Jump to content

COVID-19 lockdowns in Italy

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from COVID-19 lockdown in Italy)

COVID-19 lockdown in Italy
Part of COVID-19 pandemic in Italy
Date9 March 2020 (2020-03-09) – 18 May 2020 (2020-05-18)[a]
(2 months, 1 week and 2 days)
Location
Italy
San Marino
Vatican City
Caused byCOVID-19 pandemic in Italy
Goalscontaining the outbreak of COVID-19 in Italy
Methods
  • ban of non-essential travel
  • limitation of free movement, except in cases of necessity
  • ban of public events
  • closure of commercial and retail businesses, except essential goods sellers and banks
  • suspension of teaching in schools and universities
  • under-surveillance quarantine of infected persons
  • shutdown of all non-essential businesses and industries (23 March–3 May)
Resulted inabout 60 million people quarantined (Italian population)

On 9 March 2020, the government of Italy under Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte imposed a national lockdown or quarantine, restricting the movement of the population except for necessity, work, and health circumstances, in response to the growing pandemic of COVID-19 in the country. Additional lockdown restrictions mandated the temporary closure of non-essential shops and businesses. This followed a restriction announced on the previous day which affected sixteen million people in the whole region of Lombardy and in fourteen largely-neighbouring provinces in Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, Piedmont and Marche, and prior to that a smaller-scale lockdown of ten municipalities in the province of Lodi and one in the province of Padua that had begun in late February.

The lockdown measures, despite being widely approved by the public opinion,[1] were also described as the largest suppression of constitutional rights in the history of the republic.[2] Nevertheless, Article 16 of the Constitution states that travel restrictions may be established by law for reasons of health or security.[3]

Italy was the first country to enact a COVID-19 lockdown nationwide;[4] many countries would introduce similar measures in subsequent months the COVID-19 pandemic spread globally.

Background

[edit]

Following the outbreak of COVID-19, the Italian government confirmed the country's first cases of the disease on 30 January 2020, when the virus was detected in two Chinese tourists visiting Italy.[5] A third case was confirmed on 7 February, with the patient being an Italian man evacuated from Wuhan.[6] The number of confirmed cases increased on 21 February, when sixteen people in Lombardy and Veneto were confirmed to be infected.[7] Following the first two deaths of people with the virus, several towns in Lombardy were placed on lockdown due to the large number of infected patients in the region.[8]

History

[edit]

Initial lockdowns

[edit]
Map of Lodi Province showing ten of the eleven quarantined municipalities prior to the zone's expansion

The first lockdown began around 21 February 2020, covering ten municipalities of the province of Lodi in Lombardy and one in the province of Padua in Veneto, and affecting around 50,000 people.[9] In the most affected town of Codogno (pop. 16,000), police cars blocked roads into and out of the quarantined area and erected barriers.[10] The quarantined "red zone" (zona rossa) was initially enforced by police and Carabinieri,[11] and by 27 February it was reported that 400 policemen were enforcing it with 35 checkpoints. The lockdown was initially meant to last until 6 March. While residents were permitted to leave their homes with supplies such as food and medicine being allowed to enter, attending school or going to workplaces was not allowed, and public gatherings were prohibited.[12] Train services also bypassed the region.[13]

Expansion to northern provinces

[edit]

Early on Sunday 8 March 2020, Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte announced the expansion of the quarantine zone to cover much of northern Italy, affecting over sixteen million people, restricting travel from, to or within the affected areas, banning funerals and cultural events, and requiring people to keep at least one metre of distance from one another in public locations such as restaurants, churches and supermarkets.[14] Conte later clarified in a press conference that the decree was not an "absolute ban", and that people would still be able to use trains and planes to and from the region for "proven work needs, emergencies, or health reasons".[15] Additionally, tourists from outside were still permitted to leave the area.[16]

