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Censorship by TikTok

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Censorship on TikTok affects material published by people on the Chinese social media platform TikTok. There is evidence that TikTok has down-weighted the posts of political dissidents, LGBT people, disabled people, and certain African-American hashtags. Explanations for this vary, ranging from attempting to protect users from bullying[1] to algorithmic mistakes.[2]

Political censorship

Further information: Internet censorship in China, Overseas censorship of Chinese issues, and Uyghur genocide

In January 2019, the Chinese government said that it would start to hold app developers like ByteDance responsible for user content shared via apps such as Douyin (the name of TikTok in China),[3] and listed 100 types of content that it would censor.[4] It was reported that certain content considered unfavorable to the Chinese Communist Party was already limited for users outside of China, such as content related to the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests or Tibetan independence.[5] TikTok has blocked videos about human rights in China, particularly those that reference Xinjiang internment camps and the Uyghur genocide, and disabled the accounts of users who post them.[6][7][8][9] A 2019 article by The Washington Post reported allegations from former U.S. employees that TikTok had received commands to remove content that Beijing-based teams had deemed subversive or controversial, although ByteDance claimed that no moderators for the U.S. service had been based in China.[10] On 27 November 2019, TikTok temporarily suspended the account of 17-year-old Afghan-American user Feroza Aziz after she posted a video (disguised as a makeup tutorial) which drew attention to the aforementioned Xinjiang internment camps.[11] TikTok later apologized and claimed that her account, which they soon reinstated, had been suspended as a result of "human error".[12] In July 2020, TikTok suspended the account of another user whose viral video called attention to the same issue.[9]

TikTok's policies ban content related to a specific list of foreign leaders such as Vladimir Putin, Donald Trump, Barack Obama, and Mahatma Gandhi because it can stir controversy and attacks on political views.[13] Its policies also ban content critical of Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and content considered to be supporting Kurdish nationalism.[14] TikTok was reported to have censored users who were supportive of the Citizenship Amendment Act protests in India and those who promote peace between Hindus and Muslims.[15]

In March 2020, internal documents leaked to The Intercept revealed that moderators had been instructed to suppress posts created by users deemed "too ugly, poor, or disabled" for the platform and to censor political speech in livestreams, banning those who harmed "national honor" or who broadcast streams about "state organs such as police".[16][17][18] In response to censorship concerns, TikTok's parent company hired K&L Gates, including former U.S. Congressmen Bart Gordon and Jeff Denham, to advise it on its content moderation policies.[19][20] TikTok also hired the lobbying firm Monument Advocacy.[21]

In June 2020, The Wall Street Journal reported that some previously non-political TikTok users were airing pro-Beijing views for the explicit purpose of boosting subscribers and avoiding shadow bans.[22] Later that month, The Times of India reported that TikTok was shadow banning videos related to the Sino-Indian border dispute and the China–India skirmishes.[23] In July, the company announced that it was pulling out of Hong Kong in response to the Hong Kong national security law.[24]

In November 2020, a former TikTok executive told a British parliamentary committee that TikTok censored content critical of China, particularly content related to the Uyghur genocide.[25]

In January 2021, TikTok banned Trump-related content deemed to be inciting violence.[26] On 3 February, it received praise from Russian officials due to its co-operation with them in the removal of "forbidden" content, mostly related to protests in Russia. In particular, as media censorship agency Roskomnadzor official Evgeniy Zaitsev stated, "We need to highlight TikTok among other social media platforms because it has office in Russia and actively cooperated with us, which cannot be said about others."[27] Also, the State Duma deputy Alexander Khinshtein said that TikTok's new "anti-fake news" policies go well with the ideology of Russian content censorship law and "should be considered a very positive signal".[28]

In January 2022, a highly popular video showing the 2015 Tianjin explosions was removed.[29] In February 2022, German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung reported that automatic subtitles in videos containing terms such as "reeducation camp," "internment camp," or "labor camp" were replaced with asterisks.[30]

lots and many of uncensored Videos give users the option to designate their get content as 18+/18+ only in order to warm others of inappropriate nature.

In response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, TikTok banned new Russian posts and livestreams.[31][32][33] However a study by Tracking Exposed found out that TikTok had blocked all non-Russian content, but has continued to host old videos uploaded by Russia-based accounts and permitted Russian state media to continue posting, described as establishing a “splinternet” within a global social media platform.[34] TikTok's vague censorship has permitted pro-Kremlin news but blocked foreign accounts and critics of the war, as a result "Russians are left with a frozen TikTok, dominated by pro-war content".[35][36]

