Iowa's 2nd Congressional District election, 2020
- Election date: Nov. 3
- Registration deadline(s): Oct. 24
- Online registration: Yes
- Same-day registration: Yes
- Recount laws
- Early voting starts: Oct. 5
- Absentee/mail voting deadline(s): Nov. 2 (postmarked); Nov. 9 (received)
- Processing, counting, and challenging absentee/mail-in ballots
- Voter ID: Non-photo ID
- Poll times: 7 a.m. to 9 p.m
2022 →
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Iowa's 2nd Congressional District |
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Democratic primary Republican primary General election |
Election details |
Filing deadline: March 13, 2020 |
Primary: June 2, 2020 General: November 3, 2020 Pre-election incumbent: Dave Loebsack (Democrat) |
How to vote |
Poll times: 7 a.m. to 9 p.m. Voting in Iowa |
Race ratings |
Inside Elections: Lean Democratic Sabato's Crystal Ball: Lean Democratic |
Ballotpedia analysis |
U.S. Senate battlegrounds U.S. House battlegrounds Federal and state primary competitiveness Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2020 |
See also |
U.S. Senate • 1st • 2nd • 3rd • 4th Iowa elections, 2020 U.S. Congress elections, 2020 U.S. Senate elections, 2020 U.S. House elections, 2020 |
Mariannette Miller-Meeks (R) was certified as the winner of the general election for Iowa's 2nd Congressional District on November 30, 2020, after a recount showed her defeating Rita Hart (D) by six votes. Hart announced on December 2 that she would contest the election with the House Administration Committee.[1] Hart later withdrew her challenge on March 31, 2021.[2] Click here for more information.
The November 3 election was the narrowest margin of victory in a U.S. House race since 1984, when Francis McCloskey (D) defeated Richard McIntyre (R) by four votes in Indiana's 8th Congressional District.[3][4]
Hart served in the Iowa State Senate from 2013 to 2019, and Miller-Meeks joined the chamber in 2019. Miller-Meeks challenged Dave Loebsack (D) in the 2nd District in 2014, losing 47% to 53%. Loebsack, who was first elected in 2006, did not seek re-election in 2020.[5] In 2016 and 2018, Loebsack defeated Republican challengers 54% to 46% and 55% to 43%, respectively.
The 2nd District was one of 30 Democratic-held U.S. House districts that Donald Trump (R) won in the 2016 presidential election. Of those 30 districts, Iowa's 2nd had the only open seat in 2020. Trump received 49% of the vote to Hillary Clinton's (D) 45% in the 2nd District.[6]
As of October 16, 2020, the National Republican Congressional Committee had spent $3 million on the race, and the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee had spent $2.8 million. This was each group's third-highest expenditure on 2020 races at the time.[7][8]
The outcome of this race affected partisan control of the U.S. House of Representatives in the 117th Congress. All 435 seats in the House were up for election. At the time of the election, Democrats had a 232 to 198 majority over Republicans. The Libertarian Party had one seat. Four seats were vacant. Democrats defended 30 districts Donald Trump (R) won in 2016. Republicans defended five districts Hillary Clinton (D) won in 2016.
Iowa's 2nd Congressional District covers most of the southeastern part of the state including Iowa City. Appanoose, Cedar, Clarke, Clinton, Davis, Decatur, Des Moines, Henry, Jasper, Jefferson, Johnson, Keokuk, Lee, Louisa, Lucas, Mahaska, Marion, Monroe, Muscatine, Scott, Van Buren, Wapello, Washington, and Wayne counties are included in this district.[9]
For more information about the Democratic primary, click here.
For more information about the Republican primary, click here.
Post-election analysis
The table below compares the vote totals in the 2020 presidential election and 2020 U.S. House election for this district. The presidential election data was compiled by Daily Kos.
Presidential and congressional election results, Iowa's 2nd Congressional District, 2020 | ||
---|---|---|
Race | Presidential | U.S. House |
Democratic candidate | 47.1 | 49.9 |
Republican candidate | 51.1 | 49.9 |
Difference | 4 | 0 |
Aftermath
Election contested with House Administration Committee
The House Administration Committee investigated the 2020 election results in Iowa's 2nd Congressional District after Rita Hart (D) filed a notice of contest challenging the results on December 22, 2021. If the committee recommended the matter to the full House, the chamber would have decided the outcome by a majority vote as provided for in Article I, Section 5, of the U.S. Constitution. Mariannette Miller-Meeks (R) was provisionally seated on January 3, 2021. Lawyers for Hart and Miller-Meeks had until March 22 to submit their initial briefs in the case and until March 29 to provide written answers to a series of questions asked by the committee.[10] On March 31, 2021, Hart withdrew her challenge of the results.[11]
After the November 3, 2020, general election, Iowa Secretary of State Paul Pate (R) ordered recounts in Jasper and Lucas Counties after both counties incorrectly reported vote totals. Hart later requested a full recount of votes in all 24 counties in the district. After this last recount, Miller-Meeks was certified as the winner by a margin of six votes. In a statement, Hart said “When we know there were a lot of votes that were not examined it’s just so crucial that we get this right and we make sure every person’s vote was counted.” Miller-Meeks said that every legal vote was already counted and that Hart wants to "not follow the rules of Iowa law. She wants a partisan political process in Washington D.C. to override Iowa law."[12] Forgoing further legal action in the state, Hart announced that she would contest the election with the House Administration Committee. On January 21, 2021, Miller-Meeks filed a motion calling on Congress to dismiss Hart's petition.
On March 10, the House Administration Committee voted to consider Rita Hart's notice of contest and move forward with an investigation. The committee tabled Miller-Meeks' motion to dismiss Hart's petition. Hart and Miller-Meeks were allowed to state their cases, use depositions, and subpoena witnesses and documents. The committee would then have submitted a report to the full House of Representatives and a simple majority vote of the full House will decide the outcome of the election.[13]
Historically, most contested election cases heard by the committee have been dismissed. Out of 107 contested election cases filed between 1933 and 2009, the candidate who contested the election only won three times.[14]
Timeline
This timeline presents, in reverse chronological order, major events in the aftermath of the November 3, 2020, election, including recounts, legal challenges, and the contest in the House.
