/culture/leisure/back-to-the-future-everything-s-up-to-date-in-tel-aviv-it-s-1935-1.372939 |title=Back to the Future / Everything's up to date in Tel Aviv. It's 1935 |work=Haaretz |access-date=25 May 2016 |archive-date=3 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803112930/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/culture/leisure/back-to-the-future-everything-s-up-to-date-in-tel-aviv-it-s-1935-1.372939 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1936, as tens of thousands of middle class [[aliyah|immigrants]] arrived from Europe, Tel Aviv was already the largest city in Palestine. A small port was built at the Yarkon estuary, and many cafes, clubs and cinemas opened. Herzl Street became a commercial thoroughfare at this time.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dvir |first=Noam |url=http://www.haaretz.com/culture/arts-leisure/back-to-the-future-everything-s-up-to-date-in-tel-aviv-it-s-1935-1.372939 |title=Back to the future: Everything's up to date in Tel Aviv. It's 1935 |work=Haaretz |date=13 July 2011 |access-date=7 November 2012 |archive-date=13 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213180603/http://www.haaretz.com/culture/arts-leisure/back-to-the-future-everything-s-up-to-date-in-tel-aviv-it-s-1935-1.372939 |url-status=live }}</ref> Economic activities account for 17 percent of the GDP.<ref name="profile"/> In 2011, Tel Aviv had an unemployment rate of 4.4 percent.<ref>[http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000728750&fid=1725 Unemployment rate at historic low in Q4 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105233505/http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000728750&fid=1725 |date=5 November 2013 }}''Globes'', 28 February 12 14:00, Adrian Filut</ref> The city has been described as a "flourishing technological center" by ''[[Newsweek]]'' and a "miniature Los Angeles" by ''[[The Economist]]''.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/cities/findStory.cfm?city_id=TLV&folder=Facts-Figures#Economic_profile |title=Tel Aviv City Guide |access-date=28 May 2007 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011233537/http://economist.com/cities/findStory.cfm?city_id=TLV&folder=Facts-Figures |archive-date=11 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="Newsweek">{{cite magazine |last=Levy |first=Stephen |author2=Matt Rees |date=9 November 1998 |title=Focus on Technology: The Hot New Tech Cities |magazine=[[Newsweek]]}} <!-- (online: 1998-11-04) "Massive immigration from Russia in the early 1990s brought the country a flood of computer scientists with advanced theoretical knowledge." --></ref> In 1998, the city was described by Newsweek as one of the 10&nbsp;most technologically influential cities in the world. Since then, high-tech industry in the Tel Aviv area has continued to develop.<ref name="Newsweek"/> The Tel Aviv metropolitan area (including [[satellite town|satellite cities]] such as [[Herzliya]] and [[Petah Tikva]]) is Israel's center of high-tech, sometimes referred to as [[Silicon Wadi]].<ref name="Newsweek"/><ref name="mercer">{{cite web |url=http://www.mercer.com/costofliving |title=Cost of living top 50 cities |publisher=[[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer Human Resource Consulting]] |access-date=25 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725183008/http://www.mercer.com/costofliving |archive-date=25 July 2008}}</ref> In 2016, the [[Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network]] (GaWC) at [[Loughborough University]] reissued an inventory of [[Global city|world cities]] based on their level of advanced producer services. Tel Aviv was ranked as an [[Global city|alpha- world city]].<ref name="lboro.ac.uk">{{cite web |title=GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2016 |work=Globalization and World Cities Research Network |access-date=18 December 2017 |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html |archive-date=10 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Kiryat Atidim]] [[high tech]] zone opened in 1972 and the city has become a major world high tech hub. In December 2012, the city was ranked second on a list of top places to found a high tech [[startup company]], just behind [[Silicon Valley]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4315220,00.html |title=Tel Aviv named 2nd best high-tech center – Israel Business, Ynetnews |work=Ynetnews |date=5 December 2012 |access-date=12 March 2013 |last1=Cohen |first1=Sagi |archive-date=15 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315063702/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4315220,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013, Tel Aviv had more than 700 startup companies and research and development centers, and was ranked the second-most innovative city in the world, behind [[Medellín]] and ahead of [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4352010,00.html |title=Tel Aviv ranks 2nd in innovation – Israel Business, Ynetnews |work=Ynetnews |date=4 March 2013 |access-date=12 March 2013 |last1=Petersburg |first1=Ofer |archive-date=14 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314190323/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4352010,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Forbes]], nine of its fifteen Israeli-born billionaires live in Israel; four live in Tel Aviv and its suburbs.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2007/10/07billionaires_The-Worlds-Billionaires_CountryOfCitizen_10.html |title=The World's Billionaires |work=Forbes |date=8 March 2007 |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=28 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128013635/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2007/10/07billionaires_The-Worlds-Billionaires_CountryOfCitizen_10.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/81/biz_06israel_Israels-Richest_land.html |title=Israel's 40 Richest |date=9 December 2006 |work=Forbes |last=Bin-Nun |first=Boaz |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=7 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707001059/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/81/biz_06israel_Israels-Richest_land.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[cost of living]] in Israel is high, with Tel Aviv being its most expensive city to live in. In 2021, Tel Aviv became the world's most expensive city to live in, according to the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Cost of Living Index 2021 |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/worldwide-cost-of-living-2021/ |access-date=2022-01-24 |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |language=en-GB |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124174307/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/worldwide-cost-of-living-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BBCcol" /> Shopping malls in Tel Aviv include [[Dizengoff Center]], [[Ramat Aviv Mall]] and [[Azrieli Center|Azrieli Shopping Mall]] and markets such as Carmel Market, Ha'Tikva Market, and Bezalel Market. [[File:Tel_Aviv_Stock_Exchange_-_New_Building_Lobby_1.jpg|thumb|[[Tel Aviv Stock Exchange]]]] [[File:RothschildBoulevardTowersMay2014Cropped.jpg|thumb|right|Towers on [[Rothschild Boulevard]]]] Tel Aviv is home to the [[Tel Aviv Stock Exchange]] (TASE), Israel's only [[stock exchange]], which has reached record heights since the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/jun2007/gb20070621_251927.htm?chan=top+news_top+news+index_global+business |title=Israel: A Hotbed of...Investment |work=[[Bloomberg BusinessWeek]] |date=21 June 2007 |last=Sandler |first=Neal |access-date=22 June 2007 |archive-date=26 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626072752/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/jun2007/gb20070621_251927.htm?chan=top+news_top+news+index_global+business |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Tel Aviv Stock exchange has also gained attention for its resilience and ability to recover from war and disasters. For example, the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange was higher on the last day of both the 2006 Lebanon war and the 2009 Operation in Gaza than on the first day of fighting.<ref>{{cite book |last=Senor, Singer |first=Dan, Saul |title=Start Up Nation |year=2009 |publisher=Twelve |location=New York |pages=13–14}}</ref> Many international [[venture capital|venture-capital]] firms, [[scientific method|scientific research]] institutes and high-tech companies are headquartered in the city. Industries in Tel Aviv include chemical processing, textile plants and food manufacturers.<ref name="Economist"/>{{Unreliable source?|failed=y|date=June 2013}} ===Tourism and recreation=== Tel Aviv receives about 2.5&nbsp;million international visitors annually, the fifth-most-visited city in the Middle East & Africa.<ref name="MasterCard ranks Tel Aviv as fifth most visited city in Middle East and Africa"/><ref name="Tourists rank Jerusalem and Tel Aviv among top cities to visit"/> In 2010, ''[[Knight Frank]]''{{'}}s [[global city#World City Survey|world city survey]] ranked it 34th globally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.knightfrank.com/wealthreport/2011/global-cities-survey/ |title=Results of the Knight Frank Global Cities Survey |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102042444/http://www.knightfrank.com/wealthreport/2011/global-cities-survey/ |archive-date=2 November 2012}}</ref> Tel Aviv has been named the third "hottest city for 2011" (behind only New York City and Tangier) by ''[[Lonely Planet]]'', third-best in the Middle East and Africa by [[Travel + Leisure|''Travel + Leisure magazine'']] (behind only Cape Town and Jerusalem), and the ninth-best [[Seaside resort|beach city]] in the world by ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/Travel/TravelNews/Article.aspx?id=193541 |title=Tel Aviv ranked world's 3rd hottest city for 2011 |access-date=1 November 2010 |archive-date=21 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021051440/http://www.jpost.com/Travel/TravelNews/Article.aspx?id=193541 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.travelandleisure.com/worldsbest/2011/cities/africa-middle-east-cities/252 |title=World's Best Awards 2011 – Africa and the Middle East |access-date=11 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711144419/http://www.travelandleisure.com/worldsbest/2011/cities/africa-middle-east-cities/252 |archive-date=11 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="Top 10 Beach Cities">{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/beach-cities-photos |title=Top 10 Beach Cities |date=8 July 2010 |access-date=30 July 2010 |archive-date=21 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721215624/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/beach-cities-photos/#beaches-tel-aviv-cities_22323_600x450.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref> Tel Aviv is consistently ranked as one of the top [[LGBT]] destinations in the world.