Rootless cosmopolitan
In the Soviet Union the phrase "rootless cosmopolitan" (Russian: безродный космополит, romanized: bezrodnyi kosmopolit) functioned as a pejorative epithet which referred mostly to Jewish intellectuals, implying an accusation of their lack of full allegiance to the Soviet system, especially during the antisemitic campaign of 1948–1953.[1] This campaign originated with Joseph Stalin's 1946 attack on writers allegedly connected with "bourgeois Western influences",[2][3] and culminated in the "exposure" of the (non-existent) Doctors' Plot in 1953.[4][need quotation to verify]
Origin
The expression was coined in the 19th century by Russian literary critic Vissarion Belinsky to describe writers who lacked Russian national character.[5]
Use under Stalin
According to the journalist Masha Gessen, a concise definition of rootless cosmopolitan appeared in an issue of Voprosy istorii (The Issues of History) in 1949: "The rootless cosmopolitan [...] falsifies and misrepresents the worldwide historical role of the Russian people in the construction of socialist society and the victory over the enemies of humanity, over German fascism in the Great Patriotic War." Gessen states that the term used for "Russian" is an exclusive term that means ethnic Russians only and so they conclude that "any historian who neglected to sing the praises of the heroic ethnic Russians [...] was a likely traitor".[6] According to Cathy S. Gelbin:
From 1946 onwards, then, when Andrei Zhdanov became director of Soviet cultural policy, Soviet rhetoric increasingly highlighted the goal of a pure Soviet culture freed from Western degeneration. This became apparent, for example, in a piece in the Soviet weekly Literaturnya gazeta in 1947, which denounced the claimed expressions of rootless cosmopolitanism as inimical to Soviet culture. From 1949 onwards, then, a new series of openly antisemitic purges and executions began across the Soviet Union and its satellite countries, when Jews were charged explicitly with harbouring an international Zionist cosmopolitanist conspiracy.[7]
According to Margarita Levantovskaya:
The campaign against cosmopolitanism of the 1940s and 1950s [...] defined rootless cosmopolitans as citizens who lacked patriotism and disseminated foreign influence within the USSR, including theater critics, Yiddish-speaking poets and doctors. They were accused of disseminating Western European philosophies of aesthetics, pro-American attitudes, Zionism, or inappropriate levels of concern for Jewry and its destruction during World War II. The phrase "rootless cosmopolitan" was synonymous with "persons without identity" and "passportless wanderers" when applied to Jews, thus emphasizing their status as strangers and outsiders.[8]
Post-Stalin
The term is still widely considered to be an antisemitic trope.[9][10][11][12]
See also
- Person of Jewish ethnicity
- Night of the Murdered Poets
- Antisemitism in the Soviet Union
- Globalism § Right-wing usage
References
- ^ Figes, Orlando (2007). The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia. New York City: Metropolitan Books. p. 494. ISBN 978-0-8050-7461-1.
- ^
Jeff Greenfield (3 August 2017). "The Ugly History of Stephen Miller's 'Cosmopolitan' Epithet: Surprise, surprise—the insult has its roots in Soviet anti-Semitism". Politico.
In a 1946 speech, [Stalin] deplored works in which 'the positive Soviet hero is derided and inferior before all things foreign and cosmopolitanism that we all fought against from the time of Lenin, characteristic of the political leftovers, is many times applauded.' It was part of a yearslong campaigned aimed at writers, theater critics, scientists and others who were connected with "bourgeois Western influences."
- ^
"Stalin On Art and Culture". Retrieved 5 December 2021.
In 1946 Stalin met with Soviet intellectuals to discuss and analyze the trends developing in Soviet art, music, literature and theatre - after the Second World War. Here we give a shortened version of his replies to questions posed by the intellectuals. '[...] Frequently in the pages of Soviet literary journals works are found where Soviet people, builders of communism are shown in pathetic and ludicrous forms. The positive Soviet hero is derided and inferior before all things foreign and cosmopolitism that we all fought against from the time of Lenin, characteristic of the political leftovers, is many times applauded. In the theater it seems that Soviet plays are pushed aside by plays from foreign bourgeois authors. The same thing is staring to happen in Soviet films.'
- ^ "From Anti-Westernism to Anti-Semitism". Journal of Cold War Studies. 4 (1): 66–80. 2002. doi:10.1162/152039702753344834. S2CID 57565840.
{{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter|authors=(help) - ^ Orlando Figes The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia, 2007, ISBN 0805074619, page 494.
- ^ Gessen, Masha (2005). Two Babushkas. Bloomsbury. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-7475-7080-6.
- ^ Cathy S. Gelbin, "Rootless cosmopolitans: German-Jewish writers confront the Stalinist and National Socialist atrocities." European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire 23.5-6 (2016): 863-879 at p. 865.
- ^ Margarita Levantovskaya, "Rootless Cosmopolitans:: Literature of the Soviet-Jewish Diaspora" (PhD. Diss. UC San Diego, 2013) online. p. 1.
- ^ Andrew Gwynne MP (16 April 2014). "Anti-Semitism". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 255.
- ^ Steinberg, Rachel (9 April 2019). "Fire Brigades Union tells official to dial back social media use after controversial tweet". The Jewish Chronicle.
Many were quick to criticise Mr Embery's use of "rootless, cosmopolitan", including Jewish MP Alex Sobel who tweeted: "Literally an anti-semitic trope used by Stalin the culmination of which saw many good bundists imprisoned by East European Communist regimes (including my grandfather)…stop othering Jews".
- ^ Glasman, Maurice (22 May 2019). "No direction home: the tragedy of the Jewish left". The New Statesman.
I knew that the phrase "rootless cosmopolitan" was minted by Stalin and his executioners in the show trials to exterminate Jews, particularly Trotskyists, for whom this became the standard expression. I cannot hear it without the dread fear of the knock on the door by the Cheka in the early hours.
- ^ Brook, Vincent (2006). You Should See Yourself: Jewish Identity in Postmodern American Culture. p. 166. ISBN 0813538440.
This outlook can be viewed positively as a condition that enhances Jews' and adaptability and empathy for others, or it can have a negative connotation, as in the recurring trope of the rootless cosmopolitan
Further reading
- Levantovskaya, Margarita. "Rootless Cosmopolitans:: Literature of the Soviet-Jewish Diaspora" (PhD. Diss. UC San Diego, 2013) online.
- Miller, Michael L.; Ury, Scott (2010). "Cosmopolitanism: the end of Jewishness?". European Review of History. 17 (3): 337–359. doi:10.1080/13507486.2010.481923. S2CID 144567082.
- Miller, Michael L. and Scott Ury, eds., Cosmopolitanism, Nationalism and the Jews of East Central Europe. ISBN 978-1138018525
- Pinkus, Benjamin. The Soviet Government and the Jews 1948-1967: A Documented Study (1984) pp 147–192.
- "The Rootless Cosmopolitan Who Mocked Totalitarian Consciousness". Tablet Magazine. 18 March 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- Spector, Hannah (10 March 2016). "The cosmopolitan subject and the question of cultural identity: The case of". Crime, Media, Culture. 13 (1): 21–40. doi:10.1177/1741659016634813. S2CID 146984216.