Restaurants and cafes were permitted to open, but operations were limited to between 6:00 and 18:00, while many other public locations such as gyms, nightclubs, museums and swimming pools were closed altogether.[17] Businesses were ordered to implement "smart working processes" to permit their employees to work from home.[18] The decree, in effect until 3 April, additionally cancelled any leave for medical workers, and allowed the government to impose fines or up to three months' jail for people caught leaving or entering the affected zone without permission.[18][19] The decree also implemented restrictions on public gatherings elsewhere across Italy.[20] With this decree, the initial "Red Zone" was also abolished (though the municipalities were still within the quarantined area).[21]

The lockdown measures implemented by Italy was considered the most radical measure implemented against the outbreak outside of the lockdown measures implemented in China.[17] At the time of the decree, over 5,800 cases of coronavirus had been confirmed in Italy, with 233 dead.[19] A draft of the decree had been leaked to the media late on Saturday night before it went into effect and was published by Corriere della Sera,[22] resulting in panic within the to-be-quarantined areas and prompting reactions from politicians in the region.[14] La Repubblica reported that hundreds of people in Milan rushed out to leave the city on the last trains on Saturday night, as a part of a rush in general to leave the expanded red zone.[23] La Repubblica later reported that this was an exaggeration and that, through an analysis of telephone cells, less than 1,000 people had left Milan for the southern regions during 7 March; by comparison, on 23 February, about 9,000 people left Milan for the south.[24] However, within hours of the decree being signed, media outlets reported that relatively little had changed, with trains and planes still operating to and from the region, and restaurants and cafes operating normally.[25] The BBC reported that some flights to Milan continued on 8 March, though several were cancelled.[17] New guidelines for the coronavirus had assigned the responsibility of deciding whether to suspend flights to local judiciaries.[22]

Areas quarantined on 8 March
Provinces under quarantine, 8 March[26]
Province Region Population
Alessandria Piedmont 420,017
Asti Piedmont 214,342
Bergamo Lombardy 1,115,536
Brescia Lombardy 1,265,954
Como Lombardy 599,204
Cremona Lombardy 358,955
Lecco Lombardy 337,380
Lodi Lombardy 230,198
Mantua Lombardy 411,958
Milan Lombardy 3,263,206
Modena Emilia-Romagna 705,422
Monza and Brianza Lombardy 875,769
Novara Piedmont 368,607
Padua Veneto 938,957
Parma Emilia-Romagna 452,022
Pavia Lombardy 545,888
Pesaro and Urbino Marche 358,886
Piacenza Emilia-Romagna 287,152
Reggio Emilia Emilia-Romagna 531,891
Rimini Emilia-Romagna 339,437
Sondrio Lombardy 180,811
Treviso Veneto 888,293
Varese Lombardy 890,768
Venice Veneto 857,841
Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Piedmont 157,844
Vercelli Piedmont 170,298
Quarantine total 16,466,636

The locked down area, as of 8 March 2020, covered the entirety of the region of Lombardy, in addition to fourteen provinces in Piedmont, Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, and Marche. This area included the cities of Milan and Venice, and comprises three separate areas (around Lombardy, around Venice, and another zone surrounding San Marino). The affected area is populated by over sixteen million people, roughly a quarter of the Italian population.[27] Quarantines covered an area of approximately 56,000 square kilometres (22,000 sq mi).[25]

Nationwide expansion

[edit]

On the evening of 9 March, the quarantine measures were expanded to the entire country, coming into effect the next day. In a televised address, Conte explained that the moves would restrict travel to that necessary for work, and family emergencies, and that all sporting events would be cancelled.[28] Italy was the first country to implement a national quarantine as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.[29]

Conte announced on 11 March that the lockdown would be tightened, with all commercial and retail businesses except those providing essential services, like grocery stores, food stores, and pharmacies, closed down.[30] On 19 March, with over 35,000 confirmed cases and nearly 3,000 deaths from the disease, Conte stated that the lockdown would likely be extended past its initial deadline of 3 April.[31]

Luigi Di Maio, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, has said that the lockdown has been necessary for Italy.[32] The Italian authorities established sanctions for those who do not obey the orders, even those who, having symptoms of the virus, expose themselves in public places, being considered a threat of intentional contagion.[33]

