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Coordinates: 28°35′46″N 83°49′13″E / 28.59611°N 83.82028°E / 28.59611; 83.82028
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{{Short description|Eight-thousander and 10th-highest mountain on Earth, located in Nepal}}
{{redirect|Annapurna}}
{{About|the individual mountain |the mountain range|Annapurna (mountain range)|other uses|6=the Hindu goddess|7=Annapurna (goddess)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox mountain
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Annapūrna
| name = Annapurna
| photo = South Face of Annapūrna I (Main).jpg
| photo = South Face of Annapurna I (Main).jpg
| photo_caption = South Face of Annapūrna I (Main)
| photo_caption = South face of Annapurna I (Main)
| elevation_m = 8091
| elevation_m = 8091
| elevation_ref = <br />{{small|[[List of highest mountains on Earth|Ranked 10th]]}}
| parent_peak = [[Cho Oyu]]
| parent_peak = [[Cho Oyu]]
| elevation_ref = <br /><small>[[List of highest mountains|Ranked 10th]]</small>
| prominence_m = 2984
| prominence_m = 2984
| prominence_ref = <ref>{{cite peakbagger|pid=10621|title=Annapurna|accessdate=2009-01-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| prominence_ref = <ref name=peakbagger>{{cite peakbagger|pid=10621|title=Annapurna|access-date=12 January 2009}}</ref><ref name=peaklist>{{cite web
|url=http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/everest.html |title=Nepal/Sikkim/Bhutan Ultra-Prominences|publisher=peaklist.org |accessdate=2009-01-12| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081225145550/http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/everest.html| archivedate= 25 December 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><br /><small>[[List of peaks by prominence|Ranked 100th]]</small>
|url=http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/everest.html |title=Nepal/Sikkim/Bhutan Ultra-Prominences|publisher=peaklist.org |access-date=12 January 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081225145550/http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/everest.html| archive-date= 25 December 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref><br /><small>[[List of peaks by prominence|Ranked 94th]]</small>
| listing = [[Eight-thousander]]<br />[[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]]
| listing = [[Eight-thousander]]<br />[[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]]
| location = [[Gandaki Zone]], [[Nepal]]
| location = [[Gandaki Province]], [[Nepal]]
| range = [[Himalayas]]
| range = [[Annapurna (mountain range)|Annapurna]]
| map = Nepal
| map = Nepal
| map_caption = Nepal
| range_coordinates =
| label_position = right
| map_caption = Nepal
| coordinates = {{coord|28|35|46|N|83|49|13|E|type:mountain_region:NP_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| label_position = right
| coordinates_ref =
| coordinates = {{coord|28|35|46|N|83|49|13|E|type:mountain_region:NP_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| first_ascent = 3 June 1950<br />[[Maurice Herzog]] and [[Louis Lachenal]]<br />(First winter ascent 3 February 1987 [[Jerzy Kukuczka]] and [[Artur Hajzer]])<ref>{{cite journal | title = Asia, Nepal, Annapurna Winter Ascent: Kukuczka's 13th 8000er, 1987 | journal =American Alpine Journal| date=1987| issn= 0065-6925 | first =Elizabeth | last = Hawley | isbn= 978-0930410292 | volume =#29 | issue =61| pages=251 | access-date = 25 May 2024 |url = http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12198725102/Asia-Nepal-Annapurna-Winter-Ascent-Kukuczkas-13th-8000er-1987 }}</ref>
| coordinates_ref =
| easiest_route = northwest face
| first_ascent = 3 June 1950<br />[[Maurice Herzog]] and [[Louis Lachenal]]<br />(First winter ascent 3 February 1987 [[Jerzy Kukuczka]] and [[Artur Hajzer]])
| easiest_route = northwest face
}}
}}
'''Annapurna''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|n|ə|ˈ|p|ʊər|n|ə|,|_|-|ˈ|p|ɜːr|-|}};<ref>{{Dictionary.com|Annapurna|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Annapurna |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415172854/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Annapurna |url-status=dead |archive-date=2021-04-15 |title=Annapurna |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{lang-ne|अन्नपूर्ण}}) is a [[mountain]] situated in the [[Annapurna (mountain range)|Annapurna mountain range]] of [[Gandaki Province]], north-central [[Nepal]]. It is the [[List of highest mountains on Earth|10th highest mountain]] in the world at {{convert|8091|m|ft}} above sea level and is well known for the difficulty and danger involved in its ascent.
'''Annapūrna''' ([[Sanskrit]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Newar language|Newar]]: अन्नपूर्णा) is a [[massif]] in the [[Himalayas]] in north-central [[Nepal]] that includes one peak over {{convert|8000|m|ft}}, thirteen peaks over {{convert|7000|m|ft}}, and sixteen more over {{convert|6000|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=H. Adams Carter| title=Classification of the Himalaya|journal=American Alpine Journal|volume=27|issue=59|pages=127–9|year=1985|url=http://c498469.r69.cf2.rackcdn.com/1985/109_carter_himalaya_aaj1985.pdf|accessdate=2011-05-01}}</ref> The massif is {{convert|55|km|mi}} long, and is bounded by the [[Kali Gandaki Gorge]] on the west, the [[Marshyangdi|Marshyangdi River]] on the north and east, and by [[Pokhara Valley]] on the south. At the western end the massif encloses a high basin called the [[Annapūrna Sanctuary]]. '''Annapūrna I Main''' is the [[List of highest mountains#List|tenth highest mountain]] in the world at {{convert|8091|m|ft}} above sea level, and was the first of the [[Eight-thousander|Eight-thousanders]] to be climbed.


