Pennsylvania's 18th Congressional District special election, 2018
- General election: Nov. 6
- Voter registration deadline: Oct. 9
- Early voting: N/A
- Absentee voting deadline: Nov. 2
- Online registration: Yes
- Same-day registration: No
- Voter ID: No
- Poll times: 7:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m.
2018 →
← 2016
|
| Pennsylvania's 18th Congressional District special |
|---|
 |
| General election |
| Election details |
| Filing deadline: N/A |
| Primary: N/A General: March 13, 2018 Pre-election incumbent: Vacant Election winner: Conor Lamb (Democrat) |
| How to vote |
| Poll times: 7 a.m. to 8 p.m. Voting in Pennsylvania |
| Race ratings |
Sabato's Crystal Ball: N/A Inside Elections: N/A |
| Ballotpedia analysis |
| U.S. Senate battlegrounds U.S. House battlegrounds Federal and state primary competitiveness Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2018 |
| See also |
Pennsylvania elections, 2018 U.S. Congress elections, 2018 U.S. Senate elections, 2018 U.S. House elections, 2018 |
Democrat Conor Lamb won the special election for Pennsylvania's 18th Congressional District against Republican Rick Saccone on March 13, 2018, by less than half a point.[1] The race was too close to call immediately following the election, and Saccone conceded to Lamb on March 21.[2]
The special election was held to fill the vacancy created by the departure of incumbent Tim Murphy (R). Murphy announced his resignation in October 2017 following reports that he encouraged a woman with whom he had an extramarital affair to have an abortion.[3] Lamb, Saccone, and Libertarian candidate Drew Miller competed for the seat.
President Donald Trump (R) won the 18th District by close to 20 points in 2016, but March polls showed Lamb leading Saccone by between 2 and 7 points in the general election.[4][5][6] Lamb had also outraised Saccone by more than double as of the end of the fourth quarter of 2017, and he reported an additional $3.2 million in fundraising from the beginning of the year through February 21.[7][8]
Satellite groups countered Saccone's fundraising deficit with spending on his behalf. According to a tally by Jacob Pramuk and John W. Schoen of CNBC, groups such as the Congressional Leadership Fund and the Republican National Committee had spent more than $4.75 million opposing Lamb and $2.23 million backing Saccone by late February. Lamb, by contrast, had seen $244,437 in satellite spending supporting his campaign and $384,382 opposing Saccone's. Those totals include spending by both parties' House campaign arms. The Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee had invested $312,500 in Lamb as of late February, and the National Republican Congressional Committee had spent $2.26 million on Saccone.[9]
The race received attention from national figures on both sides of the aisle. President Donald Trump (R) visited the state twice during the campaign, previewing his first trip with a tweet voicing support for Saccone and headlining a rally for the candidate during the second.[10][11][12][13] Vice President Mike Pence (R), counselor to the president Kellyanne Conway, and the president's son Donald Trump Jr. also visited the state on Saccone's behalf.[14][15][16] U.S. Rep. Joe Kennedy III (D-Mass.) traveled to Pennsylvania in February to support Lamb, and former Vice President Joe Biden (D) campaigned for Lamb in March.[17][18]
As of March 8, election forecasters considered the parties relatively evenly matched in the race. Three media outlets rated the election as a Toss-up.[19]
Ballotpedia compiled the following resources to help voters better understand this election. If you notice missing information, please email us.
- Overviews of each of the top candidates, including policy positions and campaign themes;
- Major polls, endorsements, campaign ads, campaign finance information, and satellite spending updates;
- A timeline of major events that occur over the course of the election.