On 21 March, Conte announced a further enlargement of the lockdown, by shutting down all non-necessary businesses and industries.[34] This measure came after a rise in the number of cases and deaths in the previous days, and after multiple institutions – including trade unions, mayors, and regional presidents – asked for a generalised shutdown of the Italian production system.[35][36] On 22 March, Lombardy strengthened its measures, banning all outdoor physical activity and the use of vending machines.[37]

On 1 April, Minister of Health Roberto Speranza announced the extension of the lockdown until 13 April.[38]

On 10 April, the lockdown was extended until 3 May, and starting from 14 April stationery shops, bookshops and children clothing's shops will be allowed to open.[39]

On 26 April, the Prime Minister announced the so-called "Phase 2", that would start from 4 May. Movements across regions were still forbidden, while the ones between municipalities were allowed only for work and health reasons as well as for visit relatives.[40] Moreover, he allowed the re-opening of closed factories, but schools, bars, restaurants and barbers were still closed.[41]

Impact

[edit]

Economy

[edit]
Queue in front of a supermarket after the introduction of social distancing rules

The New York Times Rome bureau chief Jason Horowitz referred to the expanded lockdown as "sacrificing the Italian economy in the short term to save it from the ravages of the virus in the long term", with Milan considered the country's economic capital while Venice was one of its most important tourist destinations.[14] The regions of Lombardy and Veneto alone produced a third of the Italian gross domestic product.[23]

Prior to the quarantine's expansion, the Italian economy was already forecast to enter a recession due to the impact of the outbreak, with the tourism and luxury goods sector being particularly hard-hit by a reduction of travel.[42] The impact of the wider quarantine is predicted to bring the European economy as a whole into a recession, and will disrupt supply chains to, for example, German car manufacturers like Volkswagen.[43] Prior to the quarantine, Scope Ratings GmbH estimated on 2 March an annual contraction in Italian GDP in 2020, with the budget deficit rising past 2.5% of GDP.[44] The Berenberg Bank revised its forecast for the Italian economic growth in 2020 from -0.3% before the lockdown to -1.2%.[45] An economist at London-based consultancy Capital Economics estimated Italy's 2020 GDP decline to be 2 percent after the national lockdown, assuming that the lockdown is lifted on schedule.[46] Reuters reported on 20 March that Ministry of Economy and Finance was expecting a 3% GDP contraction in 2020, assuming the lockdown would be loosened by the end of April.[47] On 1 April, Economy Minister Roberto Gualtieri stated that a 6% GDP contraction for 2020 was "realistic".[48]

The FTSE MIB, Italy's benchmark stock index, fell 11 percent on 9 March when the market reopened, dubbed "Black Monday".[49] Particularly hard-hit sectors due to the lockdown are the hospitality, food service, retail, art, entertainment and transport sectors, altogether making up around 23 percent of the country's gross domestic product. Tourism, another 6 percent, is also forecasted to experience a crisis, with normally crowded destinations being empty.[46]

On 20 July 2022, Domino's Pizza's Italian franchise EPizza SpA closed all its 29 stores, terminating Domino's Italian operations. EPizza SpA had earlier filed for bankruptcy in April 2022 following two years of declining revenue caused by COVID-19 lockdown restrictions and competition from local pizza chains and restaurants, which began using food deliver app services.[50][51][52]

Environment

[edit]

During the lockdowns in early 2020, emissions of nitrogen dioxide, or NO
2
, fell drastically in northern Italy, most likely as a result of fewer diesel engines in operation.[53]

Effectiveness

[edit]

The effects on social movement of such measures were visible. A reduction of 50% of movement between provinces and of 19% of personal interactions comparing 22 February and 10 March was calculated by the company Cuebiq and the University of Turin using data from mobile phone companies.[54] On 17 March, the vice-president of Lombardy Fabrizio Sala reported a level of an overall 60% decrease of social mobility in the region, comparing the situation of 16 March to 20 February, although such level was not considered sufficient.[55]

About 700,000 citizens were stopped and checked between 11 and 17 March alone, of which 43,000 were decided to have violated the quarantine, including at least two priests who were officiating funeral services (which were banned by the decree).[56]