<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=253129 Huldai proud of Tel Aviv winning best gay city of 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120123836/http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=253129 |date=20 January 2012 }} ''Jerusalem Post'', January 11, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.salon.com/2012/01/24/tel_aviv_emerges_as_top_gay_tourist_destination/ |work=Salon |agency=Associated Press |title=Tel Aviv emerges as top gay tourist destination |date=24 January 2012 |access-date=1 December 2018 |archive-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202024632/https://www.salon.com/2012/01/24/tel_aviv_emerges_as_top_gay_tourist_destination/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city has also been ranked as one of the top 10 oceanfront cities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Photos: Top 10 Oceanfront Cities |website=National Geographic Travel |date=19 December 2014 |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/photos-top-10-oceanfront-cities |access-date=30 December 2017 |archive-date=31 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103409/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/photos-top-10-oceanfront-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Tel Aviv is known as "the city that never sleeps" and a "party capital" due to its thriving [[nightlife]], young atmosphere and famous [[24/7|24-hour culture]].<ref name="Top 10 party towns"/><ref name="lonelyplanet.com"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/travel/article/953921--5-best-irish-pubs-not-in-ireland |title=5 best Irish pubs not in Ireland |work=[[The Jerusalem Post|Toronto Star]] |date=15 March 2011 |first=Adrian |last=Brijbassi |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023234008/http://www.thestar.com/travel/article/953921--5-best-irish-pubs-not-in-ireland |url-status=live }}</ref> Tel Aviv has branches of some of the world's leading hotels, including the [[Crowne Plaza]], [[Sheraton Hotels and Resorts|Sheraton]], [[Dan Hotels|Dan]], [[Isrotel Tower|Isrotel]] and [[Hilton Hotels|Hilton]]. It is home to many museums, architectural and cultural sites, with city tours available in different languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://city-tour.co.il/ntextin.asp?psn=1109 |title=Tel Aviv bus tour |access-date=19 January 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv City Tours |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828221824/http://city-tour.co.il/ntextin.asp?psn=1109 |archive-date=28 August 2008}}</ref> Apart from bus tours, architectural tours, [[Segway PT|Segway]] tours, and walking tours are also popular.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telavivarchitecture.com |title=Tel Aviv architecture tour |access-date=19 January 2008 |website=TelAvivArchitecture.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127163542/http://www.telavivarchitecture.com/ |archive-date=27 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.segways.co.il/ |title=Tel Aviv segway tours |access-date=19 January 2008 |website=Segways.co.il |archive-date=19 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219180315/http://www.segways.co.il/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telaviv4fun.com/citywalks.html |title=Tel Aviv walking tours |access-date=19 January 2008 |website=TelAviv4Fun.com |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005941/http://telaviv4fun.com/citywalks.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Tel Aviv has 44&nbsp;hotels with more than 6,500&nbsp;rooms.<ref name="TA Stats"/> The [[w:he:רצועת חוף תל אביב-יפו|beaches of Tel Aviv]] and the city's [[Tel Aviv Promenade|promenade]] play a major role in the city's cultural and touristic scene, often ranked as some of the best beaches in the world.<ref name="Top 10 Beach Cities"/> [[Yarkon Park|Hayarkon Park]] is the most visited [[park|urban park]] in Israel, with 16&nbsp;million visitors annually. Other parks within city limits include [[Charles Clore Park]], Independence Park, [[Meir Park, Tel Aviv|Meir Park]] and [[Dubnow Park]]. About 19% of the city land are green spaces.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/StatisticalOverview.htm |title=Tel Aviv Statistical Overview |work=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913132730/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/StatisticalOverview.htm |archive-date=13 September 2014}}</ref> {{Wide image|Tel Aviv Panorama.jpg|1100px|{{centre|View of Tel Aviv}}}} ==Culture== ===Architecture=== {{see also|White City (Tel Aviv)|List of tallest buildings in Tel Aviv}} [[File:PikiWiki Israel 5189 Neve Tzedek in Tel-Aviv.jpg|thumb|right|1930s [[Bauhaus]] (left) and 1920s [[Eclecticism|Eclectic]] (right) architectural styles]] Tel Aviv is home to different [[architectural style]]s that represent influential periods in its history. The early architecture of Tel Aviv consisted largely of European-style single-storey houses with red-tiled roofs.<ref name=arch>{{cite web |url=http://mjwein.net/lectures/T-Lec-WhiteCity.pdf |title=Green, White or Black City? |year=2006 |publisher=Martin Wein, Emory University |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080409004022/http://mjwein.net/lectures/T-Lec-WhiteCity.pdf |archive-date= 9 April 2008}}</ref> [[Neve Tzedek]], the first neighbourhood to be built outside of Jaffa, is characterised by two-storey sandstone buildings.<ref name=UNESCO/> By the 1920s, a new [[Eclecticism in art|eclectic Orientalist style]] came into vogue, combining European architecture with Eastern features such as arches, domes and ornamental tiles.<ref name=arch/> [[Pagoda House]] (''Beit HaPagoda''), designed by Alexander Levy and built in 1924, is an example of this style.<ref name="TA">[http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/cityhall/history/history04.htm Tel Aviv Municipality: History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006052408/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/cityhall/history/history04.htm |date=2008-10-06 }}</ref> Municipal construction followed the "[[garden city movement|garden city]]" [[Strategy|master plan]] drawn up by [[Patrick Geddes]]. Two- and three-storey buildings were interspersed with boulevards and public parks.<ref name=arch/> Various architectural styles, such as [[Art Deco]], classical and modernist also exist in Tel Aviv. [[File:מוזיאון הבאוהאוס1.jpg|thumb|[[Bauhaus Museum Tel Aviv|Bauhaus Museum]] displaying Bauhaus furnishings]] Bauhaus architecture was introduced in the 1920s and 1930s by German Jewish architects who settled in Palestine after the rise of the Nazis. Tel Aviv's [[White City (Tel Aviv)|White City]], around the city center, contains more than 5,000&nbsp;Modernist-style buildings inspired by the [[Bauhaus school]] and [[Le Corbusier]].<ref name=UNESCO/><ref name=times/> Construction of these buildings, later declared protected landmarks and, collectively, a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], continued until the 1950s in the area around [[Rothschild Boulevard]].<ref name=times/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=1096 |title=White City of Tel Aviv |access-date=19 July 2007 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610155902/http://whc.unesco.org/PG.CFM?cid=31&id_site=1096 |archive-date=10 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Some 3,000 buildings were created in this style between 1931 and 1939 alone.<ref name="arch"/> In the 1960s, this architectural style gave way to office towers and a chain of waterfront hotels and commercial skyscrapers.<ref name="Economist"/> Some of the city's Modernist buildings were neglected to the point of ruin. Before legislation to preserve this landmark architecture, many of the old buildings were demolished. Efforts are under way to refurbish Bauhaus buildings and restore them to their original condition.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/Architecture/Bauhaus.html |title=Bauhaus Architecture |encyclopedia=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |access-date=11 February 2008 |archive-date=4 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204005608/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_%26_Culture/Architecture/Bauhaus.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Tel-Aviv AzrielyTowers T36.jpg|thumb|The [[Azrieli Center]] complex contains some of the tallest skyscrapers in Tel Aviv.]] The [[Shalom Meir Tower]], Israel's first skyscraper, was built in Tel Aviv in 1965 and remained the country's tallest building until 1999. At the time of its construction, the building rivaled Europe's tallest buildings in height, and was the tallest in the Middle East. In the mid-1990s, the construction of skyscrapers began throughout the entire city, altering its skyline. Before that, Tel Aviv had had a generally low-rise skyline.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/2881/skyscrapers-dotting-tel-aviv-landscape |title=Skyscrapers dotting Tel Aviv landscape {{pipe}} j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California |website=Jweekly.com |date=29 March 1996 |access-date=20 July 2012 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012062544/http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/2881/skyscrapers-dotting-tel-aviv-landscape |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, the Tel Aviv Municipality's Planning and Construction Committee launched a new master plan for the city for 2025. It decided not to allow the construction of any additional skyscrapers in the city center, while at the same time greatly increasing the construction of skyscrapers in the east. The ban extends to an area between the coast and [[Ibn Gabirol Street]], and also between the [[Yarkon River]] and Eilat Street. It did not extend to towers already under construction or approved. One final proposed skyscraper project was approved, while dozens of others had to be scrapped. Any new buildings there will usually not be allowed to rise above six and a half stories. However, hotel towers along almost the entire beachfront will be allowed to rise up to 25 stories. According to the plan, large numbers of skyscrapers and high-rise buildings at least 18 stories tall would be built in the entire area between Ibn Gabirol Street and the eastern city limits, as part of the master plan's goal of doubling the city's office space to cement Tel Aviv as the business capital of Israel. Under the plan, "forests" of corporate skyscrapers will line both sides of the [[Highway 20 (Israel)|Ayalon Highway]]. Further south, skyscrapers rising up to 40 stories will be built along the old Ottoman railway between [[Neve Tzedek]] and [[Florentin, Tel Aviv|Florentine]], with the first such tower there being the [[Neve Tzedek Tower]]. Along nearby Shlavim Street, passing between Jaffa and south Tel Aviv, office buildings up to 25 stories will line both sides of the street, which will be widened to accommodate traffic from the city's southern entrance to the center.