Minority groups

Overview

According to technology historian Mar Hicks, creators on TikTok feel that they have to be overly cautious about what they post "because the rules change at any given moment [and] there's no transparency".[37] Hicks said that the sudden disappearance of tags, intentional or not, has "incredibly problematic effects and negative effects on communities that are already marginalized and erased".[37] The muddiness around content removal and moderation on TikTok is an ongoing frustration for the app's users.[37] TikTok has community guidelines, but there is no public list of specific words and phrases that are banned, and it is not clear how much moderation is done algorithmically versus by actual people.[37] In instances of protesting against acts of racism and racism as a whole, users have felt that there was a change in the popularity of their content, such as their content not showing up as frequently or even at all.[38]

LGBTI and disabled people

In 2019, The Guardian reported that TikTok's efforts to provide locally-sensitive moderation had resulted in the removal of content that could be perceived as being positive towards LGBTI people or LGBTI rights (such as same-sex couples holding hands) in countries such as Turkey.[14]

In December 2019, TikTok admitted that it aimed to "reduce bullying" in the comments of videos by artificially reducing the viral potential of videos its algorithm identified as being made by LGBTI people.[1] That same month, the German website Netzpolitik.org reported that TikTok also artificially reduced the viral potential of videos its algorithm identified as being made by "fat people [and] people with facial disfigurement, autism, Down syndrome, [or] disabled people or people with some facial problems". Those affected may not have their video shown outside of their native country or have it show up on the "For You" page, TikTok's personalized algorithmic homepage feed.[1] According to The Verge, some lesbians on TikTok refer to themselves jokingly as "le dolla bean", referring to the spelling of "le$bian" used to avoid TikTok removing the video. Hicks told The Verge that "it became this whole joke, because things that have the word 'lesbian' in them were either getting flagged for deletion or causing the users' accounts to get in trouble".[39]

In 2020, TikTok was accused of censoring transgender users following reports of transgender users having videos being removed or muted. The BBC reported that the LGBT charity Stonewall stated that such actions had "sent a damaging message to young trans people using the platform for support". TikTok issued a statement claiming that they "categorically do not remove any content on the basis of expression of gender identity".[40]

In September 2020, the Australian Strategic Policy Institute reported that certain LGBT hashtags has been restricted in Bosnia, Russia, and Jordan. TikTok admitted restricting hashtags in certain countries, citing local laws for some hashtag restrictions and other hashtags due to being primarily used for pornographic use. TikTok also claimed that some hashtags had been moderated by mistake and the issue subsequently fixed, and that some of the hashtags alleged to have been censored had never been used by video creators.[41]

In May 2021, American intersex activist Pidgeon Pagonis reported that the "intersex" hashtag had become unavailable on TikTok for the second time. TikTok told The Verge that the tag had been removed by mistake and was subsequently restored in both instances, which led to public speculation about whether the hashtag was censored.[37]

Black people

Fist closed in black going up.
TikTok users were encouraged to change their profile picture to the symbol of the black power fist in solidarity with African-American creators on TikTok

On May 7, 2020, in honor of the upcoming birthday of Malcolm X on May 19, TikTok user Lex Scott encouraged viewers to protest TikTok's suppression of African-American creators by changing their profile pictures to the black power fist symbol, following black creators, and unfollowing creators who did not support the initiative. This was termed the #ImBlackMovement. Thousands of TikTok users followed suit, and the hashtag #BlackVoicesHeard reached over 6 million views by the morning of May 19.[42]

After the murder of George Floyd sparked racial unrest in the United States and protests around the world on May 25, 2020, TikTok creators claimed that TikTok was deliberately suppressing videos that used the hashtags #BlackLivesMatter and #GeorgeFloyd, with these videos appearing to receive no views. TikTok released a statement apologizing for this, claiming that a technical glitch had caused the display error and that the hashtags had actually received over 2 billion views.[2] Hicks argued that LGBT people and people of color have found that the guidelines are enforced "wildly differently", meaning their content will be suppressed or removed for supposed violations and that reports of harassment from other users are not acted upon: "Not only is it hurting their ability to speak and be seen on the app, but it's also allowing them to get attacked and have hate speech thrown their way."[37]