The entire massif and surrounding area are protected within the {{convert|7629|km2|mi2}} [[Annapūrna Conservation Area]], the first and largest conservation area in Nepal. The Annapūrna Conservation Area is home to several world-class [[Backpacking (wilderness)|treks]], including [[Annapūrna Sanctuary]] and [[Annapūrna Circuit]].
[[Maurice Herzog]] led a [[1950 French Annapurna expedition|French expedition to its summit]] through the north face in 1950, making it the first [[eight-thousander]] to be successfully climbed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/8000MeterPeaks|title=The Eight-Thousanders|date=17 December 2013 }}</ref> The entire massif and surrounding area are protected within the {{convert|7629|km2|mi2|adj=on}} [[Annapurna Conservation Area]], the first and largest conservation area in Nepal. The Annapurna Conservation Area is home to several world-class [[Backpacking (wilderness)|treks]], including [[Annapurna Sanctuary]] and [[Annapurna Circuit]].


Historically, the Annapūrna peaks are among the world's most dangerous mountains to climb, although in more recent history, using only figures from 1990 and after, [[Kangchenjunga]] has a higher fatality rate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.8000ers.com/cms/download.html?func=startdown&id=184 |title=Complete ascent — fatalities statistics of all 14 main 8000ers |publisher=8000ers.com |date=June 19, 2008 |accessdate=2013-05-30}}</ref> By March 2012, there had been 191 summit ascents of Annapūrna I Main, and 61 climbing fatalities on the mountain.<ref name="econdailychart"/> This fatality-to-summit ratio (32%) is the highest of any of the [[eight-thousander]]s. In particular, the ascent via the south face is considered, by some, the most difficult of all climbs. In October 2014, at least 43 people were killed as a result of snowstorms and avalanches on and around Annapurna, in Nepal's worst ever trekking disaster.<ref name=BBC29672358/>
For decades, Annapurna I held the highest fatality-to-summit rate of all principal eight-thousander summits; it has, however, seen great climbing successes in recent years, with the fatality rate falling from 32% to under 20% from 2012 to 2022. This figure places it just under the most recent fatality rate estimates for [[K2]], at about 24%. The mountain still poses grave threats to climbers through avalanche danger, unpredictable weather and the extremely steep and committing nature of its climbing routes, in particular its {{convert|3000|m|ft|adj=on}} south face, renowned as one of the most difficult climbs in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.8000ers.com/cms/download.html?func=startdown&id=184 |title=Complete ascent — fatalities statistics of all 14 main 8000ers |publisher=8000ers.com |date=19 June 2008 |access-date=30 May 2013}}</ref> It is also a dangerous peak for trekkers, as in the case of [[2014 Nepal snowstorm disaster|a 2014 snowstorm]] near it and [[Dhaulagiri]] which claimed at least 43 lives. As of 2022, 365 people had reached the summit of Annapurna I, while 72 had died in the attempt.


==Etymology==
''Annapūrna'' is a female Sanskrit name that literally means "(She who is) Replete with food", but is normally translated as ''Goddess of the Harvests''. According to [[Devdutt Pattanaik]], ''[[Annapoorna devi]]'' is "...&nbsp;the universal and timeless mother who feeds (the body and the spirit). Without her there is starvation, a universal fear: This makes Annapūrna a universal goddess&nbsp;... Her most popular shrine is located in [[Varanasi]], on the banks of the [[Ganges|Ganges River]]." Her association with the giving of food (wealth) led her in time to be transformed into [[Lakshmi]], the Goddess of Wealth.<ref>Pattanaik (2009), pp. 25, 27.</ref>
The mountain is named after [[Annapurna (goddess)|Annapurna]], the Hindu goddess of food and nourishment, who is said to reside there. The name Annapurna is derived from the [[Sanskrit]]-language words ''purna'' ("filled") and ''anna'' ("food"), and can be translated as "everlasting food".<ref name="Loar2011">{{cite book|author=Julie Loar|title=Goddesses for Every Day: Exploring the Wisdom and Power of the Divine Feminine Around the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gVOGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA287|year=2011|publisher=New World Library|isbn=978-1-57731-950-4|pages=287–}}</ref> Many streams descending from the slopes of the Annapurna Massif provide water for the agricultural fields and pastures located at lower elevations.<ref name="Frankel2003">{{cite book|author=Edith Rogovin Frankel|title=Walking in the Mountains: A Woman's Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5iskAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|date=15 September 2003|publisher=Derrydale Press|isbn=978-1-4617-0829-2|pages=9–}}</ref>

==Geography==
The Annapūrna massif contains six [[Topographic prominence|prominent]] peaks over {{convert|7200|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}} elevation:
{| border=0
|-
|Annapūrna I (Main) ||8,091 m ||(26,545&nbsp;ft) <small>[[List of highest mountains|Ranked 10th]]; [[Topographic prominence|Prominence]]=2,984 m</small> ||{{Coord|28.595|N|83.819|E|type:mountain_region:NP|name=Annapūrna I}}
|-
|[[Annapūrna II]] ||7,937 m ||(26,040&nbsp;ft) <small>[[List of highest mountains|Ranked 16th]]; [[Topographic prominence|Prominence]]=2,437 m</small> ||{{Coord|28.539|N|84.137|E|type:mountain_region:NP|name=Annapūrna II}}
|-
|[[Annapūrna III]] ||7,555 m ||(24,786&nbsp;ft) <small>[[List of highest mountains|Ranked 42nd]]; [[Topographic prominence|Prominence]]=703 m</small> ||{{Coord|28.585|N|84.000|E|type:mountain_region:NP|name=Annapūrna III}}
|-
|[[Annapūrna IV]] ||7,525 m ||(24,688&nbsp;ft) ||{{Coord|28.539|N|84.087|E|type:mountain_region:NP|name=Annapūrna IV}}
|-
|Gangapūrna ||7,455 m ||(24,457&nbsp;ft) <small>[[List of highest mountains|Ranked 59th]]; [[Topographic prominence|Prominence]]=563 m</small> ||{{Coord|28.606|N|83.965|E|type:mountain_region:NP|name=Gangapūrna}}
|-
|[[Annapūrna South]]||7,219 m ||(23,684&nbsp;ft) <small>[[List of highest mountains|Ranked 101st]]; [[Topographic prominence|Prominence]]=775 m</small> ||{{Coord|28.518|N|83.806|E|type:mountain_region:NP|name=Annapūrna South}}
|}

