Low Saxon: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Group of Low German dialects}} |
{{Short description|Group of Low German dialects}} |
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{{Other uses}} |
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{{Other uses|Low German (disambiguation)|Low Saxon (disambiguation){{!}}Low Saxon}} |
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{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}} |
{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}} |
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{{Infobox language |
{{Infobox language |
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|altname= |
|altname= |
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|states=[[Germany]], [[Netherlands]], [[Southern Denmark]] |
|states=[[Germany]], [[Netherlands]], [[Southern Denmark]] |
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|speakers= |
|speakers=Native: {{sigfig|301,000|2}} |
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|date=2016 |
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|ref=e25 |
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|speakers2=L2: {{sigfig|2.200000|2}} million<ref name=e25/> |
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|speakers_label=Speakers |
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|familycolor=Indo-European |
|familycolor=Indo-European |
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|fam2=[[Germanic languages|Germanic]] |
|fam2=[[Germanic languages|Germanic]] |
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|fam3=[[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] |
|fam3=[[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] |
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|fam4=[[North Sea Germanic |
|fam4=[[North Sea Germanic]] |
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|fam5=[[Low German]] |
|fam5=[[Low German]] |
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|ref={{citation needed|date=July 2013}} |
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|map=Nedersaksiese taalgebied.png |
|map=Nedersaksiese taalgebied.png |
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|mapcaption=West Low German area in yellow. |
|mapcaption=West Low German area in yellow. |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Low Saxon''' ({{lang-nl|Nedersaksisch}}), also known as '''West Low German''' ({{lang-de|Westniederdeutsch}}<ref>Peter Wiesinger, ''Die Einteilung der deutschen Dialekte'', in: Werner Besch, Ulrich Knoop, Wolfgang Putschke, Herbert Ernst Wiegand (eds.), ''Dialektologie. Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung. Zweiter Halbband'' (series: ''Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft'' (HSK), 1.2), 1983, p. 828</ref>) are a group of [[Low German]] dialects spoken in parts of the [[Netherlands]], northwestern [[Germany]] and southern [[Denmark]] (in North Schleswig by parts of the German-speaking minority). It is one of two dialect groups, the other being [[East Low German]]. |
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==Extent== |
==Extent== |
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The language area comprises the [[Northern Germany|North German]] states of [[Lower Saxony]], [[North Rhine-Westphalia]] (the [[Westphalia]]n part), [[Bremen]], [[Hamburg]], [[Schleswig-Holstein]] and [[Saxony-Anhalt]] (the northwestern areas around [[Magdeburg]]) as well as the northeast of |
The language area comprises the [[Northern Germany|North German]] states of [[Lower Saxony]], [[North Rhine-Westphalia]] (the [[Westphalia]]n part), [[Bremen]], [[Hamburg]], [[Schleswig-Holstein]] and [[Saxony-Anhalt]] (the northwestern areas around [[Magdeburg]]) as well as the northeast of the Netherlands (i.e. [[Dutch Low Saxon]], spoken in [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]], [[Drenthe]], [[Overijssel]] and northern [[Gelderland]]) and the [[Schleswigsch dialect]] spoken by the [[North Schleswig Germans]] in the southernmost part of Denmark.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sanders |first1=Willy |title=Sachsensprache, Hansesprache, Plattdeutsch : sprachgeschichtliche Grundzüge des Niederdeutschen |date=1982 |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |location=Göttingen |isbn=9783525012130 |language=de |trans-title=Language of the Saxons, the language of the Hanseatic League, Plattdeutsch: basics of the historical linugistics of Low German}}</ref> |
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In the south the [[Benrath line]] and [[Uerdingen line]] isoglosses form the border with the area, where [[West Central German]] variants of [[High German languages|High German]] are spoken. |
In the south the [[Benrath line]] and [[Uerdingen line]] isoglosses form the border with the area, where [[West Central German]] variants of [[High German languages|High German]] are spoken. |
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**[[Eastphalian language|Eastphalian]], spoken in southeastern Lower Saxony ([[Hanover]], [[Braunschweig]], [[Göttingen]]) and in the [[Magdeburg Börde]] region |
**[[Eastphalian language|Eastphalian]], spoken in southeastern Lower Saxony ([[Hanover]], [[Braunschweig]], [[Göttingen]]) and in the [[Magdeburg Börde]] region |
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**[[Northern Low Saxon]] |
**[[Northern Low Saxon]] |
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***[[East Frisian Low Saxon]] in [[East Frisia]]<ref name="Noble"/> |
***[[East Frisian Low Saxon]] in [[East Frisia]]<ref name="Noble">{{cite book |last1=Noble |first1=Cecil Arthur M. |title=Modern German dialects |date=1983 |publisher=P. Lang |location=New York |isbn=9780820400259 |pages=103–104}}</ref> |
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***Dithmarsisch<ref name="Noble"/> |
***Dithmarsisch<ref name="Noble"/> |
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***Schleswig[i]sch<ref name="Noble" |
***Schleswig[i]sch<ref name="Noble"/> |
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***Holsteinisch<ref name="Noble"/> |
