Jump to content

Low Saxon: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
as the Dutch term is given as well, and as there's the ref
 
(25 intermediate revisions by 17 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Group of Low German dialects}}
{{Short description|Group of Low German dialects}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Other uses|Low German (disambiguation)|Low Saxon (disambiguation){{!}}Low Saxon}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
Line 6: Line 6:
|altname=
|altname=
|states=[[Germany]], [[Netherlands]], [[Southern Denmark]]
|states=[[Germany]], [[Netherlands]], [[Southern Denmark]]
|speakers=
|speakers=Native: {{sigfig|301,000|2}}
|date=2016
|ref=e25
|speakers2=L2: {{sigfig|2.200000|2}} million<ref name=e25/>
|speakers_label=Speakers
|familycolor=Indo-European
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam2=[[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3=[[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
|fam3=[[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
|fam4=[[North Sea Germanic|Ingvaeonic]]
|fam4=[[North Sea Germanic]]
|fam5=[[Low German]]
|fam5=[[Low German]]
|ref={{citation needed|date=July 2013}}
|map=Nedersaksiese taalgebied.png
|map=Nedersaksiese taalgebied.png
|mapcaption=West Low German area in yellow.
|mapcaption=West Low German area in yellow.
Line 41: Line 44:
}}
}}


'''Low Saxon''' ({{lang-nl|Nedersaksisch}}), also known as '''West Low German''' ({{lang-de|Westniederdeutsch}}<ref>Peter Wiesinger, ''Die Einteilung der deutschen Dialekte'', in: Werner Besch, Ulrich Knoop, Wolfgang Putschke, Herbert Ernst Wiegand (eds.), ''Dialektologie. Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung. Zweiter Halbband'' (series: ''Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft'' (HSK), 1.2), 1983, p. 828</ref>) are a group of [[Low German]] dialects spoken in parts of the [[Netherlands]], northwestern [[Germany]] and southern [[Denmark]] (in North Schleswig by parts of the German-speaking minority). It is one of two dialect groups, the other being [[East Low German]].
⚫
'''West Low German''', also known as '''Low Saxon''' ({{lang-nds|Nedersassisch, Nedersaksies}}; {{lang-nl|Nedersaksisch}}) is a group of [[Low German]] dialects spoken in parts of the [[Netherlands]], northwestern [[Germany]] and southern [[Denmark]] (in North Schleswig by parts of the German-speaking minority). It is one of two groups of mutually intelligible dialects, the other being [[East Low German]] dialects. A 2005 study found that there were approximately 1.8 million "daily speakers" of Low Saxon in the Netherlands. 53% spoke Low Saxon or Low Saxon and Dutch at home and 71% could speak it.<ref>[Bloemhoff, H. (2005). Taaltelling Nedersaksisch. Een enquête naar het gebruik en de beheersing van het Nedersaksisch in Nederland. Groningen: Sasland.]</ref> According to another study the percentage of speakers among parents dropped from 34% in 1995 to 15% in 2011. The percentage of speakers among their children dropped from 8% to 2% in the same period.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://images.tresoar.nl/website/NTR12%20dialect1995-2011%20v2.pdf|title=Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van Fries, streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995-2011|last=Driessen|first=Geert|date=2012|website=Radboud University Nijmegen|access-date=2017-04-29}}</ref>


==Extent==
==Extent==
The language area comprises the [[Northern Germany|North German]] states of [[Lower Saxony]], [[North Rhine-Westphalia]] (the [[Westphalia]]n part), [[Bremen]], [[Hamburg]], [[Schleswig-Holstein]] and [[Saxony-Anhalt]] (the northwestern areas around [[Magdeburg]]) as well as the northeast of The Netherlands (i.e. [[Dutch Low Saxon]], spoken in [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]], [[Drenthe]], [[Overijssel]] and northern [[Gelderland]]) and the [[Schleswigsch dialect]] spoken by the [[North Schleswig Germans]] in the southernmost part of Denmark.
The language area comprises the [[Northern Germany|North German]] states of [[Lower Saxony]], [[North Rhine-Westphalia]] (the [[Westphalia]]n part), [[Bremen]], [[Hamburg]], [[Schleswig-Holstein]] and [[Saxony-Anhalt]] (the northwestern areas around [[Magdeburg]]) as well as the northeast of the Netherlands (i.e. [[Dutch Low Saxon]], spoken in [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]], [[Drenthe]], [[Overijssel]] and northern [[Gelderland]]) and the [[Schleswigsch dialect]] spoken by the [[North Schleswig Germans]] in the southernmost part of Denmark.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sanders |first1=Willy |title=Sachsensprache, Hansesprache, Plattdeutsch : sprachgeschichtliche Grundzüge des Niederdeutschen |date=1982 |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |location=Göttingen |isbn=9783525012130 |language=de |trans-title=Language of the Saxons, the language of the Hanseatic League, Plattdeutsch: basics of the historical linugistics of Low German}}</ref>