Less [[Topographic prominence|prominent]] and other peaks in the Annapūrna Himal include:
* [[Annapūrna I Central]] {{convert|8051|m|0|abbr=on}}
* [[Annapūrna I East]] {{convert|8010|m|0|abbr=on}}
* Annapūrna Fang {{convert|7647|m|0|abbr=on}}
* Khangsar Kang {{convert|7485|m|0|abbr=on}}
* Tarke Kang {{convert|7202|m|0|abbr=on}}
* Lachenal Peak {{convert|7140|m|0|abbr=on}}
* [[Tilicho Peak]] {{convert|7135|m|0|abbr=on}}
* [[Nilgiri Himal]] North {{convert|7061|m|0|abbr=on}}, Central {{convert|6940|m|0|abbr=on}} and South {{convert|6839|m|0|abbr=on}}
* [[Mount Machhapuchchhre|Machhapuchchhre]] {{convert|6993|m|0|abbr=on}}
* [[Hiunchuli]] {{convert|6441|m|0|abbr=on}}
* Gandharba Chuli {{convert|6248|m|0|abbr=on}}

{{wide image|Chaine-annapūrna.jpg|900px|The Annapūrna Himal from the northeast. Left to right: [[Annapūrna II]] and [[Annapūrna IV|IV]] (close together); a major [[col]]; [[Annapūrna III]] and Gangapūrna; Annapūrna I.}}


==Climbing expeditions==
==Climbing expeditions==
[[File:Annapūrna Massif Aerial View.jpg|250px|thumb|The Annapūrna massif, view from aircraft]]
[[File:Annapurna Massif Aerial View.jpg|250px|thumb|The Annapurna massif, view from aircraft]]
[[File:Annapūrna I during sunrise.jpg|thumb|250px|The south face of Annapūrna I]]
[[File:Annapurna I during sunrise.jpg|thumb|250px|The south face of Annapurna I]]
{{See also|1950 French Annapurna expedition|1970 British Annapurna South Face expedition}}
[[File:Reflection of Annapūrna I.jpg|thumb|250px|Reflection of Annapūrna Dakshin (South) Mountain in fresh water]]
Annapurna I was the first {{convert|8000|m|ft|-2|adj=on}} peak to be climbed.<ref name="econdailychart">{{cite news| url= https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/05/daily-chart-18 | title=Stairway to heaven| date=29 May 2013|newspaper= The Economist| access-date=30 May 2013 }}</ref> [[Maurice Herzog]] and [[Louis Lachenal]], of the [[1950 French Annapurna expedition|French Annapurna expedition]] led by Herzog (including [[Lionel Terray]], [[Gaston Rébuffat]], [[Marcel Ichac]], [[Jean Couzy]], Marcel Schatz, Jacques Oudot, Francis de Noyelle), reached the summit on 3 June 1950.<ref>Herzog, 1953, p. 257.</ref> Ichac made a documentary of the expedition, called ''Victoire sur l'Annapurna''. Its summit was the [[World altitude record (mountaineering)|highest summit attained]] till that time, but not the highest climb; higher non-summit points – at least {{convert|8500|m|ft|-2}} – had already been attained on [[Mount Everest]] in the 1920s.


The [[1970 British Annapurna South Face expedition|south face of Annapurna was first climbed in 1970]] by [[Don Whillans]] and [[Dougal Haston]] also without using supplementary oxygen, members of a [[United Kingdom|British]] expedition led by [[Chris Bonington]] that included [[Ian Clough]], who was killed by a falling [[serac]] during the descent. They were, however, beaten to the second ascent of Annapurna by a matter of days by a [[British Army]] expedition led by Colonel [[Henry Day (British Army officer)|Henry Day]].
=== {{anchor|Annapūrna I}}Annapūrna I ===
{{main|1950 French Annapurna expedition}}
Annapūrna I was the first {{convert|8000|m|ft|-2|sing=on}} peak to be climbed.<ref name="econdailychart">{{cite news| url= https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/05/daily-chart-18 | title= Stairway to heaven| date=May 29, 2013|publisher= The Economist| accessdate=2013-05-30 }}</ref> [[Maurice Herzog]] and [[Louis Lachenal]], of the [[1950 French Annapūrna expedition|French Annapūrna expedition]] led by Herzog (including [[Lionel Terray]], [[Gaston Rébuffat]], [[Marcel Ichac]], [[Jean Couzy]], Marcel Schatz, Jacques Oudot, Francis de Noyelle), reached the summit on 3 June 1950.<ref>Herzog, 1953, p. 257.</ref> Ichac made a documentary of the expedition, called ''Victoire sur l'Annapūrna''. Its summit was the [[World altitude record (mountaineering)|highest summit attained]] for three years, until the first successful ascent of [[Mount Everest]] (although higher non-summit points - at least {{convert|8500|m |ft|-2}} - had already been attained on Everest in the 1920s). However, there is an argument that the 1920s attempt of Everest was successful, and if this is true, the 1950 Annapūrna ascent would not have been the first time people had summited an [[eight-thousander]].


In 1978, the [[American Women's Himalayan Expedition]], a team led by [[Arlene Blum]], became the first [[United States]] team to climb Annapurna I. The first summit team, composed of [[Vera Komarkova]] and Irene Miller, and [[Sherpa people|Sherpa]]s Mingma Tsering and Chewang Ringjing, reached the top at 3:30 pm on 15 October 1978. The second summit team, [[Alison Chadwick-Onyszkiewicz]] and [[Vera Watson]], died during this climb.<ref>Blum, 1980.</ref>
The south face of Annapūrna was first climbed in 1970 by [[Don Whillans]] and [[Dougal Haston]] using supplementary oxygen, members of a [[United Kingdom|British]] expedition led by [[Chris Bonington]] that included the [[mountaineering|alpinist]] [[Ian Clough (mountaineer)|Ian Clough]], who was killed by a falling [[serac]] during the descent. They were, however, beaten to the second ascent of Annapūrna by a matter of days by a [[British Army]] expedition led by Colonel [[Henry Day (colonel)|Henry Day]].


