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Humska zemlja

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Humska Zemlja
Zemlja Pavlovića
Zemlja of Bosnian Banate then Kingdom
14th c.–1481

Kosača Zemlja in magenta hue, as part of medieval Bosnian state.
CapitalBlagaj (Novi
Ključ)
Area
 • Coordinates43°13′44″N 17°58′05″E / 43.229°N 17.968°E / 43.229; 17.968
StatusZemlja
Government
 • TypeFeudal
 • HQBlagaj
Novi
Ključ
Vojvoda 
• –1393
Vlatko Vuković
• 1393–1435
Sandalj Hranić
• 1435–1466
Stjepan Vukčić
• 1466–1481
Vlatko Hercegović with brother Vladislav
Legislature 
• noble family
Kosača
• cadet branch
Vuković, Hranić, Vukčić, Hercegović
Historical eraMedieval Bosnia
• Established
14th c.
• Disestablished
December 1481
Contained within
 • BanateBanate of Bosnia
 • KingdomKingdom of Bosnia
Subdivisions
 • TypeŽupas, opština, town, village
 • Units
Succeeded by
Sanjak of Bosnia
Today part ofBosnia and Herzegovina

The Humska Zemlja, also Hum (Serbo-Croatian: Humska Zemlja, or Hum), is a historical zemlja that arose in the Middle Ages as well-defined administrative unit of medieval Bosnia ruled by the Kosača dynasty. It included most of today's Herzegovina, in Bosansko Primorje including Konavle, territories on the south of Dalmatia between Omiš and Neretva Delta, in Boka Kotorska and south to Budva. The name for this zemlja is taken from the earlier name for the region, Zahumlje. The seat of Kosače family was in the town and fortress of Blagaj and during the winter seasons, Novi.[1]

History[edit]

Further information: Banate of Bosnia and Kingdom of Bosnia

During the 13th and early 14th centuries the Bosnian House of Kotromanić, the Bosnian bans Stjepan I Kotromanić and Stjepan II Kotromanić, joined these regions to the Bosnian state, with the King Tvrtko I Kotromanić extending territories even further, beyond what is modern-day Herzegovina proper.[2][3] The region was overwhelmed by Stjepan II in 1322–1326. By the second half of the 14th century, Bosnia apparently reached its peak under Ban Tvrtko I who came into power in 1353 and became the first Bosnian king by 1377.

Bosnian annexation[edit]

By 1325, the Branivojević family had emerged as strongest in Hum.[4] Probably at their highest point and with their court at Ston, they claimed territory from Cetina River to the town of Kotor, including entire Pelješac.[5] Though nominal vassals of Serbia, the Branivojević family attacked Serbian interests and other local nobles of Hum, who in 1326 turned against Serbia and Branivojević family and approached Stjepan Kotromanić II, the ban of Bosnia, who took over and annexed Hum in 1326.[5] The Draživojevićs of Nevesinje as vassals of Bosnian Ban, become the leading family of Hum in the 1330s.[6] Because of the war in 1327-1328 between Serbia and Dubrovnik, Bosnian lordship of inner Hum and the war in Macedonia, Stephen Uroš IV Dušan sold Ston and Pelješac to Dubrovnik in 1333, and turned to the east to acquire all of Macedonia.[6]

Under Bosnia, Kotoromanić's allies, the Draživojević-Sanković noble family from Nevesinje, became the leading family in Hum, while Serbian vassals retained easternmost reaces of Hum.[4] Other than a rebellion by knez Peter, son of Toljen of Hum, whom Stjepan captured and put to death, the Hum nobles remained loyal to Kotoromanićs, while also continuing to manage their local affairs in the region. Stjepan II, however, did take direct control of the valuable custom and market-town at Drijeva. The population of Hum remained largely Orthodox, compared to elsewhere in Bosnia where the Bosnian Church predominated, and after the arrival of the Franciscans in the 1340's, Catholicism also began to spread.[7]

Emergence of Kosača, Pavlovićs, and local nobility[edit]

Beside a an emerging Kosača family another powerful Bosnian noble family from eastern Bosnia, Pavlović, at the time headed by Pavle Radinović, whose seat was in Borač near Rogatica, including holdings in župa of Vrhbosna and župa of Drina, also shared some of the territories in Hum, mostly centered around Trebinje.[8][9]