- March 31, 2021: Rita Hart dropped her petition asking the House Administration Committee to investigate the November 3 election results in Iowa's 2nd Congressional District. “Despite our best efforts to have every vote counted, the reality is that the toxic campaign of political disinformation to attack this constitutional review of the closest congressional contest in 100 years has effectively silenced the voices of Iowans,” Hart said.[15]
- March 10, 2021: The House Administration Committee voted 6-3 to move forward with Hart's petition.[16] Hart said that the decision helps ensure that every vote is counted. “At least twenty-two Iowans’ legally-cast ballots still have not been counted due to a string of errors. We are glad to see the House Committee on Administration taking the next step towards ensuring that every legally-cast vote is counted in this race and that all Iowans’ voices are heard. Every legal voter in this country has a right to have their ballot counted and the remedy here is clear — count the ballots,” she said. Miller-Meeks said that “In Iowa, the votes were counted, recounted, and in some cases - recounted again. Now, Rita Hart is asking democrat politicians in DC to elect her because the voters of Iowa did not.”[17]
- January 21, 2021: Miller-Meeks filed a motion asking Congress to dismiss Hart's challenge of the election results through the House Administration Committee. Alan Ostergren, an attorney for Miller-Meeks, said that Hart should have first presented her complaint to the Iowa courts, as "The precedents of the House, going back a century or more, require contestants to avail themselves of every single remedy they have under state law before they go to Congress." The House Administration Committee could dismiss Hart's complaint or move forward with an inquiry into the results.[18]
- January 3, 2021: Miller-Meeks was provisionally seated as the House Administration Committee continued to review the Hart campaign's challenge. Addressing Hart's challenge in an interview with KWWL, Miller-Meeks said the following: "It is regrettable my opponent did not go through the Iowa courts. They could certainly have addressed 22 ballots and made a decision on this. She used the legal processes that were available to her, and while we go through these in the interim time, people need to know that they have a representative and that representative is not gonna quit working for them."[19]
- Dec. 22, 2020: Hart filed a notice of contest in which she says that 22 ballots were unfairly excluded. According to the filing, eleven of the ballots were excluded due to errors by poll workers and another 11 were wrongly excluded because of unsealed or damaged envelopes, having the voter's signature in the wrong place, or being left in a drop box outside the county. Marc Elias, Hart's lawyer, said that “Although it is admittedly tempting to close the curtain on the 2020 election cycle, prematurely ending this contest would disenfranchise Iowa voters and award the congressional seat to the candidate who received fewer lawful votes."[20]
- Dec. 2, 2020: Hart announced that she would contest the election with the House Administration Committee.[1] If the committee recommends the matter to the full House, the chamber will decide the outcome by a majority vote. Article I, Section 5, of the U.S. Constitution establishes that each chamber of Congress "shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members." Click here for more information about the process.
- Nov. 30, 2020: Miller-Meeks was certified as the winner after a recount showed her with six more votes than Hart.[3]
- Nov. 17, 2020: The recount began. Counties were required to complete the process by November 28.[21]
- Nov. 13, 2020: Hart's campaign requested a full recount. As of Nov. 12, unofficial results showed Miller-Meeks leading by 47 votes, a margin of 0.02 percentage points.[22] Click here for more information on Iowa's recount laws. Also, the Lucas County recount was completed and did not alter vote totals.[23]
- Nov. 10, 2020: Iowa Secretary of State Paul Pate (R) requested a second recount, this one in Lucas County, after the county auditor found one of the precinct's vote totals had not been included in the county's results. After adding that precinct's totals, Miller-Meeks led by 32 votes. The Lucas County recount was scheduled to take place Nov. 12.[24]
- After the district's 24 counties completed their official canvasses of votes, Miller-Meeks was ahead by 40 votes. She released a statement saying, "I express my heartfelt gratitude to the voters of Iowa’s 2nd Congressional District and acknowledge my opponent Rita Hart’s grace and positive demeanor during this challenging campaign. The election is over, and it is time to move forward together and focus on the priorities that will best serve Iowans."[25]
- Hart's campaign manager, Zach Meunier, responded, "As we have said repeatedly, it is critical that Iowans’ voices are heard and the votes are accurately counted. The vote totals in this race continue to fluctuate, and both Iowa officials and independent news organizations have made it clear that the race is too close to call. Iowa is a state that values election integrity and Mariannette Miller-Meeks’ campaign’s attempts to usurp this process undermines that integrity. We appreciate the hard work of our poll workers and election officials to accurately count all legal ballots and the votes, and are confident by the end of this process that Rita Hart will be the next congresswoman from Iowa’s Second District."[25]
- Nov. 9, 2020: After the Jasper countywide recount (not including the hand recount in the precinct in which the error originated), Hart's lead changed from 162 votes to 163. Absentee and provisional ballots were still being counted, and her lead narrowed to 152 on Nov. 9.[26]
- Nov. 6, 2020: Iowa Secretary of State Paul Pate (R) requested a recount in Jasper County after Jasper County Auditor Dennis Parrott told the state that a human error had resulted in 591 Election Day ballots from one precinct being counted incorrectly. Parrott and the Jasper County Board of Supervisors agreed to the recount of around 19,000 ballots. A countywide administrative recount and a hand recount in the precinct where the error originated were ordered. Prior to the recount, unofficial results after totals were adjusted from the error showed Hart ahead by 162 votes. Miller-Meeks had led by 282 votes before the adjustment.[27]
Election procedure changes in 2020
Ballotpedia provided comprehensive coverage of how election dates and procedures changed in 2020. While the majority of changes occurred as a result of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, some changes occurred for other reasons.
Iowa modified its absentee/mail-in voting procedures for the November 3, 2020, general election as follows:
- Absentee/mail-in voting: Absentee ballot application forms were sent to all registered voters in the general election.
For a full timeline about election modifications made in response to the COVID-19 outbreak, click here.