In 1981 Polish expedition Zakopane Alpine Club set a new route on Annapurna I Central (8051 m). [[Maciej Berbeka]] and Bogusław Probulski reached the summit on 23 May 1981. The route called Zakopiańczyków Way was recognized as the best achievement of the Himalayan season in 1981.
In 1978, the [[American Women's Himalayan Expedition]], a team led by [[Arlene Blum]], became the first [[United States]] team to climb Annapūrna I. The first summit team, composed of [[Vera Komarkova]] and Irene Miller, and [[Sherpa people|Sherpa]]s Mingma Tsering and Chewang Ringjing, reached the top at 3:30 pm on October 15, 1978. The second summit team, [[Alison Chadwick-Onyszkiewicz]] and Vera Watson, died during this climb.<ref>Blum, 1980.</ref>


On 3 February 1987, [[Poland|Polish]] [[climbing|climbers]] [[Jerzy Kukuczka]] and [[Artur Hajzer]] made the first winter ascent of Annapurna I.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.summitpost.org/list/171372/8000m-peaks.html|title=8000m Peak |publisher= summitpost.org |access-date=26 June 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070519073126/http://www.summitpost.org/list/171372/8000m-peaks.html| archive-date=19 May 2007| url-status= live}}</ref>
In 1981 Polish expedition Zakopane Alpine Club set a new route on Annapūrna I Central (8051 m). [[Maciej Berbeka]] and Bogusław Probulski reached the summit on May 23, 1981. The route called Zakopiańczyków Way was recognized as the best achievement of the Himalayan season in 1981.


The first solo ascent of the south face was made in October 2007 by Slovenian climber [[Tomaž Humar]];<ref name="russianclimb">{{cite web|url=http://www.russianclimb.com/humar_annapurna.html |title=New Alpine Solo Route on the South Face of Annapurna |publisher=russianclimb.com |access-date= 26 June 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110617102657/http://www.russianclimb.com/humar_annapurna.html| archive-date= 17 June 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="oustideaway">{{cite web|url=http://outside.away.com/outside/culture/200802/tomaz-humar-annapurna.html|title=Climbing Annapurna: Tomaz Humar|publisher=Outside|date=29 January 2008|access-date=26 June 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100429145131/http://outside.away.com/outside/culture/200802/tomaz-humar-annapurna.html| archive-date=29 April 2010| url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="bergsteigen">{{cite web |url=http://www.bergsteigen.at/de/bericht.aspx?ID=12687 |title=Tomaz Humar klettert solo durch die Annapurna Südwand |publisher=Bergsteigen.at |language=de |access-date=30 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107121516/http://www.bergsteigen.at/de/bericht.aspx?ID=12687 |archive-date=7 November 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="climbing.de">{{cite web|author=Von: Text: adidas eyewear |url=http://www.climbing.de/nc/artikel/article/tomaz-humar-glueckt-erstbegehung-am-annapurna-im-alpinstil/ |title=Tomaz Humar glückt Erstbegehung am Annapurna im Alpinstil - Climbing.de - Alle Infos für Bergsteiger und Kletterer |publisher=Climbing.de|language= de |date=26 November 2007 |access-date= 30 May 2013}}</ref> he climbed to the Roc Noir and then to Annapurna East (8,047m).<ref name=rus>[http://www.russianclimb.com/annapurna/2008/anna2008.jpg "Annapurna South Face Routes"], russianclimb.com, accessed 13 October 2013.</ref>
On 3 February 1987, [[Poland|Polish]] [[climbing|climbers]] [[Jerzy Kukuczka]] and [[Artur Hajzer]] made the first winter ascent of Annapūrna I.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.summitpost.org/list/171372/8000m-peaks.html|title=8000m Peak |publisher= summitpost.org |accessdate=2011-06-26| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070519073126/http://www.summitpost.org/list/171372/8000m-peaks.html| archivedate=May 19, 2007<!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>

The first solo ascent of the south face was made in October 2007 by Slovenian climber [[Tomaž Humar]];<ref name="russianclimb">{{cite web|url=http://www.russianclimb.com/humar_annapurna.html |title=New Alpine Solo Route on the South Face of Annapūrna |publisher=russianclimb.com |accessdate= 2011-06-26| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110617102657/http://www.russianclimb.com/humar_annapurna.html| archivedate= 17 June 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name="oustideaway">{{cite web|url=http://outside.away.com/outside/culture/200802/tomaz-humar-annapurna.html|title=Climbing Annapurna: Tomaz Humar|publisher=Outside|date=January 29, 2008|accessdate=2011-06-26| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100429145131/http://outside.away.com/outside/culture/200802/tomaz-humar-annapurna.html| archivedate=April 29, 2010<!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name="bergsteigen">{{cite web |url= http://www.bergsteigen.at/de/bericht.aspx?ID=12687 |title=Tomaz Humar klettert solo durch die Annapurna Südwand |publisher=Bergsteigen.at |language= German|accessdate=2013-05-30}}</ref><ref name="climbing.de">{{cite web|author=Von: Text: adidas eyewear |url=http://www.climbing.de/nc/artikel/article/tomaz-humar-glueckt-erstbegehung-am-annapurna-im-alpinstil/ |title=Tomaz Humar glückt Erstbegehung am Annapurna im Alpinstil - Climbing.de - Alle Infos für Bergsteiger und Kletterer |publisher=Climbing.de|language= German |date=November 26, 2007 |accessdate= 2013-05-30}}</ref> he climbed to the Roc Noir and then to Annapūrna East (8,047m).<ref name=rus>[http://www.russianclimb.com/annapurna/2008/anna2008.jpg "Annapūrna South Face Routes"], russianclimb.com, accessed 13 October 2013.</ref>