***Holsteinisch<ref name="Noble"/> |
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****[[Hamburgisch]] |
****[[Hamburgisch]] |
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===Netherlands=== |
===Netherlands=== |
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{{Main|Dutch Low Saxon}} |
{{Main|Dutch Low Saxon}} |
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While [[Dutch language|Dutch]] is a [[Low Franconian languages|Low Franconian language]], the [[Dutch Low Saxon]] varieties |
While [[Dutch language|Dutch]] is a [[Low Franconian languages|Low Franconian language]], the [[Dutch Low Saxon]] varieties form a [[dialect continuum]] with [[Westphalian language|Westphalian]]. They consist of: |
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* West Low German, divided into:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bloemhoff |first1=Henk |title=Taaltelling Nedersaksisch: Een enquête naar het gebruik en de beheersing van het Nedersaksisch in Nederland |date=2005 |publisher=Sasland |location=Groningen |language=nl}}, p. 9: "Zoals gebruikelijk is, wordt de aanduiding Nedersaksisch hier gehanteerd als overkoepelende term voor het Gronings, Drents, Stellingwerfs, Sallands, West-Overijssels, Twents, Achterhoeks en Veluws."</ref> |
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*West Low German |
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**[[ |
** [[Gronings dialect|Gronings]] |
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** [[Stellingwarfs dialect|Stellingwerfs]] |
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** [[Sallaans dialect|Sallands]] |
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** West-Overijssels |
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*** [[Tweants]] and Tweants-Groafschops in the [[Twente]] region of [[Overijssel]] and the adjacent [[Achterhoek]] region of [[Gelderland]] |
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** [[Tweants dialect|Twents]] |
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*** [[Veluws]] in the [[Veluwe]] region of Gelderland |
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** [[Achterhooks|Achterhoeks]] |
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** [[Veluws dialect|Veluws]] |
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**** [[Sallaans]] in the [[Salland]] region of western Overijssel |
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**** [[Urkers]] on the former island of [[Urk]] in [[Flevoland]] |
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**[[Northern Low Saxon]] |
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*** [[Westerkwartiers]], in western [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]] |
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*** [[Gronings]], in Groningen and northern [[Drenthe]], by its [[Frisian languages|Frisian]] substratum related to [[Friso-Saxon dialects]] |
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===Denmark=== |
===Denmark=== |
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*West Low German |
* West Low German |
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**[[Northern Low Saxon]] |
** [[Northern Low Saxon]] |
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*** [[Schleswigsch dialect]] spoken in former [[South Jutland County]] (the northern part of the former [[Duchy of Schleswig]]) around [[Aabenraa]] (''Apenrade'') |
*** [[Schleswigsch dialect]] spoken in former [[South Jutland County]] (the northern part of the former [[Duchy of Schleswig]]) around [[Aabenraa]] (''Apenrade'') |
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==Situation in the Netherlands== |
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⚫ | A 2005 study found that there were approximately 1.8 million "daily speakers" of Low Saxon in the Netherlands. 53% spoke Low Saxon or Low Saxon and Dutch at home and 71% could speak it.<ref name="Bloemhoff">{{cite book |last1=Bloemhoff |first1=Henk |title=Taaltelling Nedersaksisch - Een enquête naar het gebruik en de beheersing van het Nedersaksisch in Nederland |date=2005 |publisher=Sasland |location=Groningen |language=nl}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2023}} According to another study the percentage of speakers among parents dropped from 34% in 1995 to 15% in 2011. The percentage of speakers among their children dropped from 8% to 2% in the same period.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://images.tresoar.nl/website/NTR12%20dialect1995-2011%20v2.pdf|title=Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van Fries, streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995-2011|last=Driessen|first=Geert|date=2012|website=Radboud University Nijmegen|language=nl|access-date=2017-04-29|trans-title=Development of the use of Frisian, regional languages and dialects from 1995 to 2011}}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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[[Category:German dialects]] |
[[Category:German dialects]] |
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[[Category:Low German]] |
[[Category:Low German]] |
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[[Category:Articles with citation needed in ref field]] |
Revision as of 20:11, 5 April 2024
This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2009) |
West Low German | |
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Native to | Germany, Netherlands, Southern Denmark |
Speakers | Native: 300,000 (2016)[1] L2: 2.2 million[1] |
Indo-European
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Language codes | |
ISO 639-2 | nds for Low German |
ISO 639-3 | Variously:nds – (partial)wep – Westphalianfrs – Eastern Frisiangos – Groningsstl – Stellingwerfsdrt – Drentstwd – Twentsact – Achterhoekssdz – Sallandsvel – Veluws |
Glottolog | west2357 |
West Low German area in yellow. |
Low Saxon (Dutch: Nedersaksisch), also known as West Low German (‹See Tfd›German: Westniederdeutsch[2]) are a group of Low German dialects spoken in parts of the Netherlands, northwestern Germany and southern Denmark (in North Schleswig by parts of the German-speaking minority). It is one of two dialect groups, the other being East Low German.