In the south the [[Benrath line]] and [[Uerdingen line]] isoglosses form the border with the area, where [[West Central German]] variants of [[High German languages|High German]] are spoken.
In the south the [[Benrath line]] and [[Uerdingen line]] isoglosses form the border with the area, where [[West Central German]] variants of [[High German languages|High German]] are spoken.
Line 55: Line 58:
**[[Eastphalian language|Eastphalian]], spoken in southeastern Lower Saxony ([[Hanover]], [[Braunschweig]], [[Göttingen]]) and in the [[Magdeburg Börde]] region
**[[Eastphalian language|Eastphalian]], spoken in southeastern Lower Saxony ([[Hanover]], [[Braunschweig]], [[Göttingen]]) and in the [[Magdeburg Börde]] region
**[[Northern Low Saxon]]
**[[Northern Low Saxon]]
***[[East Frisian Low Saxon]] in [[East Frisia]]<ref name="Noble"/>
***[[East Frisian Low Saxon]] in [[East Frisia]]<ref name="Noble">{{cite book |last1=Noble |first1=Cecil Arthur M. |title=Modern German dialects |date=1983 |publisher=P. Lang |location=New York |isbn=9780820400259 |pages=103–104}}</ref>
***Dithmarsisch<ref name="Noble"/>
***Dithmarsisch<ref name="Noble"/>
***Schleswig[i]sch<ref name="Noble">Noble, Cecil A. M. (1983). Modern German dialects. New York [u.a.], Lang, p. 103-104</ref>
***Schleswig[i]sch<ref name="Noble"/>
***Holsteinisch<ref name="Noble"/>
***Holsteinisch<ref name="Noble"/>
****[[Hamburgisch]]
****[[Hamburgisch]]
Line 68: Line 71:
===Netherlands===
===Netherlands===
{{Main|Dutch Low Saxon}}
{{Main|Dutch Low Saxon}}
While [[Dutch language|Dutch]] is a [[Low Franconian languages|Low Franconian language]], the [[Dutch Low Saxon]] varieties, which the Dutch government considers to be [[Dutch dialects]], form a [[dialect continuum]] with the Westphalian language. They consist of:
While [[Dutch language|Dutch]] is a [[Low Franconian languages|Low Franconian language]], the [[Dutch Low Saxon]] varieties form a [[dialect continuum]] with [[Westphalian language|Westphalian]]. They consist of:
* West Low German, divided into:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bloemhoff |first1=Henk |title=Taaltelling Nedersaksisch: Een enquête naar het gebruik en de beheersing van het Nedersaksisch in Nederland |date=2005 |publisher=Sasland |location=Groningen |language=nl}}, p. 9: "Zoals gebruikelijk is, wordt de aanduiding Nedersaksisch hier gehanteerd als overkoepelende term voor het Gronings, Drents, Stellingwerfs, Sallands, West-Overijssels, Twents, Achterhoeks en Veluws."</ref>
*West Low German
**[[Westphalian language|Westphalian]]
** [[Gronings dialect|Gronings]]
⚫
** [[Drèents dialects|Drents]]
*** [[Stellingwarfs]] in southeastern [[Friesland]]
** [[Stellingwarfs dialect|Stellingwerfs]]
⚫
*** [[Midden-Drents]]
*** [[Zuud-Drèents]]
** [[Sallaans dialect|Sallands]]
** West-Overijssels
*** [[Tweants]] and Tweants-Groafschops in the [[Twente]] region of [[Overijssel]] and the adjacent [[Achterhoek]] region of [[Gelderland]]
** [[Tweants dialect|Twents]]
*** [[Veluws]] in the [[Veluwe]] region of Gelderland
*** [[Gelders-Overijssels]]
** [[Achterhooks|Achterhoeks]]
**** [[Achterhooks]]
** [[Veluws dialect|Veluws]]
**** [[Sallaans]] in the [[Salland]] region of western Overijssel
**** [[Urkers]] on the former island of [[Urk]] in [[Flevoland]]
**[[Northern Low Saxon]]
*** [[Westerkwartiers]], in western [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]]
*** [[Gronings]], in Groningen and northern [[Drenthe]], by its [[Frisian languages|Frisian]] substratum related to [[Friso-Saxon dialects]]


===Denmark===
===Denmark===
*West Low German
* West Low German
**[[Northern Low Saxon]]
** [[Northern Low Saxon]]
*** [[Schleswigsch dialect]] spoken in former [[South Jutland County]] (the northern part of the former [[Duchy of Schleswig]]) around [[Aabenraa]] (''Apenrade'')
*** [[Schleswigsch dialect]] spoken in former [[South Jutland County]] (the northern part of the former [[Duchy of Schleswig]]) around [[Aabenraa]] (''Apenrade'')