However, at the time when Kosače received the Hum from the King, another powerful Bosnian noble family had a primacy in the region. That family was the Draživojević-Sanković's, credited for capturing Hum for Bosnia and the Ban Stjepan II, who in 1326 dispatched their early branch, the Draživojević's (the next generation of Bogopenec[10]), headed by Milten,[11] along with other noblemen, into Hum to oust the Branivojević family, at the time nominal vassals of Serbia, and take Hum for him.[12]

Sankovićs' prominence[edit]

So, Sanković's were very active in the 14th and beginning of the 15th century in Hum. Their seat was in Zaborani and in Glavatičevo's hamlet Biskupi, where today the family necropolis with a stećci is still present and protected as a National monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[13] The most prominent members were Sanko Miltenović, the eponymous founder of the Sanković's (the progenitor was Dražen Bogopenec),[14] who died in a battle while leading the Bosnian army to aid Ragusa against Serbian lord, the Altomanović, who campaigned against Ragusa in 1370, and his oldest son, Radić Sanković.

The Ottoman threat was brewing to the east, threatening Bosnia and its southeastern regions in Hum. On 27 August 1388, Radić participated in the Battle of Bileća, when the Bosnian army led by the Grand Duke Vlatko Vuković, defeated the Ottoman raiding party of up to 18,000 strong.[15][16] Bosnian heavy cavalry is typically credited with winning the battle as they broke the Ottoman ranks and pursued the retreating enemy. Celebrated Ottoman commander Lala Sahin Pasha (Turkish: Lala Şahin Paşa, 1330 – cca 1382) barely managed to save himself with the small band of his soldiers.[17][18][19]

In 1391–1392, Radič and his brother Beljak tried to sell their possessions in Konavle to the Republic of Ragusa.[20] However, a stanak was convoked by the king and the noblemen who opposed the sale of Konavli by Radič Sanković to Dubrovnik.[21] The Grand Duke Vlatko Vuković and the knez Pavle Radinović were sent against Radič in December 1391 after receiving the stanak's blessings.[21] The two captured Radič and occupied Konavli, dividing it between themselves, despite protests from Ragusa.[21][22]

Vlatko Vuković, Grand Duke of Bosnia[edit]

During the period of mid-14th century, parts of Hum (Herzegovina) were given by the King Tvrtko I to, at that point in time relatively insignificant Bosnian clan of Kosača family and its Vuković branch, headed by the Grand Duke of Bosnia Vlatko Vuković, who received it as an award for his service as a supreme commander of the Bosnian army.[23]

After Vlatko Vuković died sometime between August 1392 - August 1393,[24] he was succeeded by his nephew the Grand Duke of Bosnia, Sandalj Hranić,[2][3] who continued struggle against Radič,[21] who regained his freedom in 1398, immediately seeking to restore his lost lands, becoming an important ally of the King Stjepan Ostoja.[25]

Rise of Sandalj and fall of Sankovićs[edit]

In the beginning of the 15th century, Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić ruled over the western Hum, and Sandalj Hranić Kosača ruled over its eastern part, while the Neretva river remain a border between their possessions.[26]

The territory on the right bank of the Lower Neretva was at the time controlled by Kosača vassals, a local clan and magnates of Radivojević–Jurjević–Vlatković.[27]

Radič participated in the Bosnian-Dubrovnik War in 1403-1404, leading the attacks on Dubrovnik in the name of the King Stjepan Ostoja. Sandalj captured Radič, took all of his land, and after blinding him he throw him in prison, where Radić died in 1404 marking the end of the Sanković family.[21]

Herceg-Stjepan Vukčić[edit]

Kosača symbols during Stjepan Vukčić.