Candidates and election results
General election
General election for U.S. House Iowa District 2
Mariannette Miller-Meeks defeated Rita Hart in the general election for U.S. House Iowa District 2 on November 3, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | Mariannette Miller-Meeks (R) | 49.9 | 196,964 | |
Rita Hart (D) | 49.9 | 196,958 | ||
Other/Write-in votes | 0.2 | 703 |
Total votes: 394,625 | ||||
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
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Democratic primary election
Democratic primary for U.S. House Iowa District 2
Rita Hart advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. House Iowa District 2 on June 2, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | Rita Hart | 99.6 | 67,039 | |
Other/Write-in votes | 0.4 | 271 |
Total votes: 67,310 | ||||
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- Newman Abuissa (D)
- Joseph Kane Baker (D)
- Veronica Tessler (D)
Republican primary election
Republican primary for U.S. House Iowa District 2
Mariannette Miller-Meeks defeated Robert T. Schilling, Steven Everly, Ricky Lee Phillips, and Tim Borchardt in the Republican primary for U.S. House Iowa District 2 on June 2, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 47.6 | 23,052 | |
Robert T. Schilling | 36.3 | 17,582 | ||
Steven Everly | 5.8 | 2,806 | ||
Ricky Lee Phillips | 5.0 | 2,444 | ||
Tim Borchardt | 4.9 | 2,370 | ||
Other/Write-in votes | 0.3 | 161 |
Total votes: 48,415 | ||||
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. |
Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- Mathew Hepker (R)
- Thomas Kedley (R)
Recount laws in Iowa
- See also: Recount laws in Iowa
Any candidate may request a recount. If the margin of victory separating candidates is 50 votes or 1% of the total number of votes cast, whichever is greater, the state covers the cost of the recount. In all other instances, the candidate is responsible for costs associated with the recount. Costs paid by the candidate are refunded if the recount changes the election outcome.
The recount can be requested up to three days after the county canvass. The deadline for completion is 18 days after the county canvass.
For more information about recount procedures in Iowa, click here.
Candidate profiles
This section includes candidate profiles created in one of two ways. Either the candidate completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey or Ballotpedia staff created a profile after identifying the candidate as noteworthy.[28] Ballotpedia staff compiled profiles based on campaign websites, advertisements, and public statements.
Party: Democratic Party
Incumbent: No
Political Office:
Iowa State Senate (2013-2019)
Biography: Hart earned her B.S. from the University of Northern Iowa and her M.S. in Educational Administration. She worked as a farmer and teacher. Hart became an international exchange coordinator at the Education First Foundation for Foreign Study in 2007. She became director of community relations at Pangaea International Academy in 2019.
Show sources
This information was current as of the candidate's run for U.S. House Iowa District 2 in 2020.
Party: Republican Party
Incumbent: No
Political Office:
Iowa State Senate (Assumed office: 2019)
Biography: Miller-Meeks received a B.S. in Nursing from Texas Christian University, an M.S. in Education from the University of Southern California, and an M.D. from the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. She served in the Army for 24 years as a private, nurse, and doctor. Miller-Meeks entered private practice as an ophthalmologist in 1997. Former Gov. Terry Branstad (R) appointed her as Iowa's director of public health, a position she held for three years.
Show sources
This information was current as of the candidate's run for U.S. House Iowa District 2 in 2020.
Polls
- See also: Ballotpedia's approach to covering polls
Iowa's 2nd Congressional District, 2020: General election polls | |||||||||
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Poll | Date | Hart | Miller-Meeks | Undecided/Other | Margin of error | Sample size | Sponsor | ||
Monmouth | Oct. 15-20 | 49% | 43% | 8% | ± 5.2 | 355 | -- | ||
Monmouth | July 25-Aug. 3 | 44% | 47% | 9% | ± 5.1 | 374 | -- |
Campaign finance
This section contains campaign finance figures from the Federal Election Commission covering all candidate fundraising and spending in this election.[29] It does not include information on fundraising before the current campaign cycle or on spending by satellite groups. The numbers in this section are updated as candidates file new campaign finance reports. Candidates for Congress are required to file financial reports on a quarterly basis, as well as two weeks before any primary, runoff, or general election in which they will be on the ballot and upon the termination of any campaign committees.[30] The chart below contains data from financial reports submitted to the Federal Election Commission.
Name | Party | Receipts* | Disbursements** | Cash on hand | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rita Hart | Democratic Party | $4,262,215 | $4,143,623 | $118,592 | As of December 31, 2020 |
Mariannette Miller-Meeks | Republican Party | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
Source: Federal Elections Commission, "Campaign finance data," 2020. This product uses the openFEC API but is not endorsed or certified by the Federal Election Commission (FEC).
* According to the FEC, "Receipts are anything of value (money, goods, services or property) received by a political committee." |
District analysis
- See also: The Cook Political Report's Partisan Voter Index
- See also: FiveThirtyEight's elasticity scores
The 2017 Cook Partisan Voter Index for this district was D+1, meaning that in the previous two presidential elections, this district's results were 1 percentage point more Democratic than the national average. This made Iowa's 2nd Congressional District the 193rd most Democratic nationally.[31]
FiveThirtyEight's September 2018 elasticity score for states and congressional districts measured "how sensitive it is to changes in the national political environment." This district's elasticity score was 1.17. This means that for every 1 point the national political mood moved toward a party, the district was expected to move 1.17 points toward that party.[32]
Race ratings
- See also: Race rating definitions and methods
Ballotpedia provides race ratings from four outlets: The Cook Political Report, Inside Elections, Sabato's Crystal Ball, and DDHQ/The Hill. Each race rating indicates if one party is perceived to have an advantage in the race and, if so, the degree of advantage:
- Safe and Solid ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge and the race is not competitive.
- Likely ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge, but an upset is possible.
- Lean ratings indicate that one party has a small edge, but the race is competitive.[33]
- Toss-up ratings indicate that neither party has an advantage.
Race ratings are informed by a number of factors, including polling, candidate quality, and election result history in the race's district or state.[34][35][36]
Race ratings: Iowa's 2nd Congressional District election, 2020 | |||||||||
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Race tracker | Race ratings | ||||||||
November 3, 2020 | October 27, 2020 | October 20, 2020 | October 13, 2020 | ||||||
The Cook Political Report | Toss-up | Toss-up | Toss-up | Toss-up | |||||
Inside Elections with Nathan L. Gonzales | Lean Democratic | Tilt Democratic | Tilt Democratic | Tilt Democratic | |||||
Larry J. Sabato's Crystal Ball | Lean Democratic | Lean Democratic | Lean Democratic | Lean Democratic | |||||
Note: Ballotpedia updates external race ratings every week throughout the election season. |
Noteworthy endorsements
This section lists noteworthy endorsements issued in this election, including those made by high-profile individuals and organizations, cross-party endorsements, and endorsements made by newspaper editorial boards. It also includes a bulleted list of links to official lists of endorsements for any candidates who published that information on their campaign websites. Please note that this list is not exhaustive. If you are aware of endorsements that should be included, please click here.