For more on related elections, please see:
- Pennsylvania's 18th Congressional District election, 2018
- Pennsylvania's 18th Congressional District election (May 15, 2018 Democratic primary)
- Pennsylvania's 18th Congressional District election (May 15, 2018 Republican primary)
- United States House Democratic Party primaries, 2018
- United States House Republican Party primaries, 2018
- Democratic Party primaries in Pennsylvania, 2018
- Republican Party primaries in Pennsylvania, 2018
Candidates and election results
General election
Special general election for U.S. House Pennsylvania District 18
Incumbent Conor Lamb defeated Rick Saccone and Drew Gray Miller in the special general election for U.S. House Pennsylvania District 18 on March 13, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | Conor Lamb (D) | 49.9 | 114,102 | |
| Rick Saccone (R) | 49.5 | 113,347 | ||
| Drew Gray Miller (L) | 0.6 | 1,381 | ||
| Total votes: 228,830 | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Election updates
- March 21, 2018: Republican candidate Rick Saccone officially concedes to Democratic candidate Conor Lamb.[2]
- March 12, 2018: President Donald Trump's (R) son Donald Trump Jr. campaigns with Saccone in Pennsylvania.[16]
- March 11, 2018: The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette endorses Saccone.[21]
- March 10, 2018: President Trump campaigns in Pennsylvania for Saccone.[22]
- March 8, 2018: Counselor to the president Kellyanne Conway campaigns in Pennsylvania for Saccone.[15]
- March 7, 2018: Patriot Majority PAC reports spending $100,000 on airtime for an ad opposing Saccone.[23]
- March 6, 2018: Former Vice President Joe Biden (D) campaigns for Democratic candidate Lamb in Pennsylvania.[18]
- March 3, 2018: The League of Women Voters of Greater Pittsburgh hosts a debate between Lamb and Saccone.[24]
- February 27, 2017: The Hill reports that the Patriot Majority PAC has invested $250,000 in digital and television airtime for Lamb.[25]
- February 22, 2018: Politico reports that the pro-Trump super PAC America First Action has made a $1 million ad buy on Saccone's behalf.[26]
- February 22, 2018: Bridget Bowman of Roll Call reports that End Citizens United has purchased $250,000 in air time for an ad supporting Lamb.[27]
- February 22, 2018: The campaign ad buying group Medium Buying reports that the Lamb campaign has purchased close to $525,000 in airtime for three campaign ads.[28]
- February 21, 2018: Trump is scheduled to return to Pennsylvania to campaign for Saccone. The trip is postponed due to the February 14 shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Florida.[29]
- February 14, 2018: The National Republican Congressional Committee launches a coordinated ad campaign with Saccone.[30]
- February 5, 2018: Politico reports that the Republican National Committee will spend approximately $1 million to support Saccone.[31]
- February 2, 2018: Vice President Mike Pence (R) attends a fundraiser for Saccone in Pennsylvania.[14]
- February 1, 2018: U.S. Rep. Joe Kennedy III (D-Mass.) visits Pennsylvania to support Lamb.[17]
- January 27, 2018: Politico reports that the House campaign arms of both major parties, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee and the National Republican Congressional Committee, have made ad buys on behalf of their candidates.[32]
- January 23, 2018: Trump's re-election committee, Donald J. Trump for President Inc., endorses Saccone.[13]
- January 18, 2018: Trump tweets his support for Saccone in advance of a visit to Pennsylvania later in the day.[12]
Political analysis of election outcome
After the election, party leaders and journalists assessed the causes and consequences of Lamb's defeat of Saccone. Common topics included the election's implications for voter sentiment about President Donald Trump (R) and for the parties' chances and strategies in November.
Implications for voter sentiment about President Trump
Noah Harrison, The Michigan Daily
"Losing in a district that Trump won by 20 points cannot possibly be construed as exceeding expectations, unless Republicans have reconciled themselves to losing the House in spectacular fashion.
As for the idea that Trump somehow energized voters and boosted Saccone in the final days, it seems almost certain the president’s lackluster approval ratings contributed significantly to Saccone’s defeat. The election was not only a repudiation of Saccone, but also a repudiation of Trump. Saccone billed himself as 'Trump before Trump was Trump,' so if Trumpism still appeals to the voters of the 18th district a year and a half removed from the 2016 election, Saccone should have won with ease. Even if Trump’s visit did mobilize some conservatives to turn out and vote, that does not negate the fact that Trump’s unpopularity has turned independents against him and invigorated his liberal opponents."[33]
Jonathan Tamari, The Philadelphia Inquirer
"Plan A apparently failed Republicans on Tuesday in Southwestern Pennsylvania.