On 8 and 9 October 2013 Swiss climber [[Ueli Steck]] soloed the Lafaille route<ref name=rus/> on the main and highest part of the face;<ref>[http://www.planetmountain.com/english/News/shownews1.lasso?l=2&keyid=41296 "Ueli Steck and Annapurna: the interview after his South Face solo"], planetmountain.com, accessed 14 October 2013.</ref> this was his third attempt on the route and has been called "one of the most impressive Himalayan climbs in history",<ref>[http://www.ukclimbing.com/news/item.php?id=68404 "Steck Solos Annapurna South Face"], ukclimbing.com, accessed 13 October 2013.</ref> with Steck taking 28 hours to make the trip from Base Camp to summit and back again.<ref>[http://www.ukclimbing.com/news/item.php?id=68412 "Annapurna South Face Solo - 28 Hours"], ukclimbing.com, accessed 13 October 2013.</ref>
On 8 and 9 October 2013 Swiss climber [[Ueli Steck]] soloed the Lafaille route<ref name=rus/> on the main and highest part of the face;<ref>[http://www.planetmountain.com/english/News/shownews1.lasso?l=2&keyid=41296 "Ueli Steck and Annapurna: the interview after his South Face solo"], planetmountain.com, accessed 14 October 2013.</ref> this was his third attempt on the route and has been called "one of the most impressive Himalayan climbs in history",<ref>[http://www.ukclimbing.com/news/item.php?id=68404 "Steck Solos Annapurna South Face"], ukclimbing.com, accessed 13 October 2013.</ref> with Steck taking 28 hours to make the trip from Base Camp to summit and back again.<ref>[http://www.ukclimbing.com/news/item.php?id=68412 "Annapurna South Face Solo - 28 Hours"], ukclimbing.com, accessed 13 October 2013.</ref>
[[File:Annapurna ali 2012092.jpg|center|thumb|700px|Annapurna from above]]
{{clear}}

====Fatality rate====
Annapūrna I has the greatest fatality rate of all the 14 [[eight-thousander]]s: as of March 2012, there have been 52 deaths during ascents, 191 successful ascents, and nine deaths upon descent. The ratio of 34 deaths per 100 safe returns on Annapūrna I is followed by 29 for [[K2]] and 21 for [[Nanga Parbat]].<ref name="econdailychart"/> Climbers killed on the peak include Britons [[Ian Clough]] in 1970 and [[Alex MacIntyre]] in 1982, Frenchman Pierre Béghin in 1992, Kazakh Russian [[Anatoli Boukreev]] in 1997, Spaniard [[Iñaki Ochoa de Olza|Iñaki Ochoa]] in 2008,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mounteverest.net/news.php?id=17303|title=It's over: Iñaki Ochoa lost on Annapurna |publisher= mounteverest.net |date=May 23, 2008|accessdate=2011-06-26| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091015043016/http://www.mounteverest.net/news.php?id=17303| archivedate=October 15, 2009<!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> and Korean [[Park Young-seok]], lost in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|last=Woo |first=Jaeyeon |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2011/10/31/with-park-gone-korea-loses-its-trailblazer/ |title=With Park Gone, Korea Loses Its Trailblazer|publisher=The Wall Street Journal| work= Korea Real Time (blog) |date=October 31, 2011 |accessdate=2011-11-17}}</ref>

===The other peaks===
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2017}}
Gangapūrna was first climbed in 1965 by a German expedition led by Günther Hauser, via the East Ridge. The summit party comprised 11 members of the expedition.

[[Annapūrna South]] (also known as Annapūrna Dakshin, or Moditse) was first climbed in 1964 by a Japanese expedition, via the North Ridge. The summit party comprised S. Uyeo and Mingma Tsering.

[[Hiunchuli]] (6,441 m/21,126&nbsp;ft) is a satellite peak extending east from Annapurna South, Hiunchuli was first climbed in 1971 by an expedition led by U.S. Peace Corps Volunteer Craig Anderson.

[[Mount Machhapuchchhre]] ({{convert|6993|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}), named after its resemblance to a fish-tail, is another important peak, though it just misses the 7,000 metre mark. Mount Machhapuchchhre and Hiunchuli are prominently visible from the valley of Pokhara. These peaks are the "gates" to the [[Annapurna Sanctuary]] leading to the south face of Annapurna I. Mount Machhapuchchhre was climbed in 1957 (except the final 50 metres for its local religious sanctity) by [[Wilfrid Noyce]] and A. D. M. Cox. Since then it has been off limits.

In winter of 2018, a climbing team of two climbers, Erik Erving (22) from America and Khalid Shwibi (23) from Jordan attempted a winter ascent of Annapūrna I but were forced to turn back due to high winds and lack of necessary supplies. Following their failed attempt on Annapūrna I, they attempted Annapūrna IV ({{convert|7525|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) via the southeast col., but at this point had too few supplies to continue. It is also known these climbers attempted to climb without Sherpa or Porter support, further lowering the pair’s chances of reaching the summit.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.summitpost.org/list/171372/8000m-peaks.html|title=8000m Peak |publisher= summitpost.org |accessdate=2011-06-26| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070519073126/http://www.summitpost.org/list/171372/8000m-peaks.html| archivedate=May 19, 2007<!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>Erving, 2018, p. 3,5,11-12.</ref>

==Trekking==
The Annapūrna Conservation Area (7,629&nbsp;km²) is a well known [[Backpacking (wilderness)|trekking]] region. There are three major trekking routes in the Annapūrna region: the ''Jomson Trek'' to [[Jomsom]] and [[Muktinath]] (increasingly disturbed by a road-building project<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20110524-nepals-shrinking-annapurna-circuit|title= Nepal’s shrinking Annapūrna Circuit|author= Stacy Tasman|date= 27 May 2011}}</ref>); the ''[[Annapurna Sanctuary]]'' route to Annapurna base camp; and the ''Annapūrna Circuit'', which circles the Annapūrna Himal itself and includes the Jomsom route.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fudomouth.net/intertext/ap_subcontinent02.htm|title=Austin Pick: Circling the Abode of Snow|accessdate=2008-12-27| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081121202147/http://www.fudomouth.net/intertext/ap_subcontinent02.htm| archivedate= 21 November 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> The town of [[Pokhara]] usually serves as a starting point for these treks, and is also a good starting place for other short treks of one to four days, such as routes to [[Ghorepani]] or [[Ghandruk]].