Extent
The language area comprises the North German states of Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia (the Westphalian part), Bremen, Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein and Saxony-Anhalt (the northwestern areas around Magdeburg) as well as the northeast of the Netherlands (i.e. Dutch Low Saxon, spoken in Groningen, Drenthe, Overijssel and northern Gelderland) and the Schleswigsch dialect spoken by the North Schleswig Germans in the southernmost part of Denmark.[3]
In the south the Benrath line and Uerdingen line isoglosses form the border with the area, where West Central German variants of High German are spoken.
List of dialects
Germany
- West Low German
- Westphalian, including the region around Münster and the Osnabrück region of Lower Saxony
- Eastphalian, spoken in southeastern Lower Saxony (Hanover, Braunschweig, Göttingen) and in the Magdeburg Börde region
- Northern Low Saxon
- East Frisian Low Saxon in East Frisia[4]
- Dithmarsisch[4]
- Schleswig[i]sch[4]
- Holsteinisch[4]
- Nordhannoversch[4]
- Emsländisch[4]
- Oldenburgisch in the Oldenburg region[4]
Netherlands
While Dutch is a Low Franconian language, the Dutch Low Saxon varieties form a dialect continuum with Westphalian. They consist of:
- West Low German, divided into:[5]
- Gronings
- Drents
- Stellingwerfs
- Sallands
- West-Overijssels
- Twents
- Achterhoeks
- Veluws
Denmark
- West Low German
- Northern Low Saxon
- Schleswigsch dialect spoken in former South Jutland County (the northern part of the former Duchy of Schleswig) around Aabenraa (Apenrade)
- Northern Low Saxon
Situation in the Netherlands
A 2005 study found that there were approximately 1.8 million "daily speakers" of Low Saxon in the Netherlands. 53% spoke Low Saxon or Low Saxon and Dutch at home and 71% could speak it.[6][page needed] According to another study the percentage of speakers among parents dropped from 34% in 1995 to 15% in 2011. The percentage of speakers among their children dropped from 8% to 2% in the same period.[7]
References
- ^ a b (partial) at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Westphalian at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Eastern Frisian at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Gronings at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Stellingwerfs at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Drents at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
(Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box) - ^ Peter Wiesinger, Die Einteilung der deutschen Dialekte, in: Werner Besch, Ulrich Knoop, Wolfgang Putschke, Herbert Ernst Wiegand (eds.), Dialektologie. Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung. Zweiter Halbband (series: Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft (HSK), 1.2), 1983, p. 828
- ^ Sanders, Willy (1982). Sachsensprache, Hansesprache, Plattdeutsch : sprachgeschichtliche Grundzüge des Niederdeutschen [Language of the Saxons, the language of the Hanseatic League, Plattdeutsch: basics of the historical linugistics of Low German] (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 9783525012130.
- ^ a b c d e f g Noble, Cecil Arthur M. (1983). Modern German dialects. New York: P. Lang. pp. 103–104. ISBN 9780820400259.
- ^ Bloemhoff, Henk (2005). Taaltelling Nedersaksisch: Een enquête naar het gebruik en de beheersing van het Nedersaksisch in Nederland (in Dutch). Groningen: Sasland., p. 9: "Zoals gebruikelijk is, wordt de aanduiding Nedersaksisch hier gehanteerd als overkoepelende term voor het Gronings, Drents, Stellingwerfs, Sallands, West-Overijssels, Twents, Achterhoeks en Veluws."
- ^ Bloemhoff, Henk (2005). Taaltelling Nedersaksisch - Een enquête naar het gebruik en de beheersing van het Nedersaksisch in Nederland (in Dutch). Groningen: Sasland.
- ^ Driessen, Geert (2012). "Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van Fries, streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995-2011" [Development of the use of Frisian, regional languages and dialects from 1995 to 2011] (PDF). Radboud University Nijmegen (in Dutch). Retrieved 2017-04-29.