As they try to regroup from what looks like an embarrassing special-election loss, however, it’s not clear what they have for Plan B — especially since Pennsylvania’s leading Republican candidates for governor and U.S. Senate have so far taken the kind of Trump-like approach that just failed state Rep. Rick Saccone in the congressional contest.
Running in deep red rural and suburban territory outside Pittsburgh, Saccone pledged his loyalty to President Donald Trump, had help from two of Trump’s famous rallies, and saw the GOP spend millions of dollars on his behalf, much of it centering on the president’s signature tax bill. But none of that seemed to work against Democrat Conor Lamb, who appeared to have won the race in a district that previously backed Trump by 20 percentage points.
Similarly, the GOP’s leading gubernatorial hopeful, state Sen. Scott Wagner, and its top U.S. Senate candidate, U.S. Rep. Lou Barletta, have also campaigned on their stylistic and policy ties to the president.
But with some members of both parties now arguing that Trump’s poor approval ratings are dragging down the GOP and energizing Democrats, the results Tuesday and in other special elections across the country have left Republicans in tough battleground races groping for a playbook that can work.
Some Republicans urged candidates to start developing independent messages to survive — especially in the Pennsylvania and South Jersey suburbs, where GOP incumbents face difficult races in much more moderate, competitive districts than their party lost Tuesday."[34]
Implications for the parties' chances in the midterms
Aaron Blake, The Washington Post
"Regardless of who wins, the fact that Democrats were even in the ballgame in a district that went for President Trump by 20 points suggests good things ahead for them. There are, after all, 114 Republican House districts that are more competitive than this one. And in that way, it's a whole lot like just about every other special election this year. Democrats have repeatedly overperformed their 2016 showings in both congressional and state legislative seats — often by wide margins. The big reason Democrats don't have more wins at the House level is simply because the vacancies have come in strongly conservative-leaning districts like this one that would never be on their radar in a normal election. Combined with a big lead on the generic ballot, Tuesday's result suggests Democrats' momentum is very much intact."[35]
Nathaniel Rakich, FiveThirtyEight
"One special election is not enough to draw midterm conclusions from, but when it fits so clearly into an existing pattern, it’s safe to say something’s going on. Counting Tuesday’s result, Democratic candidates in federal special elections have now outperformed the normal partisan leans of their state or district by an average of 17 percentage points. In recent midterm election cycles, that number has tracked closely with the eventual national popular vote for the U.S. House.
In other words, the result in Pennsylvania 18 is just the latest indication that Republicans are in trouble. The best predictors of midterm strength we have — President Trump’s approval rating, the generic ballot, congressional retirements and special elections — all are saying the same thing. In fact, of those, special election results may suggest the rosiest future for Democrats."[36]
Implications for the parties' strategies in the midterms
Greg Salisbury, City & State Pennsylvania
"He has yet to be declared the official winner of the PA-18 special election, and he’s got precious little time before he will have to launch into campaigning for the newly created PA-17, but Lamb’s landmark showing in this ruby-red district is already being touted as a blueprint for Dems running in conservative districts across the country."[37]
Matthew Dowd, ABC News
"House Speaker Paul Ryan, Fox News and other commentators on cable shows have stated falsely that Conor Lamb, the Pennsylvania Democratic candidate who appears to have a narrow advantage over his GOP opponent Rick Saccone, is really a Republican and a conservative candidate.
He isn’t.
Lamb favors 'pro-choice policies' on abortion, he supports Obamacare, he opposed the GOP tax cuts, he opposes cuts to Medicare and Social Security and is pro-union.
That certainly doesn’t sound like somebody who would fit at all in today’s GOP. Yes, Lamb is pro-Second amendment, but he is also for reasonable common sense gun reform.