Click the links below to see endorsement lists published on candidate campaign websites, if available.
Noteworthy endorsements | ||||||
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Endorsement | Hart (D) | Miller-Meeks (R) | ||||
Newspapers and editorials | ||||||
Des Moines Register editorial board[37] | ✔ | |||||
The Daily Iowan editorial board[38] | ✔ | |||||
Iowa City Press-Citizen editorial board[39] | ✔ | |||||
Elected officials | ||||||
President Donald Trump (R)[40] | ✔ | |||||
Gov. Kim Reynolds (R)[41] | ✔ | |||||
Individuals | ||||||
Former President Barack Obama (D)[42] | ✔ | |||||
Former Davenport Alderman-At-Large Jason Gordon (R)[43] | ✔ | |||||
Former Clinton County Supervisor Jill Davisson (R)[43] | ✔ | |||||
Former Clinton County Treasurer Rhonda McIntyre (R)[43] | ✔ |
Campaign advertisements
This section shows advertisements released in this race. Ads released by campaigns and, if applicable, satellite groups are embedded or linked below. If you are aware of advertisements that should be included, please email us.
Rita Hart
Supporting Hart
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Opposing Miller-Meeks
Mariannette Miller-Meeks
Supporting Miller-Meeks
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Opposing Hart
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Satellite group ads
Click "show" to the right to see satellite group ads. | ||||||||||||||||||
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Opposing Hart
Opposing Miller-Meeks
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Debates and forums
Oct. 15
The Quad-City Times and KWQC hosted a debate. Click here for the video.
Oct. 8
KCRG-TV9 hosted a debate. Click here for the video.
Sept. 24
Iowa PBS hosted a debate. Click here for the video.
Campaign themes
- See also: Campaign themes
Rita Hart
Hart’s campaign website stated the following:
“ |
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—Rita Hart’s campaign website (2020)[45] |
Mariannette Miller-Meeks
Miller-Meeks' campaign website posted the following videos:
District represented by a Democrat in 2020 and won by Donald Trump in 2016
This district was one of 30 Democratic-held U.S. House districts up in 2020 that Donald Trump (R) won in the 2016 presidential election. Most were expected to be among the House's most competitive elections in 2020.
2020 Democratic-held U.S. House districts won by Donald Trump in 2016 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
District | Incumbent | Ran in 2020? | 2018 congressional margin | 2016 presidential margin | 2012 presidential margin | ||||||||
Arizona's 1st | Tom O'Halleran | Yes | Democrats+7.7 | Trump+1.1 | Romney+2.5 | ||||||||
Georgia's 6th | Lucy McBath | Yes | Democrats+1.0 | Trump+1.5 | Romney+23.3 | ||||||||
Illinois' 14th | Lauren Underwood | Yes | Democrats+5.0 | Trump+3.9 | Romney+10 | ||||||||
Illinois' 17th | Cheri Bustos | Yes | Democrats+24.2 | Trump+0.7 | Obama+17 | ||||||||
Iowa's 1st | Abby Finkenauer | Yes | Democrats+5.1 | Trump+3.5 | Obama+13.7 | ||||||||
Iowa's 2nd | Dave Loebsack | Retired | Democrats+5.2 | Trump+4.1 | Obama+13.1 | ||||||||
Iowa's 3rd | Cindy Axne | Yes | Democrats+2.2 | Trump+3.5 | Obama+4.2 | ||||||||
Maine's 2nd | Jared Golden | Yes | Democrats+1.3 | Trump+10.3 | Obama+8.6 | ||||||||
Michigan's 8th | Elissa Slotkin | Yes | Democrats+3.8 | Trump+6.7 | Romney+3.1 | ||||||||
Michigan's 11th | Haley Stevens | Yes | Democrats+6.7 | Trump+4.4 | Romney+5.4 | ||||||||
Minnesota's 2nd | Angie Craig | Yes | Democrats+5.5 | Trump+1.2 | Obama+0.1 | ||||||||
Minnesota's 7th | Collin Peterson | Yes | Democrats+4.3 | Trump+30.8 | Romney+9.8 | ||||||||
Nevada's 3rd | Susie Lee | Yes | Democrats+9.1 | Trump+1.0 | Obama+0.8 | ||||||||
New Hampshire's 1st | Chris Pappas | Yes | Democrats+8.6 | Trump+1.6 | Obama+1.6 | ||||||||
New Jersey's 3rd | Andrew Kim | Yes | Democrats+1.3 | Trump+6.2 | Obama+4.6 | ||||||||
New Jersey's 5th | Josh Gottheimer | Yes | Democrats+13.7 | Trump+1.1 | Romney+3.0 | ||||||||
New Jersey's 11th | Mikie Sherrill | Yes | Democrats+14.6 | Trump+0.9 | Romney+5.8 | ||||||||
New Mexico's 2nd | Xochitl Torres Small | Yes | Democrats+1.9 | Trump+10.2 | Romney+6.8 | ||||||||
New York's 11th | Max Rose | Yes | Democrats+6.5 | Trump+9.8 | Obama+4.3 | ||||||||
New York's 18th | Sean Maloney | Yes | Democrats+10.9 | Trump+1.9 | Obama+4.3 | ||||||||
New York's 19th | Antonio Delgado | Yes | Democrats+5.2 | Trump+6.8 | Obama+6.2 | ||||||||
New York's 22nd | Anthony Brindisi | Yes | Democrats+1.8 | Trump+15.5 | Romney+0.4 | ||||||||
Oklahoma's 5th | Kendra Horn | Yes | Democrats+1.4 | Trump+13.4 | Romney+18.4 | ||||||||
Pennsylvania's 8th | Matt Cartwright | Yes | Democrats+9.3 | Trump+9.6 | Obama+11.9 | ||||||||
Pennsylvania's 17th | Conor Lamb | Yes | Democrats+12.5 | Trump+2.6 | Romney+4.5 | ||||||||
South Carolina's 1st | Joe Cunningham | Yes | Democrats+1.4 | Trump+13.1 | Romney+18.1 | ||||||||
Utah's 4th | Ben McAdams | Yes | Democrats+0.3 | Trump+6.7 | Romney+37.0 | ||||||||
Virginia's 2nd | Elaine Luria | Yes | Democrats+2.2 | Trump+3.4 | Romney+2.3 | ||||||||
Virginia's 7th | Abigail Spanberger | Yes | Democrats+1.9 | Trump+6.5 | Romney+10.5 | ||||||||
Wisconsin's 3rd | Ron Kind | Yes | Democrats+19.3 | Trump+4.5 | Obama+11 | ||||||||
Source: Sabato's Crystal Ball and Daily Kos |
Click here to see the five U.S. House districts represented by a Republican in 2020 and won by Hillary Clinton in 2016.