The [[Mustang (kingdom)|Mustang]] district, a former kingdom bordering Tibet, is also geographically a part of the Annapūrna region, but treks to upper Mustang are subject to special restrictions. Mustang is also increasingly becoming popular for mountain biking because of the construction of roads undertaken by the Nepali government in the region.

About two-thirds of all trekkers in Nepal visit the Annapūurna region. The area is easily accessible, guest houses in the hills are plentiful, and treks here offer incredibly diverse scenery, with both high mountains and lowland villages. Also, because the entire area is inhabited, trekking in the region offers unique cultural exposure and experience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wanderingsasquatch.com/how-to-hike-the-annapurna-circuit/|title=How to Hike the Annapurna Circuit|last=|first=|date=2013-06-13|website=|publisher=|language=en-US|access-date=2016-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alienadv.com/faq/10/Annapurna-Circuit-Trek/|title=Annapurna Circuit Trek|access-date=2016-08-23}}</ref>

===2014 trekking disaster===
{{main article|2014 Nepal snowstorm disaster}}
In October 2014, at least 43 people were killed, and some 175 injured, as a result of snowstorms and avalanches on and around Annapūrna, including trekkers from Nepal, Israel, Canada, India, Slovakia and Poland. Between 10 and 50 people were thought likely to be missing.<ref name=telegraph191014>{{cite news|title=Nepal trekking disaster: Britons still 'missing' after severe snow storm|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/nepal/11171247/Nepal-trekking-disaster-Britons-still-missing-after-severe-snow-storm.html|work=The Telegraph | date=19 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=guardian161014>{{cite news|title=Nepal blizzard: survivor tells of friends’ deaths on Annapūrna circuit|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/16/nepal-blizzard-survivor-deaths-annapurna-refuge|work=The Guardian | date=16 October 2014}}</ref> It was believed that about 100 trekkers had left a guest house at {{convert|4800|m}}, to climb to the top of [[Thorong La]] pass and then descend.<ref name=guardian161014/>


===Flights===
The authorities were criticized for not giving sufficient warning of the approaching bad weather.<ref name=guardian161014/> By 18 October, some 289 people were reported as having been rescued. An official from the Nepal Ministry of Tourism said on 18 October that helicopters were looking for survivors and bodies in snowy areas at up to {{convert|5790|m}}, and were trying to reach 22 hikers stranded at Thorong La. The incident was said to be Nepal's worst-ever trekking disaster.<ref name=BBC29672358>{{cite news|title=Nepal Annapurna: Climbing disaster toll reaches 39|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-29672358|work=BBC News | date=18 October 2014}}</ref>
Several airlines offer sightseeing flights over Annapurna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annapurna flying- Nepali Times |url=https://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=18596 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=archive.nepalitimes.com}}</ref>


==Gallery==
==Fatality rate==
Along with K2 and [[Nanga Parbat]], Annapurna I has consistently ranked as one of the most dangerous of the principal eight-thousander summits. Climbers killed on the peak include Britons [[Ian Clough]] in 1970 and [[Alex MacIntyre]] in 1982, Frenchman Pierre Béghin in 1992, Kazakh Russian [[Anatoli Boukreev]] in 1997, Spaniard [[Iñaki Ochoa de Olza|Iñaki Ochoa]] in 2008,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mounteverest.net/news.php?id=17303|title=It's over: Iñaki Ochoa lost on Annapurna|publisher=mounteverest.net|date=23 May 2008|access-date=26 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015043016/http://www.mounteverest.net/news.php?id=17303|archive-date=15 October 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Korean [[Park Young-seok]] in 2011<ref>{{cite web|last=Woo |first=Jaeyeon |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2011/10/31/with-park-gone-korea-loses-its-trailblazer/ |title=With Park Gone, Korea Loses Its Trailblazer|publisher=The Wall Street Journal| work= Korea Real Time (blog) |date=31 October 2011 |access-date=17 November 2011}}</ref> and the Finn [[Samuli Mansikka]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.markhorrell.com/blog/2015/farewell-samuli-mansikka-the-fearless-finn/ | title=Farewell Samuli Mansikka, the fearless Finn | date=2 April 2015 }}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Annapurna massif.jpg|The Annapurna massif, seen from Poon Hill
File:South face of Mount Annapurna (40).JPG|South face of Annapurna South
File:South face of Mount Annapurna (33).JPG|South face of Annapurna South
File:South face of Mount Annapurna (39).JPG|South face of Annapurna South: Annapurna I (8,091 m) visible as the rounded top,left of center.
File:South face of Mount Annapurna (30).JPG|South face of Annapurna South
File:South face of Mount Annapurna (28).JPG|South face of Annapurna South
File:Good morning Annapurna ABC.jpg|Morning view of Annapurna I South Face from Annapurna Base Camp
File:Bragha, Annapurna2 (4520840799).jpg|Bragha, Annapurna2
File:Annapurna South Face.jpg|Annapurna south face
File:Millet fields in Annapurna.png|[[Millet]] fields in the Annapurna region play a major part in local agriculture.
File:Marsyangdi valley landscape.jpg|Marsyangdi Valley
File:Panorama of Annapurna South and Annapurna I.jpg|A panoramic view of Annapurna South and Annapurna I from Annapurna Base Camp.
</gallery>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Dhaulagiri]]
*[[Dhaulagiri]]
*[[Manaslu]]
*[[Manaslu]]
*[[Mount Everest]]
*[[Tilicho Lake]]
*[[List of deaths on eight-thousanders#Annapurna I|List of deaths on Annapurna]]
*[[Tilicho lake]]