<ref>Fox, Jesse: ''Tel Aviv's skyline in 2025'' (21 May 2011)</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3888492,00.html |title=No new skyscrapers in central Tel Aviv – Israel Business, Ynetnews |work=Ynetnews |date=20 June 1995 |last1=Petersburg |first1=Ofer |access-date=27 March 2012 |archive-date=22 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822131552/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3888492,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> === Visual Arts === {{See also|Visual arts in Israel}} In the 1920s Tel-Aviv gradually became the center of art in Israel. In 1919, several prominent Olim from [[Odesa|Odessa]] arrived in the [[Ruslan (ship)|Ruslan ship]].<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=תערוכת אודסה - תל אביב {{!}} אנו - מוזיאון העם היהודי |url=https://www.anumuseum.org.il/he/odesa-tel-aviv/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=Museum of the Jewish People |language=he-IL}}</ref> In 1920 some of these set up the [[Ha-Tomer|HaTomer]] art cooperative as well as opened the first modern art exhibition in Israel.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":032">{{Cite news |last=Ofrat |first=Gideon |date=23 November 1979 |title=Enough with all the Frenkels! |pages=28, 29, 30 |work=Haaretz Weekly}}</ref> In the 1925 following the return of [[Yitzhak Frenkel|Isaac Frenkel]] from [[Paris]] and his opening of the [[Histadrut Art Studio|Histadrut art studio]], and the introduction of [[School of Paris|École de Paris]] influence; Tel Aviv grew to supplement [[Jerusalem]] in its cultural importance in the visual arts; especially in respect to modern art.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Hecht Museum |title=After the School Of Paris |year=2013 |isbn=9789655350272 |location=Israel |language=en, he}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2011-01-01 |title=יצחק פרנקל: "חיבור ללא עצמים" |url=https://gideonofrat.wordpress.com/2011/01/01/%d7%99%d7%a6%d7%97%d7%a7-%d7%a4%d7%a8%d7%a0%d7%a7%d7%9c-%d7%97%d7%99%d7%91%d7%95%d7%a8-%d7%9c%d7%9c%d7%90-%d7%a2%d7%a6%d7%9e%d7%99%d7%9d/ |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=המחסן של גדעון עפרת |language=he-IL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=טרכטנברג |first=גרסיאלה |last2=Trajtenberg |first2=Graciela |date=2002 |title=The Pre-State Jewish Bourgeoisie and the Institutionalization of the Field of Plastic Art / בין בורגנות לאמנות פלסטית בתקופת היישוב |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23442346 |journal=Israeli Sociology / סוציולוגיה ישראלית |volume=ד |issue=1 |pages=7–38 |issn=1565-1495}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-02 |title=Alexandre FRENEL |url=https://ecoledeparis.org/alexandre-frenel/ |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=Bureau d’art Ecole de Paris |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wikipedia Library |url=https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org |language=en |doi=10.1093/benz/9780199773787.001.0001/acref-9780199773787-e-00068047?rskey=is8sd9&result=1}}</ref> In the late 1920s to 1940s Tel Aviv painters were heavily influenced by the [[School of Paris|École de Paris]], painting Tel Aviv's urban landscape, people and cafes in a manner influenced by [[Chaïm Soutine|Soutine]], [[Jules Pascin|Pascin]], [[Yitzhak Frenkel|Frenel]], [[Marc Chagall|Chagall]] and others from the [[School of Paris]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Les peintres juifs de « l’École de Paris » imposent leur génie au MahJ |url=https://fr.timesofisrael.com/les-peintres-juifs-de-lecole-de-paris-imposent-leur-genie-au-mahj/ |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=fr.timesofisrael.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kotar.cet.ac.il/kotarapp/index/Chapter.aspx?nBookID=99380671&nTocEntryID=99383120 |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=kotar.cet.ac.il}}</ref><ref name=":02" /> Tel Aviv<nowiki>''</nowiki>s bohemian culture was characterized by cafes such as [[Café Kassit|Kassit]] which attracted numerous writers and painters.<ref name=":2" /> [[Reuven Rubin|Reuben Rubin]] and [[Nachum Gutman|Nahum Gutman]] also worked and painted in the city, painting in the naive style.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reuven Rubin {{!}} His paintings reflect the Eretz Israeli light {{!}} Tiroche Auctions |url=https://www.tiroche.co.il/paintings-authors/reuven-rubin/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=לתירוש |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-29 |title=Nachum Gutman and His Art - Kings Gallery - Jerusalem |url=https://kings-gallery.com/nachum-gutman-and-his-art/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> Tel Aviv hosts the [[Tel Aviv Museum of Art|Tel Aviv museum of art]], established in 1932 in [[Meir Dizengoff]]'s house, since having moved to a new larger location, as well as numerous galleries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History \ Tel Aviv Museum of Art |url=https://www.tamuseum.org.il/en/about/history/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=www.tamuseum.org.il |language=en}}</ref> ===Entertainment and performing arts=== [[File:Tel_Aviv_Opera_House_(8090164667).jpg|thumb|[[Tel Aviv Performing Arts Center]]]] [[File:Charles_Bronfman_Auditorium.jpg|thumb|[[Heichal HaTarbut]] theatre, home to the [[Israel Philharmonic Orchestra]]]] Tel Aviv is a major center of culture and entertainment.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyPZRi9uYxUC&pg=PA196 |title=Emerging Nodes in the Global Economy: Frankfurt and Tel Aviv Compared |last1=Felsenstein |first1=Daniel |last2=Schamp |first2=Eike W. |publisher=Springer |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-4020-0924-2 |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427162344/https://books.google.com/books?id=wyPZRi9uYxUC&pg=PA196 |url-status=live }}</ref> Eighteen of Israel's 35 major centers for the performing arts are located in the city, including five of the country's nine large theatres, where 55% of all performances in the country and 75 percent of all attendance occurs.<ref name="profile"/><ref name="culture">{{cite web |url=http://www.cityguide.travel-guides.com/city/125/culture/Middle-East/Tel-Aviv.html |title=Tel Aviv Culture |access-date=31 January 2008 |website=TravelGuides.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071217073110/http://www.cityguide.travel-guides.com/city/125/culture/Middle-East/Tel-Aviv.html |archive-date= 17 December 2007}}</ref> The [[Tel Aviv Performing Arts Center]] is home of the [[Israeli Opera]], where [[Plácido Domingo]] was house tenor between 1962 and 1965, and the [[Cameri Theater|Cameri Theatre]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israel-opera.co.il/Eng/?CategoryID=220&ArticleID=146 |title=History and Architecture |publisher=Israel Opera |access-date=31 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080122050952/http://www.israel-opera.co.il/Eng/?CategoryID=220&ArticleID=146 |archive-date=22 January 2008}}</ref> With 2,482&nbsp;seats, the [[Heichal HaTarbut]] is the city's largest theatre and home to the [[Israel Philharmonic Orchestra]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hatarbut.co.il/English/about.htm |title=Mann Auditorium |access-date=31 January 2008 |website=Hatarbut.co.il |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080119103403/http://www.hatarbut.co.il/English/about.htm |archive-date=19 January 2008}}</ref> [[File:PikiWiki Israel 35192 Suzan Dalal center.JPG|thumb|[[Suzanne Dellal Centre for Dance and Theatre]]]] [[Habima Theatre]], Israel's national theatre, was closed down for renovations in early 2008, and reopened in November 2011 after major remodeling. Enav Cultural Center is one of the newer additions to the cultural scene.<ref name="culture"/> Other theatres in Tel Aviv are the Gesher Theatre and [[Beit Lessin Theater]]; [[Tzavta]] and [[Tmuna]] are smaller theatres that host [[performance|musical performances]] and [[fringe theatre|fringe]] productions. In Jaffa, the Simta and Notzar theatres specialize in fringe as well. Tel Aviv is home to the [[Batsheva Dance Company]], a world-famous [[contemporary dance]] troupe. The Israeli Ballet is also based in Tel Aviv.<ref name="culture"/> Tel Aviv's center for modern and classical dance is the [[Suzanne Dellal Center for Dance and Theater|Suzanne Dellal Center for Dance and Theatre]] in [[Neve Tzedek]].<ref name=iexplore>{{cite web |title=Tel Aviv Activities |website=iExplore.com |access-date=15 July 2008 |url=http://www.iexplore.com/cityguides/Israel/Tel+Aviv/Activities |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602192159/http://www.iexplore.com/cityguides/Israel/Tel%2BAviv/Activities |archive-date=2 June 2008}}</ref> The city often hosts international musicians at venues such as [[Hayarkon Park]], [[Expo Tel Aviv]], the Barby Club, the Zappa Club and Live Park Rishon Lezion just south of Tel Aviv.<ref name=Reuters>{{cite news |title=McCartney wows fans with historic Israel concert |work=Reuters |access-date=26 September 2008 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSTRE48O92W20080925?feedType=RSS&feedName=entertainmentNews |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=21 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221034557/http://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSTRE48O92W20080925?feedType=RSS&feedName=entertainmentNews |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Haaretz>{{cite web |title=Depeche Mode to kick off next world tour in Israel |work=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=6 October 2008 |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1026314.html |archive-date=24 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224040943/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1026314.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Ynet>{{cite web |title=Madonna To Wrap Up Tour in Tel Aviv |work=[[The Jewish Daily Forward]] |date=4 June 2009 |access-date=4 June 2009 |url=http://www.forward.com/articles/107163/ |archive-date=5 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805194552/http://www.forward.com/articles/107163/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city hosted the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2019]] (the first Israeli-hosted Eurovision held outside of Jerusalem), following Israel's win the year prior.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/tel-aviv-municipality-to-run-free-shabbat-buses-to-eurovision/ |title=Tel Aviv municipality to run free Shabbat buses to Eurovision |website=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |access-date=2019-05-09 |archive-date=26 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526063713/https://www.timesofisrael.com/tel-aviv-municipality-to-run-free-shabbat-buses-to-eurovision/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Opera and classical music performances are held daily in Tel Aviv, with many of the world's leading [[conducting|classical conductors]] and [[solo (music)|soloists]] performing on Tel Aviv stages over the years.<ref name="culture"/> The [[Tel Aviv Cinematheque]] screens art movies, premieres of short and full-length Israeli films, and hosts a variety of film festivals, among them the Festival of Animation, Comics and Caricatures, "Icon" Science Fiction and Fantasy Festival, the Student Film Festival, the Jazz, Film and Videotape Festival and Salute to Israeli Cinema. The city has several [[multiplex (movie theater)|multiplex cinemas]].