It shows that the best model for Democrats to win in the heartland is that they can be progressive on many issues, but they must be culturally in line with the district or state. Those two things can go together in a compelling message and candidacy."[38]
Aaron Blake, The Washington Post
"There is something of an internal battle in the Democratic Party over its way forward. Does it stress liberal purity on issues like abortion, guns and single-payer health care and try to win with a Bernie Sanders-esque brand of populism, or does it run candidates who fit the district? Lamb represented the latter approach. He is nominally opposed to abortion rights and wielded a gun in one of his campaign ads. (He 'still loves to shoot,' the narrator assured as [sic] all.) Republicans have taken to arguing that Democrats basically ran a Republican candidate on their ticket. That’s a stretch, but it does suggest pragmatism still works for Democrats in regions like this — and that that might be their way back to the majority, given they have to win lots of conservative-leaning districts to make that happen."[35]
Election guide
Click on the tiles below for comprehensive coverage of the candidates, policy positions, fundraising, polling, and other elements of this race.
Special elections to the 115th U.S. Congress
In the 17 special elections called to fill vacancies in the 115th Congress in 2017 and 2018, nine Republicans and eight Democrats won. Four elections resulted in a partisan flip:
- Doug Jones (D), U.S. Senate in Alabama;
- Conor Lamb (D), Pennsylvania's 18th Congressional District;
- Mary Gay Scanlon (D), Pennsylvania's 7th Congressional District; and
- Susan Wild (D), Pennsylvania's 15th Congressional District.
State overview
Partisan control
This section details the partisan control of federal and state positions in Pennsylvania heading into the 2018 elections.
Congressional delegation
- Following the 2016 elections, Democrats and Republicans each held one U.S. Senate seat in Pennsylvania.
- Republicans held 12 of 17 U.S. House seats in Pennsylvania.
State executives
- As of May 2018, Democrats held five of 11 state executive positions, while six were held by nonpartisan officials.
- The governor of Pennsylvania was Democrat Tom Wolf.
State legislature
- Republicans controlled both chambers of the Pennsylvania General Assembly. They had a 120-79 majority in the state House and a 33-16 majority in the state Senate.
Trifecta status
- Pennsylvania was under divided government, meaning that the two parties shared control of the state government. Tom Wolf (D) served as governor, while Republicans controlled the state legislature.
2018 elections
- See also: Pennsylvania elections, 2018
Pennsylvania held elections for the following positions in 2018:
- One U.S. Senate seat
- 18 U.S. House seats
- Governor and lieutenant governor
- 25 of 50 state Senate seats
- 203 state House seats
Demographics
| Demographic data for Pennsylvania | ||
|---|---|---|
| Pennsylvania | U.S. | |
| Total population: | 12,791,904 | 316,515,021 |
| Land area (sq mi): | 44,743 | 3,531,905 |
| Race and ethnicity** | ||
| White: | 81.6% | 73.6% |
| Black/African American: | 11% | 12.6% |
| Asian: | 3.1% | 5.1% |
| Native American: | 0.2% | 0.8% |
| Pacific Islander: | 0% | 0.2% |
| Two or more: | 2.1% | 3% |
| Hispanic/Latino: | 6.4% | 17.1% |
| Education | ||
| High school graduation rate: | 89.2% | 86.7% |
| College graduation rate: | 28.6% | 29.8% |
| Income | ||
| Median household income: | $53,599 | $53,889 |
| Persons below poverty level: | 15.9% | 11.3% |
| Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015) Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in Pennsylvania. **Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here. | ||
As of July 2017, Pennsylvania had a population of approximately 12,800,000 people, with its three largest cities being Philadelphia (pop. est. 1.6 million), Pittsburgh (pop. est. 300,000), and Allentown (pop. est. 120,000).[42][43]
State election history
This section provides an overview of federal and state elections in Pennsylvania from 2000 to 2016. All data comes from the Pennsylvania Department of State.