==References==
==References==
Line 145: Line 71:
*{{cite book | last = Herzog | first = Maurice | author-link = Maurice Herzog
*{{cite book | last = Herzog | first = Maurice | author-link = Maurice Herzog
| year = 1951 | title = Annapurna: First Conquest of an 8000-meter Peak
| year = 1951 | title = Annapurna: First Conquest of an 8000-meter Peak
| publisher = E.P Dutton & Co. | location = New York | isbn =
| url = https://archive.org/details/annapurnafirstco00herz_0 | url-access = registration | publisher = E.P. Dutton & Co. | location = New York
| translator = Nea Morin
| translator = Nea Morin | translator2 = Janet Adam Smith}}
| translator2 = Janet Adam Smith}}
*{{cite book | last = Pattanaik | first = Devdutt | year = 2009
| title = 7 Secrets from Hindu Calendar Art | publisher = Westland | isbn = 978-81-89975-67-8}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*{{cite book|author=Herzog, Maurice|title=Annapurna|publisher= Jonathan Cape|date= 1952}}
*{{cite book|author=Herzog, Maurice|title=Annapurna|publisher= Jonathan Cape|date= 1952}}
*{{cite book|author=Neate, Jill |title=High Asia: An Illustrated History of the 7000 Metre Peaks|publisher= Mountaineers Books|isbn=0-89886-238-8}}
*{{cite book|author=Neate, Jill |title=High Asia: An Illustrated History of the 7000 Metre Peaks|date=11 February 1989 |publisher= Mountaineers Books|isbn=0-89886-238-8}}
*{{cite book|author=Ohmori, Koichiro|title=Over the Himalaya|publisher= Cloudcap Press|date= 1998|isbn=0-938567-37-3}}
*{{cite book|author=Ohmori, Koichiro|title=Over the Himalaya|publisher= Cloudcap Press|date= 1998|isbn=0-938567-37-3}}
*{{cite book|author=Terray, Lionel|title=Conquistadors of the Useless|publisher= Victor Gollancz Ltd.|date= 1963 |isbn=0-89886-778-9}} Chapter 7.
*{{cite book|author=Terray, Lionel|title=Conquistadors of the Useless|publisher= Victor Gollancz Ltd.|date= 1963 |isbn=0-89886-778-9}} Chapter 7.


==External links==
==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Commons|Annapurna}}
{{Commons}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.himalaya-info.org/Map%20annapurna_himal.htm |title=Annapurna |website= Himalaya-Info.org |language=German}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.himalaya-info.org/Map%20annapurna_himal.htm |title=Annapurna |website= Himalaya-Info.org |language=de}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.summitpost.org/annapurna-i/150258|title= Annapurna |website= Summitpost}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.summitpost.org/annapurna-i/150258|title= Annapurna |website= Summitpost}}


{{Eight-thousander}}
{{Eight-thousander}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Eight-thousanders of the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Eight-thousanders of the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Mountains of Nepal]]
[[Category:Mountains of the Gandaki Province]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Nepal]]

Revision as of 14:00, 13 June 2024

This article is about the individual mountain. For the mountain range, see Annapurna (mountain range). For other uses, see Annapurna (disambiguation). For the Hindu goddess, see Annapurna (goddess).

Annapurna
South face of Annapurna I (Main)
Highest point
Elevation8,091 m (26,545 ft)
Ranked 10th
Prominence2,984 m (9,790 ft)[1][2]
Ranked 94th
Parent peakCho Oyu
ListingEight-thousander
Ultra
Coordinates28°35′46″N 83°49′13″E / 28.59611°N 83.82028°E / 28.59611; 83.82028
Geography
Annapurna is located in Nepal
Annapurna
Annapurna
Nepal
LocationGandaki Province, Nepal
Parent rangeAnnapurna
Climbing
First ascent3 June 1950
Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal
(First winter ascent 3 February 1987 Jerzy Kukuczka and Artur Hajzer)[3]
Easiest routenorthwest face

Annapurna (/ˌænəˈpʊərnəˌ -ˈpɜːr-/;[4][5] Nepali: अन्नपूर्ण) is a mountain situated in the Annapurna mountain range of Gandaki Province, north-central Nepal. It is the 10th highest mountain in the world at 8,091 metres (26,545 ft) above sea level and is well known for the difficulty and danger involved in its ascent.

Maurice Herzog led a French expedition to its summit through the north face in 1950, making it the first eight-thousander to be successfully climbed.[6] The entire massif and surrounding area are protected within the 7,629-square-kilometre (2,946 sq mi) Annapurna Conservation Area, the first and largest conservation area in Nepal. The Annapurna Conservation Area is home to several world-class treks, including Annapurna Sanctuary and Annapurna Circuit.

For decades, Annapurna I held the highest fatality-to-summit rate of all principal eight-thousander summits; it has, however, seen great climbing successes in recent years, with the fatality rate falling from 32% to under 20% from 2012 to 2022. This figure places it just under the most recent fatality rate estimates for K2, at about 24%. The mountain still poses grave threats to climbers through avalanche danger, unpredictable weather and the extremely steep and committing nature of its climbing routes, in particular its 3,000-metre (9,800 ft) south face, renowned as one of the most difficult climbs in the world.[7] It is also a dangerous peak for trekkers, as in the case of a 2014 snowstorm near it and Dhaulagiri which claimed at least 43 lives. As of 2022, 365 people had reached the summit of Annapurna I, while 72 had died in the attempt.

Etymology

The mountain is named after Annapurna, the Hindu goddess of food and nourishment, who is said to reside there. The name Annapurna is derived from the Sanskrit-language words purna ("filled") and anna ("food"), and can be translated as "everlasting food".[8] Many streams descending from the slopes of the Annapurna Massif provide water for the agricultural fields and pastures located at lower elevations.[9]

Climbing expeditions

The Annapurna massif, view from aircraft
The south face of Annapurna I
See also: 1950 French Annapurna expedition and 1970 British Annapurna South Face expedition

Annapurna I was the first 8,000-metre (26,200 ft) peak to be climbed.[10] Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal, of the French Annapurna expedition led by Herzog (including Lionel Terray, Gaston Rébuffat, Marcel Ichac, Jean Couzy, Marcel Schatz, Jacques Oudot, Francis de Noyelle), reached the summit on 3 June 1950.[11] Ichac made a documentary of the expedition, called Victoire sur l'Annapurna. Its summit was the highest summit attained till that time, but not the highest climb; higher non-summit points – at least 8,500 metres (27,900 ft) – had already been attained on Mount Everest in the 1920s.