Pivot Counties
- See also: Pivot Counties by state
Thirty-one of 99 Iowa counties—31 percent—are Pivot Counties. Pivot Counties are counties that voted for Barack Obama (D) in 2008 and 2012 and for Donald Trump (R) in 2016. Altogether, the nation had 206 Pivot Counties, with most being concentrated in upper midwestern and northeastern states.
Counties won by Trump in 2016 and Obama in 2012 and 2008 | |||||||
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County | Trump margin of victory in 2016 | Obama margin of victory in 2012 | Obama margin of victory in 2008 | ||||
Allamakee County, Iowa | 24.15% | 4.17% | 14.25% | ||||
Boone County, Iowa | 13.69% | 6.64% | 7.63% | ||||
Bremer County, Iowa | 13.68% | 2.68% | 9.31% | ||||
Buchanan County, Iowa | 15.02% | 13.87% | 18.48% | ||||
Cedar County, Iowa | 17.78% | 4.59% | 9.64% | ||||
Cerro Gordo County, Iowa | 7.66% | 13.38% | 20.83% | ||||
Chickasaw County, Iowa | 22.94% | 11.07% | 20.74% | ||||
Clarke County, Iowa | 28.02% | 1.47% | 2.25% | ||||
Clayton County, Iowa | 22.78% | 7.03% | 17.17% | ||||
Clinton County, Iowa | 5.12% | 22.84% | 23.03% | ||||
Des Moines County, Iowa | 6.89% | 18.41% | 23.04% | ||||
Dubuque County, Iowa | 1.23% | 14.71% | 20.77% | ||||
Fayette County, Iowa | 19.36% | 11.96% | 16.60% | ||||
Floyd County, Iowa | 14.84% | 14.63% | 21.88% | ||||
Howard County, Iowa | 20.49% | 20.95% | 25.78% | ||||
Jackson County, Iowa | 19.27% | 16.89% | 24.39% | ||||
Jasper County, Iowa | 18.13% | 7.07% | 7.50% | ||||
Jefferson County, Iowa | 0.47% | 15.97% | 20.23% | ||||
Jones County, Iowa | 19.08% | 7.78% | 10.40% | ||||
Lee County, Iowa | 16.02% | 15.49% | 16.01% | ||||
Louisa County, Iowa | 28.37% | 0.64% | 4.25% | ||||
Marshall County, Iowa | 8.31% | 9.36% | 9.35% | ||||
Mitchell County, Iowa | 24.04% | 3.37% | 12.31% | ||||
Muscatine County, Iowa | 6.26% | 15.88% | 15.64% | ||||
Poweshiek County, Iowa | 6.53% | 9.35% | 11.75% | ||||
Tama County, Iowa | 20.28% | 7.43% | 12.19% | ||||
Union County, Iowa | 27.49% | 3.86% | 3.70% | ||||
Wapello County, Iowa | 20.60% | 11.88% | 13.53% | ||||
Webster County, Iowa | 21.52% | 5.84% | 8.51% | ||||
Winneshiek County, Iowa | 0.79% | 14.74% | 22.65% | ||||
Worth County, Iowa | 21.68% | 14.53% | 22.42% |
In the 2016 presidential election, Donald Trump (R) won Iowa with 51.1 percent of the vote. Hillary Clinton (D) received 41.7 percent. In presidential elections between 1848 and 2016, Iowa voted Republican 69.76 percent of the time and Democratic 30.23 percent of the time. In the five presidential elections between 2000 and 2016, Iowa voted Democratic three times and Republican the other two times.[47]
Presidential results by legislative district
The following table details results of the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections by state House districts in Iowa. Click [show] to expand the table. The "Obama," "Romney," "Clinton," and "Trump" columns describe the percent of the vote each presidential candidate received in the district. The "2012 Margin" and "2016 Margin" columns describe the margin of victory between the two presidential candidates in those years. The "Party Control" column notes which party held that seat heading into the 2018 general election. Data on the results of the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections broken down by state legislative districts was compiled by Daily Kos.[48][49]
In 2012, Barack Obama (D) won 61 out of 100 state House districts in Iowa with an average margin of victory of 19.1 points. In 2016, Hillary Clinton (D) won 35 out of 100 state House districts in Iowa with an average margin of victory of 18.8 points. Clinton won four districts controlled by Republicans heading into the 2018 elections. |
In 2012, Mitt Romney (R) won 39 out of 100 state House districts in Iowa with an average margin of victory of 13.3 points. In 2016, Donald Trump (R) won 65 out of 100 state House districts in Iowa with an average margin of victory of 24.5 points. Trump won 10 districts controlled by Democrats heading into the 2018 elections. |
2016 presidential results by state House district | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
District | Obama | Romney | 2012 Margin | Clinton | Trump | 2016 Margin | Party Control |
1 | 30.96% | 67.78% | R+36.8 | 22.23% | 73.81% | R+51.6 | R |
2 | 41.86% | 56.83% | R+15 | 27.53% | 67.70% | R+40.2 | R |
3 | 31.57% | 67.31% | R+35.7 | 20.73% | 74.78% | R+54.1 | R |
4 | 15.63% | 83.55% | R+67.9 | 12.95% | 81.67% | R+68.7 | R |
5 | 33.00% | 65.90% | R+32.9 | 22.28% | 73.69% | R+51.4 | R |