<ref name="culture"/> Tel Aviv is an international hub of highly active and diverse nightlife with bars, dance bars and [[nightclub]]s staying open well past midnight. The largest area for nightclubs is the Tel Aviv port, where the city's large, commercial clubs and bars draw big crowds of young clubbers from both Tel Aviv and neighboring cities. The South of Tel Aviv is known for the popular [[Haoman 17|Haoman 17 club]], as well as for being the city's main hub of alternative clubbing, with underground venues including established clubs like the Block Club, Comfort 13 and Paradise Garage, as well as various warehouse and loft party venues. The Allenby/Rothschild area is another popular nightlife hub, featuring such clubs as the Pasaz, Radio EPGB and the Penguin. In 2013, [[Absolut Vodka]] introduced a specially designed bottle dedicated to Tel Aviv as part of its international cities series.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4372126,00.html |title=Absolut bottle dedicated to Tel Aviv |work=Ynetnews |date=25 April 2013 |access-date=16 May 2013 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803165223/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4372126,00.html |url-status=live |last1=Linzen |first1=Yael }}</ref> ===LGBT culture=== [[File:Tel Aviv Gay Pride Parade 2015 (18549971060).jpg|thumb|[[Tel Aviv Pride]] is the largest annual [[pride parade]] in the Middle East and Asia.]] Named "the best gay city in the world" by [[American Airlines]], Tel Aviv is one of the most popular destinations for [[LGBT tourism|LGBT tourists]] internationally, with a large [[LGBT]] community.<ref name="Was Arafat Gay?">{{cite magazine |url=http://out.com/detail.asp?id=22719 |title=Was Arafat Gay? |magazine=[[Out (magazine)|Out]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202221/http://www.out.com/detail.asp?id=22719 |archive-date=26 January 2009}}</ref><ref name=Burden>{{cite news |title=Tel Aviv named world's best gay city |work=[[Ynet]] |date=11 January 2012 |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4174274,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113221159/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-4174274%2C00.html |archive-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> Approximately 25% of Tel Aviv's population identify as [[gay]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/travel/2016/03/17/welcome-tel-aviv-gayest-city-earth/y9V15VazXhtSjXVSo9gT9K/story.html |title=Welcome to Tel Aviv, the gayest city on earth |date=16 March 2016 |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829093319/https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/travel/2016/03/17/welcome-tel-aviv-gayest-city-earth/y9V15VazXhtSjXVSo9gT9K/story.html |archive-date=29 August 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/en/Pages/ArticlePage.aspx?WebID=9336473c-1537-4ab6-8a69-d299b5db8bcc&ListID=b4eda22c-a69a-4bef-9479-05d5a832ad16&ItemId=99 |title=Tel Aviv- A City With Pride |date=16 March 2018 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |quote=In order to fully embrace Tel Aviv's unique personality, the city's gay community is the most vibrant and essential characteristic. Making up an estimated 25% of the entire population, the substantially large gay community is an integral part of Tel Aviv's culture. |access-date=9 March 2022 |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309000107/https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/en/Pages/ArticlePage.aspx?WebID=9336473c-1537-4ab6-8a69-d299b5db8bcc&ListID=b4eda22c-a69a-4bef-9479-05d5a832ad16&ItemId=99 |url-status=live }}</ref> American journalist [[David Kaufman (journalist)|David Kaufman]] has described the city as a place "packed with the kind of 'we're here, we're queer', vibe more typically found in Sydney and San Francisco". The city hosts its well-known [[Tel Aviv Pride|pride parade]], the biggest in Asia, attracting over 200,000 people yearly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.722976 |title=200,000 Israelis, Tourists Take Part in Tel Aviv Gay Pride Parade |first1=Zafrir |last1=Rinat |first2=Jonathan |last2=Lis |date=3 June 2016 |website=Haaretz |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920071808/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.722976 |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2008, Tel Aviv's municipality established the city's [[Tel Aviv Municipal LGBT Community Center|LGBT Community center]], providing all of the municipal and cultural services to the LGBT community under one roof. In December 2008, Tel Aviv began putting together a team of gay athletes for the [[2009 World Outgames]] in Copenhagen.<ref name=zeitun>{{Cite news |last=Zeitun |first=Yoav |title=Tel Aviv recruits gay athletes for 2009 World Outgames |work=Ynetnews |date=26 December 2008 |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3644715,00.html |access-date=26 December 2008 |archive-date=27 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227095110/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3644715,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, Tel Aviv hosts an annual LGBT [[film festival]], known as [[TLVFest]]. Tel Aviv's LGBT community is the subject of [[Eytan Fox]]'s 2006 film ''[[The Bubble (2006 film)|The Bubble]]''. ===Fashion=== Tel Aviv has become an international center of fashion and design.<ref name="T+L1">{{cite web |url=http://www.travelandleisure.com/articles/newsflash-whats-new-in-tel-aviv |title=What's New in Tel Aviv |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019151535/http://www.travelandleisure.com/articles/newsflash-whats-new-in-tel-aviv |archivedate=19 October 2008 |first=David |last=Kaufman |date=March 2008 |url-status=live |website=Travel+Leisure |publisher=Meredith Corporation}}</ref> It has been called the "next hot destination" for fashion.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} Israeli designers, such as swimwear company [[Gottex]] show their collections at leading fashion shows, including New York's [[Bryant Park]] fashion show.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} In 2011, Tel Aviv hosted its first [[fashion week]] since the 1980s, with Italian designer [[Roberto Cavalli]] as a guest of honor.<ref>{{cite news |first=Merle |last=Ginsberg |title=Roberto Cavalli Shows Spring 2012 Collection at First Ever Tel Aviv Fashion Week |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/fash-track/roberto-cavalli-spring-2012-tel-aviv-fashion-week-264432 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=21 November 2011 |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230730/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/fash-track/roberto-cavalli-spring-2012-tel-aviv-fashion-week-264432 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Media=== [[File:Reshet Building Tel Aviv.jpg|thumb|[[Reshet]] studio building in Tel Aviv]] The three largest [[List of newspapers in Israel|newspaper companies]] in Israel: {{Lang|he-latn|[[Yedioth Ahronoth]]}}, [[Maariv (newspaper)|Maariv]] and [[Haaretz]] are all based within the city limits.<ref name="news">{{cite web |url=http://www.abyznewslinks.com/israe.htm |title=Israel Newspapers |access-date=31 January 2008 |website=Abzynewslinks.com |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208085205/http://www.abyznewslinks.com/israe.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Several radio stations cover the Tel Aviv area, including the city-based Radio Tel Aviv.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/il/235/4739 |title=Tel Aviv Israel news media |access-date=31 January 2008 |website=Mondotimes.com}}</ref> The two major Israeli television networks, [[Keshet Media Group]] and [[Reshet]], are based in the city, as well as two of the most popular radio stations in Israel: [[Israel Army Radio|Galatz]] and [[Galgalatz]], which are both based in [[Jaffa]]. Studios of the international news channel [[i24news]] is located at [[Jaffa Port]] Customs House. An English language radio station, [[TLV1]], is based at [[Kikar Hamedina]]. ===Cuisine=== Tel Aviv is famous for its wide variety of world-class restaurants, offering traditional Israeli dishes as well as international fare.<ref>{{cite news |first=Bonnie S. |last=Benwick |title=Tasting Tel Aviv, Israel's culinary capital |date=4 April 2010 |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/01/AR2010040103382.html |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=30 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130151451/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/01/AR2010040103382.html |url-status=live }}</ref> More than 100&nbsp;[[sushi]] restaurants, the third highest concentration in the world, do business in the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3499855,00.html |title=Israel becomes sushi mecca |first=Sarit |last=Saradas-Trutino |work=Ynetnews |date=28 January 2008 |access-date=15 February 2008 |archive-date=31 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131102450/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3499855,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In Tel Aviv there are some dessert specialties, the most known is the [[Halva ice cream]] traditionally topped with date syrup and pistachios. ===Museums=== [[File:PikiWiki Israel 15282 Tel Aviv Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|[[Tel Aviv Museum of Art]], the Herta and Paul Amir Building]] Israel has the highest number of museums per capita of any country, with three of the largest located in Tel Aviv.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visit-tlv.co.il/eng.html |title=Museums and Galleries |publisher=Tel Aviv Municipality |access-date=22 September 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071011022740/http://www.visit-tlv.co.il/eng.html |archive-date= 11 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Governing Israel: Chosen People, Promised Land and Prophetic Tradition |last=Sharkansky |first=Ira |author-link=Ira Sharkansky |year=2005 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-0-7658-0277-4 |page=22}}</ref> Among these are the [[Eretz Israel Museum]], known for its collection of archaeology and history exhibits dealing with the [[Land of Israel]], and the [[Tel Aviv Museum of Art]]. In 2023, the Tel Aviv Museum of Art was ranked 48th on ''[[The Art Newspaper|The Art Magazine]]''<nowiki/>'s list of the 100 most popular museums in the world. Housed on the campus of [[Tel Aviv University]] is [[ANU - Museum of the Jewish People]], a museum of the international Jewish diaspora that tells the story of Jewish prosperity and persecution throughout the [[Jewish diaspora|centuries of exile]]. Batey Haosef Museum specializes in [[Israel Defense Forces]] [[military history]]. The [[Palmach]] Museum near Tel Aviv University offers a multimedia experience of the history of the Palmach. Right next to [[Charles Clore Park]] is a museum of the [[Irgun]]. The [[Israel Trade Fairs & Convention Center]], located in the northern part of the city, hosts more than 60&nbsp;major events annually. Many offbeat museums and galleries operate in the southern areas, including the Tel Aviv Raw Art [[contemporary art]] gallery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/culture/museums/index.htm |title=Treasure of the State |access-date=26 January 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911073600/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/culture/museums/index.htm |archive-date=11 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/culture/museums/list.htm |title=The Museums of Tel-Aviv-Jaffa |access-date=26 January 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080114035243/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/culture/museums/list.htm <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=14 January 2008}}</ref> ===Sports=== [[File:Bloomfield_Stadium,_January_2022_-_42.jpg|thumb|[[Bloomfield Stadium]], the largest of Tel Aviv]] [[File:Nokia_Arena_-_Israel_vs_Montenegro_-_August_2012.JPG|thumb|right|[[Menora Mivtachim Arena]]]] [[File:Marathon Tel Aviv - Hayarkon View.