The south face of Annapurna was first climbed in 1970 by Don Whillans and Dougal Haston also without using supplementary oxygen, members of a British expedition led by Chris Bonington that included Ian Clough, who was killed by a falling serac during the descent. They were, however, beaten to the second ascent of Annapurna by a matter of days by a British Army expedition led by Colonel Henry Day.

In 1978, the American Women's Himalayan Expedition, a team led by Arlene Blum, became the first United States team to climb Annapurna I. The first summit team, composed of Vera Komarkova and Irene Miller, and Sherpas Mingma Tsering and Chewang Ringjing, reached the top at 3:30 pm on 15 October 1978. The second summit team, Alison Chadwick-Onyszkiewicz and Vera Watson, died during this climb.[12]

In 1981 Polish expedition Zakopane Alpine Club set a new route on Annapurna I Central (8051 m). Maciej Berbeka and Bogusław Probulski reached the summit on 23 May 1981. The route called Zakopiańczyków Way was recognized as the best achievement of the Himalayan season in 1981.

On 3 February 1987, Polish climbers Jerzy Kukuczka and Artur Hajzer made the first winter ascent of Annapurna I.[13]

The first solo ascent of the south face was made in October 2007 by Slovenian climber Tomaž Humar;[14][15][16][17] he climbed to the Roc Noir and then to Annapurna East (8,047m).[18]

On 8 and 9 October 2013 Swiss climber Ueli Steck soloed the Lafaille route[18] on the main and highest part of the face;[19] this was his third attempt on the route and has been called "one of the most impressive Himalayan climbs in history",[20] with Steck taking 28 hours to make the trip from Base Camp to summit and back again.[21]

Flights

Several airlines offer sightseeing flights over Annapurna.[22]

Fatality rate

Along with K2 and Nanga Parbat, Annapurna I has consistently ranked as one of the most dangerous of the principal eight-thousander summits. Climbers killed on the peak include Britons Ian Clough in 1970 and Alex MacIntyre in 1982, Frenchman Pierre Béghin in 1992, Kazakh Russian Anatoli Boukreev in 1997, Spaniard Iñaki Ochoa in 2008,[23] Korean Park Young-seok in 2011[24] and the Finn Samuli Mansikka in 2015.[25]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Annapurna". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
  2. ^ "Nepal/Sikkim/Bhutan Ultra-Prominences". peaklist.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
  3. ^ Hawley, Elizabeth (1987). "Asia, Nepal, Annapurna Winter Ascent: Kukuczka's 13th 8000er, 1987". American Alpine Journal. #29 (61): 251. ISBN 978-0930410292. ISSN 0065-6925. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
  4. ^ "Annapurna". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  5. ^ "Annapurna". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021.
  6. ^ "The Eight-Thousanders". 17 December 2013.
  7. ^ "Complete ascent — fatalities statistics of all 14 main 8000ers". 8000ers.com. 19 June 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  8. ^ Julie Loar (2011). Goddesses for Every Day: Exploring the Wisdom and Power of the Divine Feminine Around the World. New World Library. pp. 287–. ISBN 978-1-57731-950-4.
  9. ^ Edith Rogovin Frankel (15 September 2003). Walking in the Mountains: A Woman's Guide. Derrydale Press. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-1-4617-0829-2.
  10. ^ "Stairway to heaven". The Economist. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  11. ^ Herzog, 1953, p. 257.
  12. ^ Blum, 1980.
  13. ^ "8000m Peak". summitpost.org. Archived from the original on 19 May 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
  14. ^ "New Alpine Solo Route on the South Face of Annapurna". russianclimb.com. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
  15. ^ "Climbing Annapurna: Tomaz Humar". Outside. 29 January 2008. Archived from the original on 29 April 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
  16. ^ "Tomaz Humar klettert solo durch die Annapurna Südwand" (in German). Bergsteigen.at. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  17. ^ Von: Text: adidas eyewear (26 November 2007). "Tomaz Humar glückt Erstbegehung am Annapurna im Alpinstil - Climbing.de - Alle Infos für Bergsteiger und Kletterer" (in German). Climbing.de. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  18. ^ a b "Annapurna South Face Routes", russianclimb.com, accessed 13 October 2013.
  19. ^ "Ueli Steck and Annapurna: the interview after his South Face solo", planetmountain.com, accessed 14 October 2013.
  20. ^ "Steck Solos Annapurna South Face", ukclimbing.com, accessed 13 October 2013.
  21. ^ "Annapurna South Face Solo - 28 Hours", ukclimbing.com, accessed 13 October 2013.
  22. ^ "Annapurna flying- Nepali Times". archive.nepalitimes.com. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  23. ^ "It's over: Iñaki Ochoa lost on Annapurna". mounteverest.net. 23 May 2008. Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
  24. ^ Woo, Jaeyeon (31 October 2011). "With Park Gone, Korea Loses Its Trailblazer". Korea Real Time (blog). The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
  25. ^ "Farewell Samuli Mansikka, the fearless Finn". 2 April 2015.

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Herzog, Maurice (1952). Annapurna. Jonathan Cape.
  • Neate, Jill (11 February 1989). High Asia: An Illustrated History of the 7000 Metre Peaks. Mountaineers Books. ISBN 0-89886-238-8.
  • Ohmori, Koichiro (1998). Over the Himalaya. Cloudcap Press. ISBN 0-938567-37-3.
  • Terray, Lionel (1963). Conquistadors of the Useless. Victor Gollancz Ltd. ISBN 0-89886-778-9. Chapter 7.
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