6 | 44.39% | 54.40% | R+10 | 32.54% | 62.36% | R+29.8 | R |
7 | 46.87% | 51.82% | R+5 | 31.96% | 62.86% | R+30.9 | R |
8 | 43.04% | 55.84% | R+12.8 | 28.52% | 67.11% | R+38.6 | R |
9 | 54.26% | 44.65% | D+9.6 | 39.33% | 55.29% | R+16 | D |
10 | 40.15% | 58.39% | R+18.2 | 25.64% | 69.78% | R+44.1 | R |
11 | 42.76% | 56.17% | R+13.4 | 30.87% | 64.40% | R+33.5 | R |
12 | 46.14% | 52.95% | R+6.8 | 30.92% | 64.32% | R+33.4 | R |
13 | 54.28% | 44.37% | D+9.9 | 42.30% | 52.03% | R+9.7 | D |
14 | 59.33% | 39.34% | D+20 | 47.69% | 47.27% | D+0.4 | D |
15 | 57.12% | 41.17% | D+16 | 41.89% | 51.48% | R+9.6 | D |
16 | 52.01% | 46.46% | D+5.5 | 41.84% | 51.76% | R+9.9 | R |
17 | 41.10% | 57.71% | R+16.6 | 25.76% | 70.01% | R+44.3 | R |
18 | 41.98% | 56.88% | R+14.9 | 28.11% | 67.52% | R+39.4 | R |
19 | 40.80% | 57.87% | R+17.1 | 36.54% | 56.73% | R+20.2 | R |
20 | 48.77% | 49.62% | R+0.9 | 35.39% | 59.04% | R+23.6 | R |
21 | 45.01% | 53.64% | R+8.6 | 29.35% | 65.17% | R+35.8 | R |
22 | 36.78% | 62.08% | R+25.3 | 29.64% | 65.50% | R+35.9 | R |
23 | 40.72% | 57.80% | R+17.1 | 27.37% | 66.81% | R+39.4 | R |
24 | 39.86% | 58.79% | R+18.9 | 25.77% | 69.86% | R+44.1 | R |
25 | 44.34% | 54.14% | R+9.8 | 34.15% | 59.72% | R+25.6 | R |
26 | 50.18% | 48.59% | D+1.6 | 39.62% | 53.52% | R+13.9 | D |
27 | 47.15% | 51.07% | R+3.9 | 30.50% | 64.42% | R+33.9 | R |
28 | 47.30% | 51.30% | R+4 | 31.76% | 62.81% | R+31.1 | R |
29 | 56.05% | 42.50% | D+13.6 | 40.78% | 53.23% | R+12.5 | D |
30 | 47.66% | 50.85% | R+3.2 | 38.47% | 54.84% | R+16.4 | R |
31 | 61.55% | 36.86% | D+24.7 | 49.75% | 43.99% | D+5.8 | D |
32 | 72.88% | 25.37% | D+47.5 | 63.69% | 30.28% | D+33.4 | D |
33 | 67.30% | 31.37% | D+35.9 | 59.50% | 34.55% | D+25 | D |
34 | 68.16% | 30.10% | D+38.1 | 60.44% | 33.19% | D+27.2 | D |
35 | 77.01% | 21.48% | D+55.5 | 70.40% | 23.46% | D+46.9 | D |
36 | 65.21% | 33.12% | D+32.1 | 63.13% | 29.46% | D+33.7 | D |
37 | 43.30% | 55.35% | R+12 | 42.10% | 50.50% | R+8.4 | R |
38 | 49.33% | 49.21% | D+0.1 | 42.85% | 49.84% | R+7 | R |
39 | 43.02% | 55.76% | R+12.7 | 43.93% | 48.99% | R+5.1 | R |
40 | 49.31% | 49.53% | R+0.2 | 50.25% | 43.32% | D+6.9 | D |
41 | 67.93% | 30.50% | D+37.4 | 69.25% | 24.10% | D+45.2 | D |
42 | 49.85% | 48.83% | D+1 | 51.15% | 42.19% | D+9 | R |
43 | 50.58% | 48.29% | D+2.3 | 52.50% | 41.03% | D+11.5 | R |
44 | 42.52% | 56.60% | R+14.1 | 44.97% | 47.76% | R+2.8 | R |
45 | 60.66% | 36.80% | D+23.9 | 57.79% | 31.85% | D+25.9 | D |
46 | 59.66% | 37.96% | D+21.7 | 57.22% | 33.12% | D+24.1 | D |
47 | 52.11% | 46.29% | D+5.8 | 38.31% | 54.96% | R+16.6 | R |
48 | 47.95% | 50.46% | R+2.5 | 36.50% | 56.98% | R+20.5 | R |
49 | 46.50% | 51.88% | R+5.4 | 36.62% | 55.49% | R+18.9 | R |
50 | 42.94% | 55.95% | R+13 | 30.36% | 64.36% | R+34 | R |
51 | 55.19% | 43.48% | D+11.7 | 35.67% | 58.91% | R+23.2 | R |
52 | 56.04% | 42.88% | D+13.2 | 37.76% | 56.73% | R+19 | D |
53 | 60.98% | 37.92% | D+23.1 | 47.69% | 46.65% | D+1 | D |
54 | 44.96% | 53.94% | R+9 | 32.11% | 62.71% | R+30.6 | R |
55 | 55.19% | 43.44% | D+11.8 | 43.51% | 50.62% | R+7.1 | R |
56 | 52.01% | 46.73% | D+5.3 | 34.91% | 59.80% | R+24.9 | R |
57 | 49.00% | 49.98% | R+1 | 37.25% | 57.49% | R+20.2 | R |
58 | 55.60% | 43.22% | D+12.4 | 37.06% | 57.82% | R+20.8 | R |
59 | 56.29% | 42.22% | D+14.1 | 51.94% | 40.87% | D+11.1 | D |
60 | 50.15% | 48.91% | D+1.2 | 45.19% | 48.75% | R+3.6 | R |
61 | 63.73% | 35.14% | D+28.6 | 52.34% | 42.07% | D+10.3 | D |
62 | 76.37% | 22.58% | D+53.8 | 62.14% | 32.64% | D+29.5 | D |
63 | 49.95% | 48.93% | D+1 | 39.04% | 55.06% | R+16 | R |
64 | 57.83% | 41.00% | D+16.8 | 40.27% | 53.42% | R+13.1 | D |
65 | 66.77% | 31.71% | D+35.1 | 61.58% | 31.29% | D+30.3 | D |
66 | 57.43% | 41.04% | D+16.4 | 53.11% | 39.91% | D+13.2 | D |
67 | 49.18% | 49.50% | R+0.3 | 47.22% | 45.74% | D+1.5 | R |
68 | 54.45% | 44.08% | D+10.4 | 48.20% | 44.50% | D+3.7 | R |
69 | 65.87% | 32.63% | D+33.2 | 52.73% | 40.24% | D+12.5 | D |
70 | 63.00% | 35.67% | D+27.3 | 53.85% | 39.20% | D+14.7 | D |
71 | 56.62% | 42.23% | D+14.4 | 48.02% | 46.57% | D+1.5 | D |
72 | 50.86% | 47.88% | D+3 | 34.92% | 59.56% | R+24.6 | R |
73 | 54.19% | 44.65% | D+9.5 | 43.25% | 51.15% | R+7.9 | R |
74 | 67.17% | 31.21% | D+36 | 69.14% | 24.89% | D+44.3 | D |
75 | 49.36% | 49.39% | R+0 | 34.09% | 60.12% | R+26 | R |
76 | 50.61% | 47.97% | D+2.6 | 40.64% | 53.90% | R+13.3 | R |
77 | 58.46% | 40.34% | D+18.1 | 53.49% | 39.62% | D+13.9 | D |
78 | 46.21% | 51.69% | R+5.5 | 34.06% | 60.08% | R+26 | R |