==Situation in the Netherlands==
⚫
A 2005 study found that there were approximately 1.8 million "daily speakers" of Low Saxon in the Netherlands. 53% spoke Low Saxon or Low Saxon and Dutch at home and 71% could speak it.<ref name="Bloemhoff">{{cite book |last1=Bloemhoff |first1=Henk |title=Taaltelling Nedersaksisch - Een enquête naar het gebruik en de beheersing van het Nedersaksisch in Nederland |date=2005 |publisher=Sasland |location=Groningen |language=nl}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2023}} According to another study the percentage of speakers among parents dropped from 34% in 1995 to 15% in 2011. The percentage of speakers among their children dropped from 8% to 2% in the same period.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://images.tresoar.nl/website/NTR12%20dialect1995-2011%20v2.pdf|title=Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van Fries, streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995-2011|last=Driessen|first=Geert|date=2012|website=Radboud University Nijmegen|language=nl|access-date=2017-04-29|trans-title=Development of the use of Frisian, regional languages and dialects from 1995 to 2011}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
Line 101: Line 102:
[[Category:German dialects]]
[[Category:German dialects]]
[[Category:Low German]]
[[Category:Low German]]
[[Category:Articles with citation needed in ref field]]

Latest revision as of 20:11, 5 April 2024

For other uses, see Low Saxon (disambiguation).
West Low German
Native toGermany, Netherlands, Southern Denmark
SpeakersNative: 300,000 (2016)[1]
L2: 2.2 million[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-2nds for Low German
ISO 639-3Variously:
nds – (partial)
wep – Westphalian
frs – Eastern Frisian
gos – Gronings
stl – Stellingwerfs
drt – Drents
twd – Twents
act – Achterhoeks
sdz – Sallands
vel – Veluws
Glottologwest2357
West Low German area in yellow.

Low Saxon (Dutch: Nedersaksisch), also known as West Low German (German: Westniederdeutsch[2]) are a group of Low German dialects spoken in parts of the Netherlands, northwestern Germany and southern Denmark (in North Schleswig by parts of the German-speaking minority). It is one of two dialect groups, the other being East Low German.

Extent[edit]

The language area comprises the North German states of Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia (the Westphalian part), Bremen, Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein and Saxony-Anhalt (the northwestern areas around Magdeburg) as well as the northeast of the Netherlands (i.e. Dutch Low Saxon, spoken in Groningen, Drenthe, Overijssel and northern Gelderland) and the Schleswigsch dialect spoken by the North Schleswig Germans in the southernmost part of Denmark.[3]

In the south the Benrath line and Uerdingen line isoglosses form the border with the area, where West Central German variants of High German are spoken.

List of dialects[edit]

Germany[edit]

Low Saxon language area in the Netherlands

Netherlands[edit]

Main article: Dutch Low Saxon

While Dutch is a Low Franconian language, the Dutch Low Saxon varieties form a dialect continuum with Westphalian. They consist of:

Denmark[edit]

Situation in the Netherlands[edit]

A 2005 study found that there were approximately 1.8 million "daily speakers" of Low Saxon in the Netherlands. 53% spoke Low Saxon or Low Saxon and Dutch at home and 71% could speak it.[6][page needed] According to another study the percentage of speakers among parents dropped from 34% in 1995 to 15% in 2011. The percentage of speakers among their children dropped from 8% to 2% in the same period.[7]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b (partial) at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
    Westphalian at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
    Eastern Frisian at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
    Gronings at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
    Stellingwerfs at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
    Drents at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
    (Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box)
  2. ^ Peter Wiesinger, Die Einteilung der deutschen Dialekte, in: Werner Besch, Ulrich Knoop, Wolfgang Putschke, Herbert Ernst Wiegand (eds.), Dialektologie. Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung. Zweiter Halbband (series: Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft (HSK), 1.2), 1983, p. 828
  3. ^ Sanders, Willy (1982). Sachsensprache, Hansesprache, Plattdeutsch : sprachgeschichtliche Grundzüge des Niederdeutschen [Language of the Saxons, the language of the Hanseatic League, Plattdeutsch: basics of the historical linugistics of Low German] (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 9783525012130.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Noble, Cecil Arthur M. (1983). Modern German dialects. New York: P. Lang. pp. 103–104. ISBN 9780820400259.
  5. ^ Bloemhoff, Henk (2005). Taaltelling Nedersaksisch: Een enquête naar het gebruik en de beheersing van het Nedersaksisch in Nederland (in Dutch). Groningen: Sasland., p. 9: "Zoals gebruikelijk is, wordt de aanduiding Nedersaksisch hier gehanteerd als overkoepelende term voor het Gronings, Drents, Stellingwerfs, Sallands, West-Overijssels, Twents, Achterhoeks en Veluws."
  6. ^ Bloemhoff, Henk (2005). Taaltelling Nedersaksisch - Een enquête naar het gebruik en de beheersing van het Nedersaksisch in Nederland (in Dutch). Groningen: Sasland.
  7. ^ Driessen, Geert (2012). "Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van Fries, streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995-2011" [Development of the use of Frisian, regional languages and dialects from 1995 to 2011] (PDF). Radboud University Nijmegen (in Dutch). Retrieved 2017-04-29.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Low_Saxon&oldid=1217433007"