The comparison of the province of Lodi (where a rigid lockdown was imposed in certain areas starting on 24 February) and the province of Bergamo (where it started later on 9 March) on 17 March showed that the first one recovered faster and the exponential increase of cases stopped.[57]

On 3 April, Google published a series of mobility reports, using aggregated data to show the trend of how busy some categories of places were, and comparing them to a baseline evaluated in the months of January and February. The data for Italy showed a 94% drop for retail and recreation places, an 85% drop for grocery shops and pharmacies, a 90% drop for parks and beaches, an 87% drop for public transit hubs, a 63% drop for workplaces, and a 24% rise for residential places.[58][59]

The differences in lockdown efficacy have also been attributed to different characteristics of the population of different Italian regions, such as disparities in social capital. Research on the lockdown highlighted a positive role in directing individual behavior toward greater respect of the policy.[60]

Reactions

[edit]

Domestic

[edit]

Both Attilio Fontana, the President of Lombardy, and Luca Zaia, the President of Veneto, criticised the quarantine measures, with Fontana requesting better clarification regarding the quarantine from the central government, while Zaia opposed it altogether.[61] President of Emilia-Romagna Stefano Bonaccini called the decree "confusing" and requested the central government take more time to develop a "coherent" solution.[62] Maurizio Rasero, mayor of the quarantined municipality of Asti, posted a video on his Facebook page complaining about the sudden announcement of the quarantine, of which he had not been informed beforehand.[63] The decree was also criticised by local business leaders, who claimed that the decree did not have sufficient clarifications on the details of the quarantine.[64] Matteo Salvini, Italy's opposition leader, also demanded further clarity regarding the lockdown.[65]

On the other hand, Novara's mayor Alessandro Canelli mentioned that he was surprised by the initial information he received that his province would not be part of the quarantine zone, and had requested for Novara's inclusion due to its significant transport links with Milan.[66] President of Marche Luca Ceriscioli agreed to the measures, although he mentioned a need for more participation from the impacted territories.[67]

Responding to the thousands of people who evacuated from Lombardy just before the 8 March quarantine was put in place, police officers and medics met passengers from Lombardy in Salerno, Campania, and the passengers were required to self-quarantine. Michele Emiliano, President of Apulia, required all arrivals from northern Italy to self-quarantine.[22] Similarly, Jole Santelli, President of Calabria, called for Calabrians living in northern Italy not to return home during the outbreak, and for the government to "block an exodus to Calabria".[49]

Conte, alongside other leaders, requested Italians to avoid engaging in "furbizia"—i.e. craftiness to circumvent rules and bureaucracy—during the lockdown.[65] Conte also told la Repubblica that Italy was facing its "darkest hour".[68]

Residents

[edit]
An Italian flag with the slogan "Andrà tutto bene" ("Everything will be alright")

In the initial quarantine, a special radio station (Radio Zona Rossa, or "Radio Red Zone") was set up for residents of the Codogno quarantine area, broadcasting updates on the quarantine situation, interviews with authorities, and government information. Catholic sermons were also broadcast through the radio.[69]

Following the quarantine's expansion, the hashtag #IoRestoACasa ("I stay at home") was shared by thousands of social media users. In compliance with regulations on keeping one metre of distance between each other in public locations, bars and restaurants placed duct tape on floors for their customers to follow.[70] Rushes to supermarkets in cities such as Rome and Palermo were reported as residents engaged in panic buying following the nationwide quarantine announcement.[71]

Vatican

[edit]

After the Italian national lockdown was announced, the Vatican closed the Vatican Museums and suspended Masses and public liturgies. While the St. Peter's Basilica remained open, its catacombs were closed and visitors were required to follow the Italian regulations on the one-metre separation. Catholic Mass in Rome and the Vatican were also suspended until 3 April, and Pope Francis opted to instead live stream daily Mass.[72] Dismayed by the Vicar General's complete closure of all churches in the Diocese of Rome, Pope Francis partially reversed the closures, but tourists are still barred from visiting the churches.[73]

International

[edit]

The Director-General of the World Health Organization, Tedros Adhanom, praised Italy's decision to implement the lockdown, saying the Italian people and government were "making genuine sacrifices" with these "bold, courageous steps".[17]