When Sandalj died, Stjepan Vukčić, as Sandalj's nephew, inherited lordship over the Hum, and was the last Bosnian nobleman who had effective control over the province (zemlja) before Ottoman conquest. He titled himself Duke of Hum and Primorje, Bosnian Grand Duke, Knyaz of Drina, and later Herzog of Saint Sava, Lord of Hum and Bosnian Grand Duke, Knyaz of Drina and the rest. This "Saint Sava" part of the title had considerable public relations value, because Sava's relics were consider miracle-working by people of all Christian faiths.[28] Following the Ottomans conquest and fall of Bosnian Kingdom, Hum or Humska zemlja became known as Hercegovina (transl. Herzegovina), which literally means "Herzog's land".[29]

In 1451, Stjepan attacked and laid siege to the city of Dubrovnik.[30] He had earlier been made a nobleman of the Republic of Ragusa and, consequently, the Ragusan government now proclaimed him a traitor.[30] A reward of 15,000 ducats, a palace in Dubrovnik worth 2,000 ducats, and an annual income of 300 ducats was offered to anyone who would kill him, along with the promise of hereditary Ragusan nobility which also helped hold this promise to whoever did the deed. The threat worked and Stjepan eventually raised the siege.[31][30] A reward of 15,000 ducats, a palace in Dubrovnik worth 2,000 ducats, and an annual income of 300 ducats was offered to anyone who would kill him, along with the promise of hereditary Ragusan nobility which also helped hold this promise to whoever did the deed.[30] Stjepan was so scared by the threat that he finally raised the siege.

Stjepan Vukčić died in 1466 and was succeeded as herceg by his second-youngest son Vlatko Hercegović, who struggled to retain as much of the territory as he could.[32] In 1471, the Ottomans excluded Hum from the Bosnian Sanjak and established a new, separate Sanjak of Herzegovina with its seat in Foča.[33][34]

Fall of Hum[edit]

In November 1481, Ajaz-Bey of the Sanjak of Herzegovina besieged Vlatko's capital Novi but just before 14 December 1481, Vlatko ceased resisting and agreed with the Ottomans to move with his family to Istanbul. Now the entirety of Herzegovina was reorganized into the already established Sanjak of Herzegovina with the seat in Foča,[33] and later, in 1580, would become one of the sanjaks of the Bosnia Eyalet.[35] This signified the disappearance of the last-remaining independent point of the medieval Bosnian state.[36]

Emergence of the name of Herzegovina[edit]

Main article: Herzegovina

In 1448 Stjepan assumed another title, the title of herceg, and styled himself Herceg of Hum and the Coast, Grand Duke of Bosnia, Knyaz of Drina, and the rest,[29][37] and since 1450, Herceg of Saint Sava, Lord of Hum, Grand Duke of Bosnia, Knyaz of Drina, and the rest.[28] Stjepan's title will prompt the Ottomans to start calling Humska zemlja by using using the possessive form of the noun Herceg, Herceg's land(s) (Herzegovina), which remains a long-lasting legacy in the name of Bosnia and Herzegovina to this day.[38][29][23]

The name Herzegovina, which still exists with the name Bosnia and Herzegovina,[29][23] is the most-important and indelible legacy of Stjepan Vukčić Kosača; it is unique within the Serbo-Croatian-speaking Balkans, because one person gave his noble title, which in the last few years of his life became inseparable from his name, to a region previously called Humska zemlja or Hum.[23][39] The Ottoman custom of calling newly acquired lands by the names of their earlier rulers was of decisive importance.[23] Also, Stjepan did not establish this province as a feudal and political unit of the Bosnian state; that honor befell Grand Duke of Bosnia Vlatko Vuković, who received it from King Tvrtko I; Sandalj Hranić expanded it and reaffirmed the Kosača family's supremacy.[23]

Rusag's and petty noble families[edit]

Župas, towns, villages[edit]

Town of Novi, founded by the King Tvrtko I, today Herceg Novi, was winter residence of Kosača

Seats of the ruling families were:

The župas:

The towns and villages:

Main custom-towns, market-towns and mining towns:

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Ћирковић 2003, p. 37-45.
  2. ^ a b Ćirković 1964, 2. ОСВАЈАЊЕ ХУМА.
  3. ^ a b Ćirković 1964, p. 178.
  4. ^ a b Fine 1994, pp. 266–268.
  5. ^ a b Fine 1994, p. 266.
  6. ^ a b Fine 1994, p. 267.
  7. ^ Fine 1994, p. 279.
  8. ^ "Borak (Han-stjenički plateau) necropolis with stećak tombstones in the village of Burati, the historic site". Commission to preserve national monuments (in Bosnian). Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  9. ^ Maslo, Amer. "M.A. Thesis: "Slavni i velmožni gospodin knez Pavle Radinović" (available for download at faculty website)" (PDF). www.ff.unsa.ba (in Bosnian). Faculty of Philosophy of University of Sarajevo – History Department. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  10. ^ "ГЛасник" (PDF). УдружеЊе Архивских Радниҝа Републиҝе Српске. 2013. p. 95. Занимљиво је да су Богопанци, каснији Драживојевићи или Санковићи, почетком тог вијека били у некој зависности од Пурћића, али сада се ситуација у потпуности окренула у корист ових других, те се Познан 1336, као господар Невесиња, помиње као човјек Милтена Драживојевића.
  11. ^ Fajfrić 2000.
  12. ^ Fine 1994, pp. 266–267.
  13. ^ "Grčka Glavica – necropolis with stećak tombstones and the ruins of a church in the village of Biskup, the historic area". old.kons.gov.ba (in English and Serbo-Croatian). Sarajevo: Commision to preserve national monuments. 7 May 2004. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
  14. ^ Željko Fajfrić, Kotromanići, Šid 2000, ch. 4
  15. ^ Finkel, Caroline, Osman's Dream, (Basic Books, 2005), pp. 20-21
  16. ^ "Bitka kod Bileće (1388) – Zaboravljeni grob Vlatka Vukovića". www.plemenito.com (in Serbo-Croatian). PLEMENITO – digitalni arhiv. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  17. ^ Ćirković 1964, pp. 157–158.
  18. ^ Amer Maslo (2018). "Slavni i velmožni gospodin knez Pavle Radinović" (PDF). www.ff.unsa.ba (in Bosnian). Sarajevo. pp. 16, 17. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  19. ^ Ivan Lovrenović (1998). "Adrian Hastings, Južni Slaveni". ivanlovrenovic.com (in Serbo-Croatian). Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  20. ^ Fine 1994, p. 471
  21. ^ a b c d e Fine 1994, p. 456
  22. ^ Fine 1994, p. 456.
  23. ^ a b c d e f Ćirković 1964a, p. 272.
  24. ^ Kurtović 2009, pp. 20–26.
  25. ^ Fine 1994, p. 459
  26. ^ Zlatar 2007, p. 555.
  27. ^ Korać, Dijana (December 2007). "Vjerske prilike na području knezova Jurjevića – Vlatkovića". Radovi Zavod Za Povijesne Znanosti Hazu U Zaru (in Serbo-Croatian) (49). Zadar: Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts: 221–237. ISSN 1330-0474. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
  28. ^ a b Fine 1994, p. 578.
  29. ^ a b c d Vego 1982, p. 48.
  30. ^ a b c d Viator (1978), pp. 388–389.
  31. ^ Krekić 1978, p. 388–389.
  32. ^ Ćirković 1964, p. 336: Chapter 7: Slom Bosanske države; Part 3: Pad Bosne
  33. ^ a b Ćirković 1964, p. 339: Chapter 7: Slom Bosanske države; Part 3: Pad Bosne
  34. ^ Ćirković 1964, pp. 336–341: Chapter 7: Slom Bosanske države; Part 3: Pad Bosne
  35. ^ Istorisko društvo Bosne i Hercegovine (1952). Godišnjak. Vol. 4. (...) овоме су ејалету одмах припојени санџаци: херцеговачки, (...)
  36. ^ Ćirković 1964, pp. 340–341: Chapter 7: Slom Bosanske države; Part 3: Pad Bosne
  37. ^ Ćirković 1964a, p. 106.
  38. ^ Vego 1982, p. 48: "Tako se pojam Humska zemlja postepeno gubi da ustupi mjesto novom imenu zemlje hercega Stjepana — Hercegovini."
  39. ^ Vego 1982, p. 48: "Tako se pojam Humska zemlja postepeno gubi da ustupi mjesto novom imenu zemlje hercega Stjepana — Hercegovini."

Bibliography[edit]

 

Bibliography[edit]

  • Stoianovich, Traian (1994). Balkan worlds: the first and last Europe. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-1-56324-033-1.
  • Tošić, Đuro (2003b). "Pavlovića dio drijevske carine". Zemlja Pavlovića: Srednji vijek i period turske vladavine. Banja Luka: ANURS. pp. 235–245.
  • Тошић, Ђуро (2005). "Требињци и Захумљани у средњовјековном Котору". Истраживања: Филозофски факултет у Новом Саду. 16: 221–227.
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