References

  1. ^ a b c "TikTok owns up to censoring some users' videos to stop bullying". The Guardian. 2019-12-03. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
  2. ^ a b Molina, Brett. "TikTok apologizes after claims it blocked #BlackLivesMatter, George Floyd posts". USA Today. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
  3. ^ "Chinese government to start blaming social apps for what their users' post". Metro. 14 January 2019. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  4. ^ Davis, Rebecca (18 January 2019). "Farewell to Concubines: China Tightens Restrictions on Short-Form Videos". Variety. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  5. ^ Harwell, Drew; Romm, Tony (15 September 2019). "TikTok's Beijing roots fuel censorship suspicion as it builds a huge U.S. audience". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 16 September 1994. Retrieved 15 September 2019. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 16 September 2019 suggested (help)
  6. ^ Cockerell, Isobel (25 September 2014). "TikTok – Yes, TikTok – Is the Latest Window Into China's Police State". Wired. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  7. ^ Chan, Holmes; Grundy, Tom (27 November 2019). "'Suspension won't silence me': Teen speaks out after embedding message about Xinjiang Uyghurs in TikTok make-up vid". Hong Kong Free Press. Archived from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
  8. ^ Handley, Erin (28 November 2019). "TikTok parent company complicit in censorship and Xinjiang police propaganda: report". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  9. ^ a b Lipes, Joshua (28 July 2020). "'You Would Want Somebody to Speak up For You': TikToker Who Posted Viral Video on Uyghurs". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  10. ^ Harwell, Drew; Romm, Tony (5 November 2019). "Inside TikTok: A culture clash where U.S. views about censorship often were overridden by the Chinese bosses". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  11. ^ Lee, David; Tannahill, Jordan (28 November 2019). "TikTok apologises and reinstates banned teen". BBC News. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  12. ^ "TikTok Denies Censoring A Teen Who Criticized China's Concentration Camps – They Said They Banned Her After A Joke About Osama Bin Laden Thirst". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  13. ^ Hern, Alex (25 September 2019). "Revealed: how TikTok censors videos that do not please Beijing". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  14. ^ a b Hern, Alex (26 September 2019). "TikTok's local moderation guidelines ban pro-LGBT content". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  15. ^ Christopher, Nilesh (31 January 2020). "Censorship claims emerge as TikTok gets political in India". BBC News. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  16. ^ Biddle, Sam; Ribeiro, Paulo Victor; Dias, Tatiana (16 March 2020). "Invisible Censorship – TikTok Told Moderators to Suppress Posts by "Ugly" People and the Poor to Attract New Users". The Intercept. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  17. ^ Hern, Alex (17 March 2020). "TikTok 'tried to filter out videos from ugly, poor or disabled users'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  18. ^ Dodds, Laurence (12 July 2020). "Inside TikTok's dystopian Chinese censorship machine". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  19. ^ Li, Jane (16 October 2019). "TikTok wants to prove it's not a new front in China's information war". Quartz. Archived from the original on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
  20. ^ Lee, Cyrus (16 October 2019). "TikTok hires legal experts for content moderation amid censorship concerns". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 19 October 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
  21. ^ Brody, Ben; Wilson, Megan (12 November 2019). "TikTok Revamps Lobbying as Washington Targets Chinese Ownership". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  22. ^ Xiao, Eva (17 June 2020). "TikTok Users Gush About China, Hoping to Boost Views". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
  23. ^ Banerjee, Chandrima (6 June 2020). "Does TikTok censor content that's critical of China?". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  24. ^ Byford, Sam (7 July 2020). "TikTok pulls out of Hong Kong due to new security law". The Verge. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020.
  25. ^ Shead, Sam (2020-11-05). "TikTok invites UK lawmakers to review algorithm after being probed on China censorship concerns". CNBC. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  26. ^ "TikTok banned Trump before Trump could ban TikTok". Fortune. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  27. ^ "В Роскомнадзоре похвалили TikTok за удаление постов с призывами к протестам" [Roskomnadzor praised the TikTok for deletion of posts with calls for protest activity]. Interfax.ru (in Russian). 3 February 2021. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  28. ^ "Хинштейн: функция для борьбы с фейками в TikTok вписывается в идеологию принятого в РФ закона" [Khinstein: function to block fake content in TikTok fits well into ideology of recently adopted law in Russia]. Парламентская газета (in Russian). 3 February 2021. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  29. ^ "Google Image Result for https://www.tiktok.com/api/img/?itemId=7045143864788880687&location=0&aid=1988". www.google.com. Retrieved 2022-01-09. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
  30. ^ Küchemann, Fridtjof. "Zensur bei Tiktok?: Sternchen bei Wörtern wie „Internierungslager"". FAZ.NET (in German). ISSN 0174-4909. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
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  34. ^ [1]
  35. ^ [2]
  36. ^ [3]
  37. ^ a b c d e f Sanchez, Kait (2021-06-04). "TikTok says the repeat removal of the intersex hashtag was a mistake". The Verge. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
  38. ^ Ryan, Fergus; Fritz, Audrey; Impiombato, Daria (2020). "TikTok censorship". Tiktok and Wechat: 04–24.
  39. ^ Sanchez, Kait (2021-06-04). "TikTok says the repeat removal of the intersex hashtag was a mistake". The Verge. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
  40. ^ Criddle, Cristina (12 February 2020). "Transgender users accuse TikTok of censorship". BBC News. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  41. ^ "TikTok admits restricting some LGBT hashtags". BBC News. 2020-09-10. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
  42. ^ Elassar, Alaa. "TikTokers stand in solidarity with black creators to protest censorship". CNN. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
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