Sun Shuopeng, vice president of the Chinese Red Cross, visited Milan and heavily criticised the enforcement of the lockdown, saying "the lockdown measures are very lax".[74][75]

According to a survey by Bloomberg, Italy and Spain rank among the countries that have more strictly complied with lockdown measures.[76]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The lockdown started in Northern Italy on 8 March 2020, but later expanded to the whole of Italy a day later

References

[edit]
  1. ^ De Feo, Gianluca (20 March 2020). "Sondaggio Demos: gradimento per Conte alle stelle". YouTrend (in Italian). Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  2. ^ "Un uomo solo è al comando dell'Italia, e nessuno ha niente da ridire". Linkiesta (in Italian). 24 March 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  3. ^ "The Italian Constitution". The official website of the Presidency of the Italian Republic.
  4. ^ "A year on from Europe's first lockdown, Italy mulls new restrictions". euronews. 9 March 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  5. ^ Amante, Angelo; Pollina, Elvira (30 January 2020). "Two first coronavirus cases confirmed in Italy: prime minister". Reuters. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  6. ^ Seckin, Baris (7 February 2020). "Italy reports third confirmed case of coronavirus". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  7. ^ "Factbox: Latest on coronavirus spreading in China and beyond". Reuters. 21 February 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  8. ^ Bruno, Luca; Winfield, Nicole (22 February 2020). "Italian towns on lockdown after 2 virus deaths, clusters". CTV News. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  9. ^ Paul, Anna (25 February 2020). "What towns in Italy are on lockdown because of coronavirus?". Metro. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  10. ^ Lowen, Mark (25 February 2020). "Lockdown in northern Italy as virus fears soar". BBC News. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  11. ^ "Si chiude la "zona rossa": 43 varchi tra Lodi e Padova presiediati da 500 uomini" [The "red zone" closes: 43 gates between Lodi and Padua presided over by 500 men]. La Stampa (in Italian). 23 February 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  12. ^ Johnson, Miles; Davide, Ghiglione (28 February 2020). "Italy under lockdown: 'My town is shocked and scared'". Financial Times. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  13. ^ Cighetti, Roberto (26 February 2020). "What Happens When Your Town Gets Put on Coronavirus Lockdown". Vice News. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  14. ^ a b c Horowitz, Jason (8 March 2020). "Italy Locks Down Much of the Country's North Over the Coronavirus". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  15. ^ "Fuga da Milano, centinaia in stazione per andare via prima che sia zona rossa" [Escape from Milan, hundreds at the station to leave before it becomes a red zone]. Il Riformista (in Italian). 8 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  16. ^ D'Emilio, Frances; Charlton, Angela (8 March 2020). "Coronavirus outbreak: Italy, 2nd only to China in virus cases, announces sweeping quarantine". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  17. ^ a b c d "Coronavirus: Northern Italy quarantines 16 million people". BBC News. 8 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  18. ^ a b "Italy imposes region-wide coronavirus quarantine in Lombardy". Deutsche Welle. 8 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  19. ^ a b Davidson, Helen; Tondo, Lorenzo; Yu, Verna (8 March 2020). "Coronavirus: quarter of Italy's population put in quarantine as virus reaches Washington DC". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  20. ^ Regan, Helen (8 March 2020). "Italy announces lockdown as global coronavirus cases surpass 105,000". CNN. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  21. ^ Severgnini, Chiara (8 March 2020). "Coronavirus, Conte: "Ecco il decreto con le nuove misure, in vigore fino al 3 aprile"" [Coronavirus, Conte: "Here is the decree with the new measures, in force until April 3"]. Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  22. ^ a b c Giuffrida, Angela; Tondo, Lorenzo (8 March 2020). "Leaked coronavirus plan to quarantine 16m sparks chaos in Italy". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  23. ^ a b Bertelli, Michele (8 March 2020). "Italy quarantines 16 million people over coronavirus fears". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  24. ^ Jaime, D'Alessandro (23 April 2020). "Coronavirus, l'illusione della grande fuga da Milano. Ecco i veri numeri degli spostamenti verso sud". La Repubblica. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  25. ^ a b Larsen, Ross; Speciale, Alessandro (8 March 2020). "Italy's drastic containment rules doesn't seem to have changed life much". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  26. ^ "Coronavirus, chiusa la Lombardia e altre 11 province" [Coronavirus, Lombardy and 11 other provinces closed]. La Repubblica (in Italian). 7 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  27. ^ Harlan, Chico; Pitrelli, Stefano (8 March 2020). "To contain coronavirus, Italy will restrict movement across much of its northern region, including the city of Milan". The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  28. ^ "All of Italy facing coronavirus lockdown". BBC News. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  29. ^ Eric Sylvers; Giovanni Legorano (9 March 2020). "As Virus Spreads, Italy Locks Down Country". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 10 March 2020. Italy is the world's first country to place its entire territory under quarantine
  30. ^ "Coronavirus, Conte: "In Italia fino al 25 marzo chiusi i negozi tranne alimentari e farmacie. Sui trasporti possibili riduzioni. Effetti tra 14 giorni"" [Coronavirus, Conte: "In Italy until 25 March, shops except food and pharmacies are closed. Possible reductions on transport. Effects for 14 days"]. La Repubblica (in Italian). 11 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  31. ^ Ellyatt, Holly (19 March 2020). "Italy's lockdown will be extended, prime minister says as death toll spikes and hospitals struggle". CNBC. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  32. ^ Lowen, Mark (12 March 2020). "Italy says lockdown can work as deaths top 1,000". BBC News. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  33. ^ Wallace, Danielle (12 March 2020). "Italy threatens fines, jail time for those not obeying coronavirus lockdown as death toll reaches 1,000+". Fox News. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  34. ^ Bertacche, Marco; Orihuela, Rodrigo; Colten, Jerrold (21 March 2020). "Italy Struck by Deadliest Day as Virus Prompts Industry Shutdown". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  35. ^ Di Giovannandrea, Tiziana (21 March 2020). "Coronavirus, i sindacati a Conte: valutare misure più rigorose". Rai News (in Italian). Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  36. ^ De Angelis, Alessandro (20 March 2020). ""Chiudete tutto, anche le fabbriche" (di A. De Angelis)". L'HuffPost (in Italian). Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  37. ^ "Italy's worst-hit region introduces stricter measures". BBC News. 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  38. ^ Henley, John (1 April 2020). "Italy extends lockdown amid signs coronavirus infection rate is easing". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  39. ^ "Italy extends lockdown until May 3rd despite pressure from business". The Local.it. 10 April 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  40. ^ Coronavirus, Fase 2: dal 4 maggio sì a incontri con familiari. Il 18 riapriranno i negozi, il primo giugno bar, ristoranti, parrucchieri e centri estetici, la Repubblica
  41. ^ Coronavirus, il nuovo decreto del 26 aprile: ecco il calendario di quello che si potrà fare nella "fase 2", Corriere Della Sera
  42. ^ "Weakened Italian economy forecast to take major hit from virus outbreak". ITV News. 7 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  43. ^ Landler, Mark (8 March 2020). "Europe, With Eye on Italy Coronavirus Quarantine, Plans Next Moves". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  44. ^ "Italy's sluggish economy faces new coronavirus challenge with limited fiscal buffers to counter". Scope Ratings GmbH. 2 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  45. ^ Amaro, Silvia (9 March 2020). "Italy vows to implement 'a massive shock therapy' against the coronavirus". CNBC. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  46. ^ a b Ziady, Hanna (10 March 2020). "Italy just locked down the world's 8th biggest economy. A deep recession looms". CNN. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  47. ^ "Exclusive: Italy Treasury sees 2020 GDP falling around 3% amid coronavirus chaos - sources". Reuters. 20 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  48. ^ "Italy's EconMin sees 6% fall in 2020 GDP as 'realistic' estimate". Reuters. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  49. ^ a b Ellyatt, Holly (9 March 2020). "Italy's massive coronavirus quarantine provokes panic; stock markets tank 11%". CNBC. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  50. ^ Routolo, Nicolo; Cooban, Anna (10 August 2022). "Domino's tried to sell pizza to Italians. It failed". CNN Business. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  51. ^ "Domino's Pizza fallisce: chiudono tutti i ristoranti in Italia". MilanoToday (in Italian). 8 August 2022. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  52. ^ Giuffrida, Angela (10 August 2022). "Domino's retreats from Italy having failed to conquer the home of pizza". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  53. ^ Pollution is plummeting in Italy in the wake of coronavirus, emissions data show 13 March 2020 www.washingtonpost.com, accessed 14 March 2020