Historical elections
Presidential elections, 2000-2016
This chart shows the results of the presidential election in Pennsylvania every year from 2000 to 2016.
| Election results (President of the United States), Pennsylvania 2000-2016 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | First-place candidate | First-place candidate votes (%) | Second-place candidate | Second-place candidate votes (%) | Margin of victory (%) |
| 2016 | 48.6% | 47.9% | 0.7% | ||
| 2012 | 52.1% | 46.7% | 5.4% | ||
| 2008 | 54.7% | 44.3% | 10.4% | ||
| 2004 | 51.0% | 48.5% | 2.5% | ||
| 2000 | 50.6% | 46.4% | 4.2% | ||
U.S. Senate elections, 2000-2016
This chart shows the results of U.S. Senate races in Pennsylvania from 2000 to 2016. Every state has two Senate seats, and each seat goes up for election every six years. The terms of the seats are staggered so that roughly one-third of the seats are up every two years.
| Election results (U.S. Senator), Pennsylvania 2000-2016 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | First-place candidate | First-place candidate votes (%) | Second-place candidate | Second-place candidate votes (%) | Margin of victory (%) |
| 2016 | 48.8% | 47.3% | 1.5% | ||
| 2012 | 53.7% | 44.6% | 9.1% | ||
| 2010 | 51.0% | 49.0% | 2.0% | ||
| 2006 | 58.7% | 41.3% | 17.4% | ||
| 2004 | 52.6% | 42.0% | 10.6% | ||
| 2000 | 52.4% | 45.5% | 6.9% | ||
Gubernatorial elections, 2000-2016
This chart shows the results of the four gubernatorial elections held between 2000 and 2016. Gubernatorial elections are held every four years in Pennsylvania.
| Election results (Governor), Pennsylvania 2000-2016 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | First-place candidate | First-place candidate votes (%) | Second-place candidate | Second-place candidate votes (%) | Margin of victory (%) |
| 2014 | 54.9% | 45.1% | 9.8% | ||
| 2010 | 54.5% | 45.5% | 9.0% | ||
| 2006 | 60.4% | 39.6% | 20.8% | ||
| 2002 | 53.4% | 44.3% | 9.1% | ||
Congressional delegation, 2000-2016
This chart shows the number of Democrats and Republicans who were elected to represent Pennsylvania in the U.S. House from 2000 to 2016. Elections for U.S. House seats are held every two years.
| Congressional delegation, Pennsylvania 2000-2016 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Republicans | Republicans (%) | Democrats | Democrats (%) | Balance of power |
| 2016 | 72.2% | 27.8% | R+8 | ||
| 2014 | 72.2% | 27.8% | R+8 | ||
| 2012 | 72.2% | 27.8% | R+8 | ||
| 2010 | 63.2% | 36.8% | R+5 | ||
| 2008 | 36.8% | 63.2% | D+5 | ||
| 2006 | 42.1% | 57.9% | D+3 | ||
| 2004 | 63.2% | 36.8% | R+5 | ||
| 2002 | 63.2% | 36.8% | R+5 | ||
| 2000 | 52.4% | 47.6% | R+1 | ||
Trifectas, 1992-2017
A state government trifecta occurs when one party controls both chambers of the state legislature and the governor's office.
Pennsylvania Party Control: 1992-2024
One year of a Democratic trifecta • Twelve years of Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.