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Tel Aviv Marathon]] going through [[Hayarkon Park]]]] The city has a number of football stadiums, the largest of which is [[Bloomfield Stadium]], which contains 29,400 seats used by [[Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C.|Hapoel Tel Aviv]], [[Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv]] and [[Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv F.C.|Bnei Yehuda]]. Another stadium in the city is the [[Hatikva Neighborhood Stadium]]. [[Menora Mivtachim Arena]] is a large multi-purpose sports [[indoor arena]], The arena is home to the [[Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv]], and the [[Drive in Arena]], a multi-purpose hall that serves as the home ground of the [[Hapoel Tel Aviv B.C.|Hapoel Tel Aviv]]. [[National Sport Center Tel Aviv]] (also Hadar Yosef Sports Center) is a compound of stadiums and sports facilities. It also houses the [[Olympic Committee of Israel]] and the National Athletics Stadium with the [[Israeli Athletic Association]]. The [[Maccabi Tel Aviv|Maccabi Tel Aviv Sports Club]] was founded in 1906 and competes in more than 10&nbsp;sport fields. Its [[basketball team]], [[Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv Basketball Club]], is a world-known professional team, that holds 56 Israeli titles, has won 45&nbsp;editions of the Israel cup, and has six&nbsp;European Championships, and its [[football team]] [[Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv Football Club]] has won 23 Israeli league titles and has won 24 [[Israel State Cup|State Cups]], seven [[Toto Cup]]s and two [[AFC Champions League|Asian Club Championships]]. [[Yael Arad]], an athlete in Maccabi's [[judo]] club, won a silver medal in the [[1992 Summer Olympics|1992 Olympic Games]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Great Jews in Sports |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWE_lEPfHpIC&q=yael+arad+olympics+tel+aviv&pg=PA19 |publisher=Jonathan David Company, Inc. |first=Robert |last=Slater |year=2003 |page=19 |isbn=978-0-8246-0453-0 |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815055500/https://books.google.com/books?id=GWE_lEPfHpIC&q=yael+arad+olympics+tel+aviv&pg=PA19 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Hapoel Tel Aviv|Hapoel Tel Aviv Sports Club]], founded in 1923, comprises more than 11 sports clubs,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fotw.info/flags/il@hapta.html |title=Hapoel Tel Aviv |access-date=19 July 2007 |publisher=Flag of the World |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629025747/http://www.fotw.net/flags/il%40hapta.html |archive-date=29 June 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> including [[Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C.|Hapoel Tel Aviv Football Club]] (13 championships, 16 State Cups, one Toto Cup and once Asian champions) which plays in [[Bloomfield Stadium]], and [[Hapoel Tel Aviv B.C.|Hapoel Tel Aviv Basketball Club]]. [[Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv F.C.|Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv]] (once Israeli champion, twice [[Israel State Cup|State Cup]] winners and twice [[Toto Cup]] winner) is the Israeli football team that represents a neighborhood, the [[Hatikva Quarter]] in Tel Aviv, and not a city. [[Beitar Tel Aviv Bat Yam F.C.|Beitar Tel Aviv Bat Yam]] formerly played in the top division, the club now playing in [[Liga Leumit]] and also represents the city [[Bat Yam]]. [[Maccabi Jaffa F.C.|Maccabi Jaffa]] formerly played in the top division, the club now playing in [[Liga Alef]] and represents the [[Jaffa]]. [[Shimshon Tel Aviv F.C.|Shimshon Tel Aviv]] formerly played in the top division, the club now playing in [[Liga Alef]]. There are more Tel Aviv football teams: [[Hapoel Kfar Shalem F.C.|Hapoel Kfar Shalem]], [[F.C. Bnei Jaffa Ortodoxim]], [[Beitar Ezra F.C.|Beitar Ezra]], [[Beitar Jaffa F.C.|Beitar Jaffa]], [[Elitzur Jaffa Tel Aviv F.C.|Elitzur Jaffa Tel Aviv]], [[F.C. Roei Heshbon Tel Aviv]], [[Gadna Tel Aviv Yehuda F.C.|Gadna Tel Aviv Yehuda]], [[Hapoel Kiryat Shalom F.C.|Hapoel Kiryat Shalom]], [[Hapoel Neve Golan F.C.|Hapoel Neve Golan]] and [[Hapoel Ramat Yisrael F.C.|Hapoel Ramat Yisrael]]. Two [[rowing (sport)|rowing]] clubs operate in Tel Aviv. The [[Tel Aviv Rowing Club]], established in 1935 on the banks of the [[Yarkon River]], is the largest rowing club in Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rowersalmanac.com/profiles/israel.asp |title=Rowers Almanac |access-date=19 July 2007 |website=Rowersalmanac.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008113952/http://www.rowersalmanac.com/profiles/israel.asp |archive-date=8 October 2007}}</ref> Meanwhile, the beaches of Tel Aviv provide a vibrant [[Matkot]] (beach paddleball) scene.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telaviv-insider.co.il/sports.php |title=Sports in the Tel-Aviv |access-date=19 July 2007 |publisher=Tel Aviv Insider |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070726094956/http://www.telaviv-insider.co.il/sports.php |archive-date=26 July 2007}}</ref> [[Tel Aviv Lightning]] represent Tel Aviv in the [[Israel Baseball League]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.stljewishlight.com/topstories/12348156495807.php |title=Israel Baseball League starts in June |work=[[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]] Jewish Light |access-date=19 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927214233/http://www.stljewishlight.com/topstories/12348156495807.php |archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> Tel Aviv also has an annual [[half marathon]], run in 2008 by 10,000 athletes with runners coming from around the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1035198.html |title=10,000 athletes to run in Tel Aviv half marathon |access-date=7 November 2008 |archive-date=12 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112095032/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1035198.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2009, the [[Tel Aviv Marathon]] was revived after a fifteen-year hiatus, and is run annually since, attracting a field of over 18,000 runners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/thousands-sport-sneakers-for-tel-aviv-marathon-1.354898 |title=Thousands sport sneakers for Tel Aviv marathon |access-date=8 April 2011 |work=Haaretz |location=Israel |archive-date=11 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411045258/http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/thousands-sport-sneakers-for-tel-aviv-marathon-1.354898 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Transportation== {{main |Transport in Tel Aviv}} Tel Aviv is a major transportation hub, served by a comprehensive public transport network, with many major routes of the national transportation network running through the city. As of 2023, 56% of the residents are going to work without using cars and the plan is to expand it to 70% by the end of the decade.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Huldai |first1=Ron |title=Tough Decisions for an Accessible Tel Aviv |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2023-06-06/ty-article-opinion/.premium/tough-decisions-for-an-accessible-tel-aviv/00000188-8d2c-d808-abcc-cd2cf5850000 |access-date=20 June 2023 |agency=Haaretz |date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605225622/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2023-06-06/ty-article-opinion/.premium/tough-decisions-for-an-accessible-tel-aviv/00000188-8d2c-d808-abcc-cd2cf5850000 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Bus and taxi=== [[File:New centaral station tel aviv.JPG|thumb|[[Tel Aviv central bus station]]]] As with the rest of Israel, bus transport is the most common form of public transport and is very widely used. The [[Tel Aviv central bus station]] is located in the southern part of the city. The main bus network in Tel Aviv metropolitan area operated by [[Dan Bus Company]], [[Metropoline]], and [[Kavim]]. the [[Egged (company)|Egged Bus Cooperative]], Israels's largest bus company, provides intercity transportation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2001/11/Facets%20of%20the%20Israeli%20Economy-%20Transportation |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Facets of the Israeli Economy – Transportation |date=1 November 2001 |last=Solomon |first=Shoshanna |access-date=17 July 2007 |archive-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016111121/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2001/11/Facets%20of%20the%20Israeli%20Economy-%20Transportation |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is also served by local and inter-city [[share taxis]]. Many local and inter-city bus routes also have sherut taxis that follow the same route and display the same route number in their window. Fares are standardised within the region and are comparable to or less expensive than bus fares. Unlike other forms of public transport, these taxis also operate on Fridays and Saturdays (the Jewish sabbath "Shabbat"). Private taxis are white with a yellow sign on top. Fares are standardised and metered, but may be negotiated ahead of time with the driver.