  54. ^ Palladino, Andrea. "Coronavirus, l'Italia si è fermata o quasi: l'analisi degli spostamenti via gps" (in Italian). La Repubblica.
  55. ^ "Coronavirus, Gallera e Sala: "Monitoriamo gli spostamenti dei lombardi, ora sono al 40% rispetto alla normalità. Dato ancora troppo alto"" (video) (in Italian). Fatto Quotidiano. 17 March 2020.
  56. ^ Tondo, Lorenzo (18 March 2020). "Italy charges more than 40,000 people with violating lockdown". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  57. ^ "Il punto sul Coronavirus in Italia". ANBI-Associazione Nazionale Biotecnologi Italiani. 19 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  58. ^ "COVID-19 Community Mobility Report – Italy" (PDF). gstatic.com. 3 April 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  59. ^ "Helping public health officials combat COVID-19". Google. 3 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  60. ^ Alfano, V.; Ercolano, S. "Il capitale sociale alla prova del lockdown". Rivista Economica del Mezzogiorno. 3 (2020). Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  61. ^ Ghiglione, Davide; Politi, James (8 March 2020). "Italy locks down entire region of Lombardy". Financial Times. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  62. ^ "Italy announces quarantine affecting quarter of population". CNBC. 8 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  63. ^ Kageyama, Yuri; D'Emilio, Frances (8 March 2020). "Travel chaos erupts as Italy quarantines north to halt virus". AP. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  64. ^ "Novara in zona rossa, la paura dell'industria: "Decreto generico. Non lasciateci nell'incertezza"" [Novara in the red zone, the fear of industry: "Generic decree. Don't leave us in uncertainty"]. La Stampa (in Italian). 8 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  65. ^ a b Horowitz, Jason; Bubola, Emma (9 March 2020). "On Day 1 of Broad Lockdown, a Debate Arises: Can Italians Follow the Rules?". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  66. ^ "Coronavirus, Zaia chiede a Governo stralcio 'zona rossa'" [Coronavirus, Zaia asks Government to be extracted from the 'red zone']. ANSA (in Italian). 8 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  67. ^ "Ceriscioli, visto mezz'ora dpcm, misure ok" [Ceriscioli, seen half an hour dpcm, measures ok]. ANSA (in Italian). 8 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  68. ^ Ghiglione, Davide; Jones, Sam; Hall, Ben (9 March 2020). "Italy faces its 'darkest hour' with coronavirus, says prime minister". Financial Times. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  69. ^ Oddone, Elisa (5 March 2020). "'Good morning, Codogno!': A coronavirus radio station in Italy". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  70. ^ Giuffrida, Angela; Tondo, Lorenzo (10 March 2020). "'We're a bit shocked': Italians on life under coronavirus lockdown". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  71. ^ "Coronavirus, assalto ai supermercati dopo il decreto. Il governo: "Non c'è bisogno, spesa garantita"" [Coronavirus, assault on supermarkets after the decree. The government: "No need, guaranteed spending"]. la Repubblica (in Italian). 9 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  72. ^ "How Italy's lockdown has hit the Vatican". news.com.au. 10 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  73. ^ "Some Rome Churches Reopen After Angry Pope Steps In". International Business Times. AFP. 13 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  74. ^ "China reproaches West's 'laxity' in fight against coronavirus". RFI. 20 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  75. ^ "Italy calls in military to enforce lockdown as 627 people die in 24 hours". CNN. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  76. ^ Schott, Ben (6 April 2020). "Coronavirus: Sweden, Italy Far Apart in Social Distancing Race". Bloomberg. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
[edit]