| Year | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Governor | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
| Senate | R | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
| House | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D |
See also
- Special elections to the 115th United States Congress (2017-2018)
- Pennsylvania's 18th Congressional District
- Tim Murphy (Pennsylvania)
Footnotes
- ↑ Pennsylvania Department of State, "Official Returns," accessed May 24, 2018
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 The Hill, "Saccone concedes Pennsylvania House special election to Lamb," March 21, 2018
- ↑ The New York Times, "Conservative Pennsylvania congressman resigns amid abortion scandal," October 5, 2017
- ↑ Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' presidential results by congressional district for the 2016 and 2012 elections," November 19, 2012
- ↑ PR Newswire, "Emerson College ePoll: Statistical dead heat in PA 18th congressional special election," March 5, 2018
- ↑ Monmouth University Poll, "Pennsylvania: Dem gains in CD18 special," March 12, 2018
- ↑ Federal Election Commission, "Candidates for House of Representatives," accessed February 2, 2018
- ↑ The Washington Post, "Pennsylvania Democrat in congressional special election raises $3.2 million," February 27, 2018
- ↑ CNBC, "Special House election is a dead heat in a Pennsylvania district Trump won by 20 points," February 27, 2018
- ↑ Politico, "Trump races to head off another special election debacle," January 11, 2018
- ↑ The Washington Post, "At Pennsylvania rally, Trump again calls for the death penalty for drug dealers," March 10, 2018
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Twitter, "Donald J. Trump on January 18, 2018," accessed January 18, 2018
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Pittsburgh Patch, "Trump endorses Saccone in 18th Congressional District race," January 23, 2018
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 The Hill, "Pence to appear at fundraiser for Pennsylvania GOP candidate," January 26, 2018
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 The Washington Post, "The Daily 202: Trump launches a rescue mission to save GOP seat in Pennsylvania special election," March 9, 2018
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 The Washington Post, "Donald Trump Jr., Rick Saccone and plenty of chocolate: The final day of campaigning in Pennsylvania's special election," March 12, 2018
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, "Joe Kennedy campaigns quietly for Conor Lamb," February 2, 2018
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 The Times, "Joe Biden to campaign with Conor Lamb next week, including RMU rally," March 1, 2018
- ↑ Ratings are based on projections found in Governing, Larry Sabato, The Rothenberg & Gonzales Political Report, Decision Desk HQ, and The Cook Political Report. These ratings are updated periodically throughout the election season.
- ↑ RealClearPolitics, "Redrawn Pa. maps add uncertainty to special election," February 22, 2018
- ↑ Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, "Rick Saccone for Congress: The state rep is ready to move on to U.S. House," March 11, 2018
- ↑ Politico, "At Pennsylvania rally, Trump endorses himself," March 10, 2018
- ↑ Federal Election Commission, "Independent expenditures," March 7, 2018
- ↑ WTAE, "WTAE to broadcast Pennsylvania's 18th District congressional debate Saturday," February 26, 2018
- ↑ The Hill, "Super PAC launches $250K ad buy to boost Dem in heated Pa. race," February 27, 2018
- ↑ Politico, "Trump super PAC to spend $1 million in Pennsylvania special election," February 22, 2018
- ↑ Twitter, "Bridget Bowman on February 22, 2018," accessed February 27, 2018
- ↑ Twitter, "Medium Buying on February 22, 2018," accessed February 27, 2018
- ↑ U.S. News & World Report, "The Latest: Trump postpones Penn. rally after shooting," February 15, 2018
- ↑ Politico, "Romney postpones Senate announcement," February 15, 2018
- ↑ Politico, "Sound the alarm: National GOP breaks glass in Pennsylvania race," February 5, 2018
- ↑ Politico, "Testing Trump, national cash floods another special election," January 27, 2018
- ↑ The Michigan Daily, "Noah Harrison: Lamb's victory a sign of what's to come," March 20, 2018
- ↑ The Philadelphia Inquirer, "Analysis: Republicans seek answer to Trump drag after special-election setback in Pennsylvania," March 14, 2018
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 The Washington Post, "Winners and losers from the Pennsylvania special election," March 14, 2018
- ↑ FiveThirtyEight, "The Pennsylvania 18th result tells us what everything has been tell us for a while," March 14, 2018
- ↑ City & State Pennsylvania, "Winners and losers for the week ending March 16," March 18, 2018
- ↑ ABC News, "Analysis: Beyond the myth and spin, here's what Pennsylvania's special election could mean for the midterm," March 14, 2018
- ↑ Daily Kos, "2008, 2012, & 2016 Presidential Election Results by District," accessed July 11, 2018
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Both general election candidates were Democrats.
- ↑ Lamb won by a margin of 0.4 percentage points.
- ↑ United States Census Bureau, "Quick Facts - Pennsylvania," accessed January 3, 2018
- ↑ Pennsylvania Demographics, "Pennsylvania Cities by Population," accessed January 3, 2018