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schaefer |first=Brian |date=2014-02-22 |title=How to Take Inter-city Shared Taxis Between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/travel/inter-city-shared-taxis-1.5230176 |access-date=2021-11-19 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119044609/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/travel/inter-city-shared-taxis-1.5230176 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Rail=== {{Main|Tel Aviv Light Rail|Tel Aviv Metro}} [[File:Tlvgenel002.jpg|thumb|[[Tel Aviv Savidor Central railway station]]]] The [[Tel Aviv Savidor Central railway station]] is the main railway station of the city, and the second-busiest station in Israel. The city has five additional [[Israel Railways|railway stations]] along the Ayalon Highway: three of them, [[Tel Aviv University railway station|Tel Aviv University]], [[Tel Aviv HaShalom railway station|HaShalom]] (the busiest station in Israel, adjacent to [[Azrieli Center]]) and [[Tel Aviv HaHagana railway station|HaHagana]] (near the [[Tel Aviv central bus station]]), serve Tel Aviv directly, while the remaining two, [[Holon Junction railway station|Holon Junction]] and [[Holon Wolfson Railway Station|Holon-Wolfson]], are within Tel Aviv's municipal boundaries but serve the southern suburb of [[Holon]]. It is estimated that over a million&nbsp;passengers travel by rail to Tel Aviv monthly. The trains do not run on Saturday and the principal Jewish festivals (Rosh Hashana (2 days), Yom Kippur, Sukkot, Simkhat Torah, Pessach (Passover) first and fifth days and Shavuot (Pentecost)). [[Jaffa railway station]] was the first railway station in the Middle East. It served as the terminus for the [[Jaffa–Jerusalem railway]]. The station opened in 1891 and closed in 1948. In 2005–2009, the station was restored and converted into an entertainment and leisure venue marketed as "HaTachana", Hebrew for "the station" (see homepage here:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hatachana.co.il/Home |title=HATACHANA – HOME PAGE |first=Alex |last=Ribin |website=Hatachana.co.il |access-date=3 April 2016 |archive-date=27 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327164650/http://hatachana.co.il/Home |url-status=live }}</ref>). The Jaffa–Jerusalem railway also included the Tel Aviv Beit Hadar railway station, which was opened in 1920 and replaced in 1970, and the [[Tel Aviv South railway station]], which was opened in 1970 to replace Beit Hadar and itself closed in 1993. The [[Bnei Brak–Ramat HaHayal railway station|Bnei Brak railway station]], while located in Bnei Brak's municipal borders, is closer to the Tel Aviv neighborhood of [[Ramat HaHayal]] than to Bnei Brak's city center and was originally called Tel Aviv North. [[File:Tel_Aviv_Red_Line_LRT_Carriage_Prototype.jpg|thumb|[[Tel Aviv Light Rail]]]] [[Tel Aviv Light Rail]] is a [[mass transit]] system for the [[Tel Aviv metropolitan area]]. As of 2023, two LRT lines are under construction. Work on the [[Red Line (Tel Aviv Light Rail)|Red Line]], the first in the project, started on September 21, 2011, following years of preparatory works,<ref>{{cite news |author=Barkat |first=Amiram |date=September 20, 2011 |title=Work begins on Tel Aviv light rail |publisher=[[Globes (newspaper)|Globes]] |url=http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000684515&fid=1725 |access-date=April 15, 2012 |archive-date=29 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229075954/http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000684515&fid=1725 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was expected to be completed and opened in late 2022 after numerous delays,<ref name="maariv920">{{cite news |last1=Cohen |first1=Moshe |title=עבודות הרכבת הקלה בתל אביב נכנסות לשלב הסופי |url=https://www.maariv.co.il/news/israel/Article-787911 |trans-title=Red Line Works in Tel Aviv Entering Final Stage |access-date=6 September 2020 |work=[[Maariv (newspaper)|Maariv]] |date=4 October 2020 |language=he |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017195318/https://www.maariv.co.il/news/israel/Article-787911 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hoffman |first=Carl |date=2016-09-01 |title=The project that could help determine Israel's future |url=https://www.jpost.com/metro/tel-aviv-light-rail-what-a-difference-a-year-makes-466080 |access-date=2021-04-29 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en-US |archive-date=17 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817150406/https://www.jpost.com/Metro/Tel-Aviv-Light-Rail-What-a-difference-a-year-makes-466080 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was finally opened on August 18, 2023, after the opening day was postponed numerous times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/we-waited-a-long-time-for-this-tel-aviv-light-rail-sets-off-after-years-of-delays/|title='We waited a long time for this': Tel Aviv light rail sets off after years of delays|publisher=The Times of Israel|date=2023-08-18|accessdate=2023-08-18|archive-date=18 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818122352/https://www.timesofisrael.com/we-waited-a-long-time-for-this-tel-aviv-light-rail-sets-off-after-years-of-delays/|url-status=live}}</ref> Construction of the [[Purple Line (Tel Aviv Light Rail)|Purple Line]] started in December 2018;<ref name="globes-purple">{{cite news |author=Gorodeisky |first=Sonia |date=December 25, 2018 |title=Work begins on second Tel Aviv light rail line |work=[[Globes (newspaper)|Globes]] |url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-work-begins-on-second-ta-light-rail-line-1001266293 |access-date=January 3, 2019 |archive-date=9 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409214431/https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-work-begins-on-second-ta-light-rail-line-1001266293 |url-status=live }}</ref> work on the [[Green Line (Tel Aviv Light Rail)|Green Line]] began in 2021 and is scheduled for completion in 2028.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-tel-aviv-light-rail-green-line-completion-delayed-until-2028-1001386574|title=Tel Aviv light rail Green Line completion delayed until 2028|newspaper=Globes|date=7 October 2021|access-date=6 February 2022|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103222248/https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-tel-aviv-light-rail-green-line-completion-delayed-until-2028-1001386574|url-status=live}}</ref> Tel Aviv Metro is a proposed subway system for the [[Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area]]. It will augment the [[Tel Aviv Light Rail]] and [[Israel Railways]] suburban lines and 3 underground metro lines to form a rapid transit transportation solution for the city. Construction is expected to start in 2025, with the first public opening in 2032.<ref name="ynet-2021-update">{{cite news |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/hkgkpgqtd |title=מרימים לתחתית: פרויקט המטרו של גוש דן: תמונת מצב |trans-title=Setting up for the underground: Gush Dan metro project: situation report |author=Zagrizak, Asaf |work=[[Ynet]] |date=July 13, 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2021 |language=he |archive-date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011180516/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/hkgkpgqtd |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Roads=== [[File:Azriely.jpg|thumb|[[Begin Road]] as seen from [[Azrieli Center]]]] The main highway leading to and within the city is the [[Highway 20 (Israel)|Ayalon Highway (Highway 20)]], which runs in the eastern side of the city from north to south along the Ayalon River riverbed. Driving south on Ayalon gives access to [[Highway 4 (Israel)|Highway 4]] leading to [[Ashdod]], [[Highway 1 (Israel/Palestine)|Highway 1]], leading to [[Ben Gurion International Airport]] and [[Jerusalem]] and [[Highway 431 (Israel)|Highway 431]] leading to Jerusalem, [[Modiin]], [[Rehovot]] and the [[Highway 6 (Israel)|Highway 6]] Trans-Israel Highway. Driving north on Ayalon gives access to the [[Highway 2 (Israel)|Highway 2]] coastal road leading to [[Netanya]], [[Hadera]] and [[Haifa]]. Within the city, main routes include [[Kaplan Street]], [[Allenby Street]], [[Ibn Gabirol Street]], [[Dizengoff Street]], [[Rothschild Boulevard]], and in Jaffa the main route is Jerusalem Boulevard. Namir Road connects the city to [[Highway 2 (Israel)|Highway 2]], Israel's main north–south highway, and Begin/Jabotinsky Road, which provides access from the east through Ramat Gan, [[Bnei Brak]] and Petah Tikva. Tel Aviv, accommodating about 500,000&nbsp;commuter cars daily, suffers from increasing congestion. In 2007, the Sadan Report recommended the introduction of a [[Road pricing|congestion charge]] similar to that of London in Tel Aviv as well as other Israeli cities. Under this plan, road users traveling into the city would pay a fixed fee.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/landedpages/printarticle.aspx?id=88094 |title=Public transportation to be overhauled |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=1 August 2008 |last=Wrobel |first=Sharon |access-date=9 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123507/http://www.jpost.com/landedpages/printarticle.aspx?id=88094 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Air=== [[File:Ben-gurion-airport-terminal--september-2012_(cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Ben Gurion International Airport]]]] The main airport serving Greater Tel Aviv is [[Ben Gurion Airport|Ben Gurion International Airport]]. Located in the neighbouring city of [[Lod]], it handled over 20&nbsp;million passengers in 2017. Ben Gurion is the main hub of [[El Al]], [[Arkia]], [[Israir|Israir Airlines]] and [[Sun d'Or]]. The airport is {{Convert|15|km|mi nmi}} southeast of Tel Aviv, on [[Highway 1 (Israel)|Highway 1]] between Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. [[Sde Dov Airport]] ([[IATA airport code|IATA]]: SDV), in northwestern Tel Aviv, is a domestic airport and was closed in 2019 in favor of real-estate development.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/793988.html |title=Sde Dov to be vacated, state gets half of Big Bloc |work=[[Haaretz]] |last=Bar-Eli |first=Avi |date=30 November 2006 |access-date=17 July 2007 |archive-date=1 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001103806/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/793988.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> All services to Sde Dov will be transferred to Ben Gurion Airport. ===Cycling=== [[File:PikiWiki_Israel_56859_cities_in_israel.jpg|thumb|[[Tel-O-Fun]] bicycle rental system]] The Tel Aviv Municipality encourages the use of bicycles in the city. Plans called for expansion of the paths to {{cvt|100|km|mi|1|sp=us}} by 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/Local-Israel/Tel-Aviv-And-Center/City-wheels-in-bicycle-rental-plan |title=City wheels in bicycle rental plan |date=21 January 2008 |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |access-date=9 March 2015 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904025142/http://www.jpost.com/Local-Israel/Tel-Aviv-And-Center/City-wheels-in-bicycle-rental-plan |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2020, the city had 140 kilometres of bicycle paths with plans to reach 300&nbsp;km by 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Peleg |first1=Bar |last2=Riba |first2=Naama |date=2020-05-27 |title=Tel Aviv Plans to Double the City's Network of Bike Paths by 2025 |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-tel-aviv-plans-to-double-the-city-s-network-of-bike-paths-by-2025-1.8877233 |access-date=2021-11-19 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119060250/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-tel-aviv-plans-to-double-the-city-s-network-of-bike-paths-by-2025-1.8877233 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is at the center of the [[Ofnidan]], a network of bicycle paths throughout the Gush Dan metropolitan area. In April 2011, the Tel Aviv municipality launched [[Tel-O-Fun]], a [[bicycle sharing system]], in which 150 stations of bicycles for rent were installed within the city limits.