79 | 35.86% | 62.79% | R+26.9 | 25.96% | 67.84% | R+41.9 | R |
80 | 45.03% | 53.56% | R+8.5 | 27.04% | 68.71% | R+41.7 | R |
81 | 56.57% | 41.86% | D+14.7 | 39.52% | 55.89% | R+16.4 | D |
82 | 49.74% | 47.90% | D+1.8 | 36.54% | 57.76% | R+21.2 | D |
83 | 58.67% | 39.72% | D+19 | 40.42% | 53.35% | R+12.9 | D |
84 | 46.37% | 52.04% | R+5.7 | 30.59% | 63.23% | R+32.6 | R |
85 | 71.79% | 26.07% | D+45.7 | 74.26% | 19.90% | D+54.4 | D |
86 | 72.99% | 24.97% | D+48 | 72.34% | 21.06% | D+51.3 | D |
87 | 62.60% | 36.08% | D+26.5 | 48.53% | 45.49% | D+3 | D |
88 | 50.88% | 47.86% | D+3 | 35.94% | 58.76% | R+22.8 | R |
89 | 63.19% | 35.77% | D+27.4 | 52.47% | 40.86% | D+11.6 | D |
90 | 73.49% | 24.97% | D+48.5 | 57.98% | 34.93% | D+23.1 | D |
91 | 57.61% | 40.97% | D+16.6 | 43.65% | 49.75% | R+6.1 | R |
92 | 53.94% | 45.00% | D+8.9 | 42.25% | 51.61% | R+9.4 | R |
93 | 56.63% | 42.22% | D+14.4 | 50.96% | 42.21% | D+8.7 | D |
94 | 45.18% | 53.87% | R+8.7 | 43.91% | 50.10% | R+6.2 | R |
95 | 52.01% | 46.69% | D+5.3 | 41.86% | 51.59% | R+9.7 | R |
96 | 51.83% | 47.01% | D+4.8 | 35.42% | 58.91% | R+23.5 | R |
97 | 50.63% | 47.95% | D+2.7 | 37.14% | 56.46% | R+19.3 | R |
98 | 65.29% | 33.50% | D+31.8 | 48.47% | 45.38% | D+3.1 | D |
99 | 59.37% | 39.28% | D+20.1 | 52.61% | 41.12% | D+11.5 | D |
100 | 62.95% | 35.58% | D+27.4 | 51.37% | 42.25% | D+9.1 | D |
Total | 52.23% | 46.40% | D+5.8 | 42.23% | 51.72% | R+9.5 | - |
Source: Daily Kos |
Candidate ballot access
The table below details filing requirements for 2nd Congressional District candidates in Iowa in the 2020 election cycle. For additional information on candidate ballot access requirements in Iowa, click here.
Filing requirements, 2020 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
State | Office | Party | Signatures required | Signature formula | Filing fee | Filing fee formula | Filing deadline | Source |
Iowa | 2nd Congressional District | Democratic | 1,606 | 1% of votes cast for the party's candidate for governor in the district in 2018 | N/A | N/A | 3/13/2020 | Source |
Iowa | 2nd Congressional District | Republican | 1,497 | 1% of votes cast for the party's candidate for governor in the district in 2018 | N/A | N/A | 3/13/2020 | Source |
Iowa | 2nd Congressional District | Unaffiliated | 375 | Fixed number | N/A | N/A | 3/13/2020 | Source |
District election history
2018
General election
General election for U.S. House Iowa District 2
Incumbent Dave Loebsack defeated Chris Peters, Mark Strauss, and Daniel Clark in the general election for U.S. House Iowa District 2 on November 6, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | Dave Loebsack (D) | 54.8 | 171,446 | |
Chris Peters (R) | 42.6 | 133,287 | ||
Mark Strauss (L) | 2.0 | 6,181 | ||
Daniel Clark (Independent) | 0.6 | 1,837 | ||
Other/Write-in votes | 0.1 | 162 |
Total votes: 312,913 (100.00% precincts reporting) | ||||
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
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Democratic primary election
Democratic primary for U.S. House Iowa District 2
Incumbent Dave Loebsack advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. House Iowa District 2 on June 5, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | Dave Loebsack | 100.0 | 42,378 |
Total votes: 42,378 | ||||
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
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Republican primary election
Republican primary for U.S. House Iowa District 2
Chris Peters defeated Ginny Caligiuri in the Republican primary for U.S. House Iowa District 2 on June 5, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | Chris Peters | 87.5 | 18,056 | |
Ginny Caligiuri (Write-in) | 11.6 | 2,389 | ||
Other/Write-in votes | 0.9 | 181 |
Total votes: 20,626 | ||||
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
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2016
Heading into the election, Ballotpedia rated this race as safely Democratic. Incumbent Dave Loebsack (D) defeated Chris Peters (R) in the general election on November 8, 2016. Neither candidate faced a primary challenger in June.[50]
Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Dave Loebsack Incumbent | 53.7% | 198,571 | |
Republican | Christopher Peters | 46.2% | 170,933 | |
N/A | Write-in | 0.1% | 528 | |
Total Votes | 370,032 | |||
Source: Iowa Secretary of State |
2014
The 2nd Congressional District of Iowa held an election for the U.S. House of Representatives on November 4, 2014. Dave Loebsack (D) defeated Mariannette Miller-Meeks (R) in the general election.
Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Dave Loebsack Incumbent | 52.5% | 143,431 | |
Republican | Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 47.4% | 129,455 | |
Write-in | Other | 0.2% | 443 | |
Total Votes | 273,329 | |||
Source: Iowa Secretary of State Official Results |
See also
- United States House of Representatives elections in Iowa, 2020
- United States House of Representatives elections, 2020
External links
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Politico, "Iowa Democrat will challenge election results with House," December 2, 2020
- ↑ Politico, "Democrat drops election contest in Iowa House race," March 31, 2021
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Associated Press, "Iowa board certifies 6-vote Republican win in US House race," November 30, 2020
- ↑ Roberta Herzberg, "McCloskey versus McIntyre: Implications of Contested Elections in a Federal Democracy," 1986
- ↑ QC Times, "Iowa Congressman Dave Loebsack to retire in 2020," April 12, 2019
- ↑ Daily Kos, ""Daily Kos Elections' presidential results by congressional district for 2016, 2012, and 2008,"" accessed June 24, 2020
- ↑ Open Secrets, "National Republican Congressional Cmte," accessed October 16, 2020
- ↑ Open Secrets, "Democratic Congressional Campaign Cmte," accessed October 16, 2020
- ↑ United States Census Bureau, "Counties by Congressional Districts," accessed June 8, 2016
- ↑ Des Moines Register, "What's next in Iowa's contested 2nd District race? Campaigns must argue their cases in new filings," March 17, 2021
- ↑ Politico, "Democrat drops election contest in Iowa House race," March 31, 2021
- ↑ KCRG, "Rita Hart challenges results in Iowa’s 2nd congressional district race," December 11, 2020
- ↑ Associated Press, "Iowa Democrat asks House to review 6-vote race, cites errors," March 10, 2021
- ↑ KWWL, "Iowa Republicans urge U.S. House to reject Hart’s appeal in 2nd Congressional District race," December 15, 2020
- ↑ Politico, "Democrat drops election contest in Iowa House race," March 31, 2021
- ↑ Associated Press, "Iowa Democrat asks House to review 6-vote race, cites errors," March 10, 2021
- ↑ KCRG, "House chooses to not dismiss Hart challenge to Miller-Meeks victory," March 10, 2021
- ↑ Des Moines Register, "U.S. Rep. Mariannette Miller-Meeks asks Congress to throw out petition from Rita Hart challenging her six-vote win in Iowa's 2nd District," January 21, 2021
- ↑ KWWL, "Rita Hart: At least 22 legally cast ballots in Iowa’s 2nd Congressional District were not counted," January 3, 2021
- ↑ Associated Press, "Iowa Democrat asks House to review 6-vote race, cites errors," December 22, 2020
- ↑ Des Moines Register, "'A great opportunity in democracy': Recount begins in Iowa 2nd Congressional District race," November 17, 2020
- ↑ Iowa Public Radio News, "Hart to Request Recounts in All 24 Counties in Iowa's 2nd Congressional District," November 13, 2020
- ↑ Des Moines Register, "Lucas County hand recount leaves margin unchanged in Iowa's 2nd Congressional District race," November 13, 2020
- ↑ Quad-City Times, "UPDATED: Iowa Secretary of State orders another recount in tight 2nd district US House race," November, 10, 2020
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Radio Iowa, "In second district race, Miller-Meeks holds 40-vote lead," November 10, 2020
- ↑ The Gazette, "Recount in Jasper County changes little in U.S. District 2 congressional race," November 9, 2020
- ↑ The Gazette, "Recount of 19,000 ballots ordered in tight Iowa U.S. District 2 House race," November 6, 2020
- ↑ Candidate Connection surveys completed before September 26, 2019, were not used to generate candidate profiles. In battleground primaries, Ballotpedia based its selection of noteworthy candidates on polling, fundraising, and noteworthy endorsements. In battleground general elections, all major party candidates and any other candidates with the potential to impact the outcome of the race were included.
- ↑ Fundraising by primary candidates can be found on the race's respective primary election page. Fundraising by general election candidates can be found on the race's general election page.
- ↑ Federal Election Commission, "2022 Quarterly Reports," accessed March 2, 2022
- ↑ Cook Political Report, "Introducing the 2017 Cook Political Report Partisan Voter Index," April 7, 2017
- ↑ FiveThirtyEight, "Election Update: The Most (And Least) Elastic States And Districts," September 6, 2018
- ↑ Inside Elections also uses Tilt ratings to indicate an even smaller advantage and greater competitiveness.
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Nathan Gonzalez," April 19, 2018
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Kyle Kondik," April 19, 2018
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Charlie Cook," April 22, 2018
- ↑ Des Moines Register, "Register editorial board endorses Rita Hart for U.S. House," October 17, 2020
- ↑ The Daily Iowan, "The Daily Iowan Editorial Board endorses Biden, Greenfield, Hart to rebuild America," October 19, 2020
- ↑ Iowa City Press-Citizen, "Our pick: Send Theresa Greenfield and Rita Hart to Congress," October 31, 2020
- ↑ Twitter, "Donald J. Trump," October 31, 2020
- ↑ Iowa City Press-Citizen, "Gov. Reynolds endorses Miller-Meeks in Iowa's 2nd District," November 7, 2019
- ↑ Daily Iowan, "Former President Barack Obama endorses Rita Hart, other Iowa Democrats," August 3, 2020
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Quad City Times, "Democrat Rita Hart earns Republican endorsements," June 3, 2020
- ↑ Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ Rita Hart’s 2020 campaign website, “Issues,” accessed October 15, 2020
- ↑ Mariannette Miller-Meeks' 2020 campaign website, “Issues,” accessed October 15, 2020
- ↑ 270towin.com, "Iowa," accessed June 1, 2017
- ↑ Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' statewide election results by congressional and legislative districts," July 9, 2013
- ↑ Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' 2016 presidential results for congressional and legislative districts," February 6, 2017
- ↑ Iowa Secretary of State, "Candidate Listing by Office," accessed March 19, 2016
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