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-o-fun.co.il/ |publisher=Tel Aviv Municipality |title=Tel-O-Fun |access-date=10 May 2011 |archive-date=26 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626092937/http://www.tel-o-fun.co.il/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Foreign relations== The municipality of Tel Aviv signed agreements with many cities worldwide. {| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+class="nowrap"|Cities that signed agreements with Tel Aviv<ref>{{cite web |title=Cities in partnership |url=https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/About/Pages/Partnerships.aspx |website=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |language=he |access-date=21 January 2020 |archive-date=18 November 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171118182155/https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/About/Pages/Partnerships.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> |- !scope="col"|City !scope="col"|Country !scope="col"|Continent !scope="col"|Year of signing !scope="col"|Type of agreement |- |{{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Almaty]] |[[Kazakhstan]] |[[Asia]] |1999 |twin cities |- |{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Barcelona]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Barcelona re-establishes twin city relations with Tel Aviv, suspended by Colau |url=https://www.elnacional.cat/en/politics/barcelona-re-establishes-twin-city-relations-tel-aviv-colau_1086444_102.html |website=ElNacional.cat |date=1 September 2023 |access-date=4 September 2023 |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903150038/https://www.elnacional.cat/en/politics/barcelona-re-establishes-twin-city-relations-tel-aviv-colau_1086444_102.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |[[Spain]] |[[Europe]] |1998, ratified in 2013, revoked and restored in 2023 |friendship and collaboration |- |{{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]] |[[China]] |[[Asia]] |1995, 2004, 2006 |understanding, friendship and collaboration |- |{{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Belgrade]] |[[Serbia]] |[[Europe]] |1990 |collaboration |- |{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Bonn]] |[[Germany]] |[[Europe]] |1983 |collaboration |- |{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Budapest]] |[[Hungary]] |[[Europe]] |1989 |collaboration |- |{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]] |[[Argentina]] |[[South America]] |1988 |twin cities |- |{{flagicon|France}} [[Cannes]] |[[France]] |[[Europe]] |1993 |friendship |- |{{flagicon|Moldova}} [[Chișinău]] |[[Moldova]] |[[Europe]] |2000 |twin cities |- |{{flagicon|China}} [[Chongqing]] |[[China]] |[[Asia]] |2014 |[[Memorandum of understanding]] |- |{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Cologne]] |[[Germany]] |[[Europe]] |1979 |collaboration |- |{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Essen]] |[[Germany]] |[[Europe]] |1992 |collaboration |- |{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Frankfurt]] |[[Germany]] |[[Europe]] |1980, expanded in 2017 |collaboration |- |{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Freiburg im Breisgau]] |[[Germany]] |[[Europe]] |2012, 2015 |[[Memorandum of understanding]] for sustainability, collaboration |- |{{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Gaza City]] |[[State of Palestine|Palestine]] |[[Asia]] |1999 |[[Sister city|Sister cities agreement]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=When Tel Aviv and Gaza Signed a Sister City Agreement |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-09-23/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/when-tel-aviv-and-gaza-signed-a-sister-city-agreement/00000183-6bd1-d4b1-a197-efdf46560000 |access-date=2022-09-27 |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927225930/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-09-23/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/when-tel-aviv-and-gaza-signed-a-sister-city-agreement/00000183-6bd1-d4b1-a197-efdf46560000 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|China}} [[Guangdong]] (province) |[[China]] |[[Asia]] |2014 |[[Memorandum of understanding]] |- |{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Incheon]] |[[South Korea]] |[[Asia]] |2000 |twin cities |- |{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İzmir]] |[[Turkey]] |[[Asia]] |1996 |twin cities |- |{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Łódź]] |[[Poland]] |[[Europe]] |1994 |collaboration |- |{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Milan]] |[[Italy]] |[[Europe]] |1994 |twin cities |- |{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Montreal]] |[[Canada]] |[[North America]] |2016 |friendship |- |{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]] |[[Russia]] |[[Europe]] |2014 |[[Memorandum of understanding]] for economic, trade, scientific, technological and cultural fields |- |{{flagicon|US}} [[New York City|New York]] |[[United States]] |[[North America]] |1996 |understanding, friendship and collaboration |- |{{flagicon|Panama}} [[Panama City]] |[[Panama]] |[[North America]] |2013 |friendship |- |{{flagicon|France}} [[Paris]] |[[France]] |[[Europe]] |1985, expanded in 2010 |collaboration |- |{{flagicon|US}} [[Philadelphia]] |[[United States]] |[[North America]] |1967 |twin cities |- |{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Saint Petersburg]] |[[Russia]] |[[Europe]] |2011 |collaboration |- |{{flagicon|US}} [[San Antonio]] |[[United States]] |[[North America]] |2011 |friendship |- |{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Sofia]] |[[Bulgaria]] |[[Europe]] |1992 |twin cities |- |{{flagicon|Greece}} [[Thessaloniki]] |[[Greece]] |[[Europe]] |1994 |twin cities |- |{{flagicon|France}} [[Toulouse]] |[[France]] |[[Europe]] |1962 |twin cities |- |{{flagicon|Austria}} [[Vienna]] |[[Austria]] |[[Europe]] |2005 |economic collaboration |- |{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Warsaw]] |[[Poland]] |[[Europe]] |1992, 2009 (education collaboration) |collaboration |- |{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Yokohama]] |[[Japan]] |[[Asia]] |2012 |friendship |} == Explanatory notes == {{notelist}} == References == {{reflist}} == General bibliography == *Michael Turner, Catherine Weill-Rochant, Geneviève Blondiau, Silvina Sosnovsky, Philippe Brandeis, ''Sur les traces du modernisme, Tel Aviv-Haïfa-Jérusalem'', CIVA (ed.), Bruxelles, 2004 {{In lang|he|fr|cap=Yes}}. *Catherine Weill-Rochant, ''L'Atlas de Tel Aviv 1908–2008'', Paris, CNRS Editions, 2008 (historical maps and photos, French, soon in Hebrew and English). *Catherine Weill-Rochant, ''Bauhaus " – Architektur in Tel-Aviv, L'architecture " Bauhaus " à Tel Aviv'', Rita Gans (éd.), Zürich, Yad Yearim, 2008 {{In lang|de|fr|cap=Yes}}. *Catherine Weill-Rochant, "The Tel Aviv School: a constrained rationalism", ''DOCOMOMO journal'' (documentation and conservation of buildings, sites and neighbourhoods of the modern movement), April 2009. *{{Cite thesis |degree=PhD |title=Le plan de Patrick Geddes pour la " ville blanche " de Tel Aviv : une part d'ombre et de lumière. Volume 1 |url=http://www.bu.univ-paris8.fr/web/collections/theses/RochantThese1.pdf |author=Catherine Weill-Rochant |year=2006 |publisher=Université Paris 8 |location=Paris |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203073901/http://www.bu.univ-paris8.fr/web/collections/theses/RochantThese1.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2009}} And: {{Cite thesis |degree=PhD |title=Le plan de Patrick Geddes pour la " ville blanche " de Tel Aviv : une part d'ombre et de lumière. Volume 2 |url=http://www.bu.univ-paris8.fr/web/collections/theses/RochantThese2.pdf |author=Catherine Weill-Rochant |year=2006 |publisher=Université Paris 8 |location=Paris |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203073505/http://www.bu.univ-paris8.fr/web/collections/theses/RochantThese2.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2009}} *Catherine Weill-Rochant, ''Le travail de Patrick Geddes à Tel-Aviv, un plan d'ombre et de lumière'', [[Saarbrücken]], Éditions Universitaires Européennes, May 2010. *Jochen Visscher (ed.): ''Tel Aviv: The White City'', Photographs by Stefan Boness, JOVIS Verlag Berlin 2012. {{ISBN|978-3-939633-75-4}}. ==External links== <!--======================== {{No more links}} ============================ |PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. Wikipedia | |is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. | | | | Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. | |See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. | | | |If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or | |replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link | |to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) | |and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | === {{No more links}} =========--> {{Commons}} {{Wikivoyage}} *[http://tel-aviv.gov.il/eng/Pages/HomePage.aspx Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016045011/http://tel-aviv.gov.il/eng/Pages/HomePage.aspx |date=16 October 2015 }} of The Tel Aviv municipality *[https://web.archive.org/web/20190618163015/https://www.telavivfoundation.org/ Tel Aviv Foundation] <!-- ([https://web.archive.org/web/20190618163015/https://www.telavivfoundation.org/ archived] 18 June 2019)—A charitable foundation dedicated to improving life in Tel Aviv-Yafo --> {{Tel Aviv District}} {{Urban public transport in Israel}} {{Israel Railways}} {{Largest Israeli cities}} {{Paralympic Summer Games Host Cities}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Tel Aviv| ]] [[Category:1909 establishments in the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1909]] [[Category:Cities in Israel]] [[Category:Cities in Tel Aviv District]] [[Category:Jewish villages in the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:Mediterranean port cities and towns in Israel]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]]'
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'@@ -627,4 +627,8 @@ In the mid-1990s, the construction of skyscrapers began throughout the entire city, altering its skyline. Before that, Tel Aviv had had a generally low-rise skyline.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/2881/skyscrapers-dotting-tel-aviv-landscape |title=Skyscrapers dotting Tel Aviv landscape {{pipe}} j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California |website=Jweekly.com |date=29 March 1996 |access-date=20 July 2012 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012062544/http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/2881/skyscrapers-dotting-tel-aviv-landscape |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, the Tel Aviv Municipality's Planning and Construction Committee launched a new master plan for the city for 2025. It decided not to allow the construction of any additional skyscrapers in the city center, while at the same time greatly increasing the construction of skyscrapers in the east. The ban extends to an area between the coast and [[Ibn Gabirol Street]], and also between the [[Yarkon River]] and Eilat Street. It did not extend to towers already under construction or approved. One final proposed skyscraper project was approved, while dozens of others had to be scrapped. Any new buildings there will usually not be allowed to rise above six and a half stories. However, hotel towers along almost the entire beachfront will be allowed to rise up to 25 stories. According to the plan, large numbers of skyscrapers and high-rise buildings at least 18 stories tall would be built in the entire area between Ibn Gabirol Street and the eastern city limits, as part of the master plan's goal of doubling the city's office space to cement Tel Aviv as the business capital of Israel. Under the plan, "forests" of corporate skyscrapers will line both sides of the [[Highway 20 (Israel)|Ayalon Highway]]. Further south, skyscrapers rising up to 40 stories will be built along the old Ottoman railway between [[Neve Tzedek]] and [[Florentin, Tel Aviv|Florentine]], with the first such tower there being the [[Neve Tzedek Tower]]. Along nearby Shlavim Street, passing between Jaffa and south Tel Aviv, office buildings up to 25 stories will line both sides of the street, which will be widened to accommodate traffic from the city's southern entrance to the center.<ref>Fox, Jesse: ''Tel Aviv's skyline in 2025'' (21 May 2011)</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3888492,00.html |title=No new skyscrapers in central Tel Aviv – Israel Business, Ynetnews |work=Ynetnews |date=20 June 1995 |last1=Petersburg |first1=Ofer |access-date=27 March 2012 |archive-date=22 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822131552/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3888492,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> + +=== Visual Arts === +{{See also|Visual arts in Israel}} +In the 1920s Tel-Aviv gradually became the center of art in Israel. In 1919, several prominent Olim from [[Odesa|Odessa]] arrived in the [[Ruslan (ship)|Ruslan ship]].<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=תערוכת אודסה - תל אביב {{!}} אנו - מוזיאון העם היהודי |url=https://www.anumuseum.org.il/he/odesa-tel-aviv/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=Museum of the Jewish People |language=he-IL}}</ref> In 1920 some of these set up the [[Ha-Tomer|HaTomer]] art cooperative as well as opened the first modern art exhibition in Israel.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":032">{{Cite news |last=Ofrat |first=Gideon |date=23 November 1979 |title=Enough with all the Frenkels! |pages=28, 29, 30 |work=Haaretz Weekly}}</ref> In the 1925 following the return of [[Yitzhak Frenkel|Isaac Frenkel]] from [[Paris]] and his opening of the [[Histadrut Art Studio|Histadrut art studio]], and the introduction of [[School of Paris|École de Paris]] influence; Tel Aviv grew to supplement [[Jerusalem]] in its cultural importance in the visual arts; especially in respect to modern art.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Hecht Museum |title=After the School Of Paris |year=2013 |isbn=9789655350272 |location=Israel |language=en, he}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2011-01-01 |title=יצחק פרנקל: "חיבור ללא עצמים" |url=https://gideonofrat.wordpress.com/2011/01/01/%d7%99%d7%a6%d7%97%d7%a7-%d7%a4%d7%a8%d7%a0%d7%a7%d7%9c-%d7%97%d7%99%d7%91%d7%95%d7%a8-%d7%9c%d7%9c%d7%90-%d7%a2%d7%a6%d7%9e%d7%99%d7%9d/ |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=המחסן של גדעון עפרת |language=he-IL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=טרכטנברג |first=גרסיאלה |last2=Trajtenberg |first2=Graciela |date=2002 |title=The Pre-State Jewish Bourgeoisie and the Institutionalization of the Field of Plastic Art / בין בורגנות לאמנות פלסטית בתקופת היישוב |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23442346 |journal=Israeli Sociology / סוציולוגיה ישראלית |volume=ד |issue=1 |pages=7–38 |issn=1565-1495}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-02 |title=Alexandre FRENEL |url=https://ecoledeparis.org/alexandre-frenel/ |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=Bureau d’art Ecole de Paris |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wikipedia Library |url=https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org |language=en |doi=10.1093/benz/9780199773787.001.0001/acref-9780199773787-e-00068047?rskey=is8sd9&result=1}}</ref> In the late 1920s to 1940s Tel Aviv painters were heavily influenced by the [[School of Paris|École de Paris]], painting Tel Aviv's urban landscape, people and cafes in a manner influenced by [[Chaïm Soutine|Soutine]], [[Jules Pascin|Pascin]], [[Yitzhak Frenkel|Frenel]], [[Marc Chagall|Chagall]] and others from the [[School of Paris]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Les peintres juifs de « l’École de Paris » imposent leur génie au MahJ |url=https://fr.timesofisrael.com/les-peintres-juifs-de-lecole-de-paris-imposent-leur-genie-au-mahj/ |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=fr.timesofisrael.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kotar.cet.ac.il/kotarapp/index/Chapter.aspx?nBookID=99380671&nTocEntryID=99383120 |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=kotar.cet.ac.il}}</ref><ref name=":02" /> Tel Aviv<nowiki>''</nowiki>s bohemian culture was characterized by cafes such as [[Café Kassit|Kassit]] which attracted numerous writers and painters.<ref name=":2" /> [[Reuven Rubin|Reuben Rubin]] and [[Nachum Gutman|Nahum Gutman]] also worked and painted in the city, painting in the naive style.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reuven Rubin {{!}} His paintings reflect the Eretz Israeli light {{!}} Tiroche Auctions |url=https://www.tiroche.co.il/paintings-authors/reuven-rubin/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=לתירוש |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-29 |title=Nachum Gutman and His Art - Kings Gallery - Jerusalem |url=https://kings-gallery.com/nachum-gutman-and-his-art/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> Tel Aviv hosts the [[Tel Aviv Museum of Art|Tel Aviv museum of art]], established in 1932 in [[Meir Dizengoff]]'s house, since having moved to a new larger location, as well as numerous galleries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History \ Tel Aviv Museum of Art |url=https://www.tamuseum.org.il/en/about/history/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=www.tamuseum.org.il |language=en}}</ref> ===Entertainment and performing arts=== '
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[ 0 => '', 1 => '=== Visual Arts ===', 2 => '{{See also|Visual arts in Israel}}', 3 => 'In the 1920s Tel-Aviv gradually became the center of art in Israel. In 1919, several prominent Olim from [[Odesa|Odessa]] arrived in the [[Ruslan (ship)|Ruslan ship]].<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=תערוכת אודסה - תל אביב {{!}} אנו - מוזיאון העם היהודי |url=https://www.anumuseum.org.il/he/odesa-tel-aviv/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=Museum of the Jewish People |language=he-IL}}</ref> In 1920 some of these set up the [[Ha-Tomer|HaTomer]] art cooperative as well as opened the first modern art exhibition in Israel.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":032">{{Cite news |last=Ofrat |first=Gideon |date=23 November 1979 |title=Enough with all the Frenkels! |pages=28, 29, 30 |work=Haaretz Weekly}}</ref> In the 1925 following the return of [[Yitzhak Frenkel|Isaac Frenkel]] from [[Paris]] and his opening of the [[Histadrut Art Studio|Histadrut art studio]], and the introduction of [[School of Paris|École de Paris]] influence; Tel Aviv grew to supplement [[Jerusalem]] in its cultural importance in the visual arts; especially in respect to modern art.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Hecht Museum |title=After the School Of Paris |year=2013 |isbn=9789655350272 |location=Israel |language=en, he}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2011-01-01 |title=יצחק פרנקל: "חיבור ללא עצמים" |url=https://gideonofrat.wordpress.com/2011/01/01/%d7%99%d7%a6%d7%97%d7%a7-%d7%a4%d7%a8%d7%a0%d7%a7%d7%9c-%d7%97%d7%99%d7%91%d7%95%d7%a8-%d7%9c%d7%9c%d7%90-%d7%a2%d7%a6%d7%9e%d7%99%d7%9d/ |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=המחסן של גדעון עפרת |language=he-IL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=טרכטנברג |first=גרסיאלה |last2=Trajtenberg |first2=Graciela |date=2002 |title=The Pre-State Jewish Bourgeoisie and the Institutionalization of the Field of Plastic Art / בין בורגנות לאמנות פלסטית בתקופת היישוב |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23442346 |journal=Israeli Sociology / סוציולוגיה ישראלית |volume=ד |issue=1 |pages=7–38 |issn=1565-1495}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-02 |title=Alexandre FRENEL |url=https://ecoledeparis.org/alexandre-frenel/ |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=Bureau d’art Ecole de Paris |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wikipedia Library |url=https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org |language=en |doi=10.1093/benz/9780199773787.001.0001/acref-9780199773787-e-00068047?rskey=is8sd9&result=1}}</ref> In the late 1920s to 1940s Tel Aviv painters were heavily influenced by the [[School of Paris|École de Paris]], painting Tel Aviv's urban landscape, people and cafes in a manner influenced by [[Chaïm Soutine|Soutine]], [[Jules Pascin|Pascin]], [[Yitzhak Frenkel|Frenel]], [[Marc Chagall|Chagall]] and others from the [[School of Paris]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Les peintres juifs de « l’École de Paris » imposent leur génie au MahJ |url=https://fr.timesofisrael.com/les-peintres-juifs-de-lecole-de-paris-imposent-leur-genie-au-mahj/ |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=fr.timesofisrael.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kotar.cet.ac.il/kotarapp/index/Chapter.aspx?nBookID=99380671&nTocEntryID=99383120 |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=kotar.cet.ac.il}}</ref><ref name=":02" /> Tel Aviv<nowiki>''</nowiki>s bohemian culture was characterized by cafes such as [[Café Kassit|Kassit]] which attracted numerous writers and painters.<ref name=":2" /> [[Reuven Rubin|Reuben Rubin]] and [[Nachum Gutman|Nahum Gutman]] also worked and painted in the city, painting in the naive style.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reuven Rubin {{!}} His paintings reflect the Eretz Israeli light {{!}} Tiroche Auctions |url=https://www.tiroche.co.il/paintings-authors/reuven-rubin/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=לתירוש |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-29 |title=Nachum Gutman and His Art - Kings Gallery - Jerusalem |url=https://kings-gallery.com/nachum-gutman-and-his-art/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> Tel Aviv hosts the [[Tel Aviv Museum of Art|Tel Aviv museum of art]], established in 1932 in [[Meir Dizengoff]]'s house, since having moved to a new larger location, as well as numerous galleries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History \ Tel Aviv Museum of Art |url=https://www.tamuseum.org.il/en/about/history/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=www.tamuseum.org.il |language=en}}</ref>' ]
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