Voiced alveolar fricative: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Consonantal sound often represented by ⟨z⟩ in IPA}} |
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The '''voiced alveolar fricatives''' are [[consonant]]al sounds. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents these sounds depends on whether a [[sibilant]] or non-sibilant fricative is being described. |
The '''voiced alveolar fricatives''' are [[consonant]]al sounds. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents these sounds depends on whether a [[sibilant]] or non-sibilant fricative is being described. |
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* The symbol for the alveolar '''sibilant''' is {{angbr IPA|z}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <code>z</code>. The IPA letter {{angbr|z}} is not normally used for [[Dental consonant|dental]] or [[Postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] sibilants in narrow transcription unless modified by a diacritic ({{angbr IPA|z̪}} and {{angbr IPA|z̠}} respectively). |
* The symbol for the alveolar '''sibilant''' is {{angbr IPA|z}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <code>z</code>. The IPA letter {{angbr|z}} is not normally used for [[Dental consonant|dental]] or [[Postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] sibilants in narrow transcription unless modified by a diacritic ({{angbr IPA|z̪}} and {{angbr IPA|z̠}} respectively). |
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{{TOC right}} |
{{TOC right}} |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
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|+ Voiced [[Coronal consonant|coronal]] fricatives |
|+ Voiced [[Coronal consonant|coronal]] fricatives |
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! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | |
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | |
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! [[Sibilant]] |
! [[Sibilant]] |
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! rowspan="2" | plain |
! rowspan="2" | plain |
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| [[Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced dental sibilant|{{IPA|z̪}}]] |
| [[Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced dental sibilant|{{IPA|z̪|cat=no}}]] |
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| [[Voiced dental fricative#Voiced denti-alveolar sibilant|{{IPA| |
| [[Voiced dental fricative#Voiced denti-alveolar sibilant|{{IPA|z̟|cat=no}}]] |
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| [[Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|{{IPA|z͇}}]] |
| [[Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|{{IPA|z͇|cat=no}}]] |
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| [[Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar retracted sibilant|{{IPA|z̠}}]] |
| [[Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar retracted sibilant|{{IPA|z̠|cat=no}}]] |
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| [[Voiced retroflex sibilant|{{IPA|ʐ}}]] |
| [[Voiced retroflex sibilant|{{IPA|ʐ|cat=no}}]] |
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| [[Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant|{{IPA|ʒ}}]] |
| [[Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant|{{IPA|ʒ|cat=no}}]] |
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| [[Voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant|{{IPA|ʑ}}]] |
| [[Voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant|{{IPA|ʑ|cat=no}}]] |
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|- |
|- |
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! rowspan="2" | Non-sibilant |
! rowspan="2" | Non-sibilant |
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| {{IPA|ð}} |
| {{IPA link|ð}} |
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| {{IPA| |
| {{IPA link|ð͇}} |
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| {{IPA|ɻ̝}} |
| {{IPA link|ɻ̝}} |
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| {{IPA|ɾ̞ |
| {{IPA link|ɾ̞}} |
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{{ |
{{Clear}} |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
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|+ Coronal sibilants |
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! colspan="2" | |
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! IPA<br>symbol |
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! meaning |
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|- |
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! rowspan="13" | [[place of articulation|place<br>of articulation]] |
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! rowspan="4" | [[Place of articulation#Place of articulation (active)|passive<br>(mouth)]] |
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! {{angbr IPA|z̪}} |
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| [[dental consonant|dental]] |
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|- |
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! {{angbr IPA|z̟}} |
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| [[advanced articulation|advanced]]<br>([[denti-alveolar consonant|denti-alveolar]]) |
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|- |
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! {{angbr IPA|z͇}} |
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| [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]] |
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|- |
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! {{angbr IPA|z̠}} |
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| [[retracted articulation|retracted]]<br>([[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]]) |
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|- |
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! rowspan="3" | [[Place of articulation#Place of articulation (active)|active<br>(tongue)]] |
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! {{angbr IPA|z̺}} |
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| [[apical consonant|apical]] |
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|- |
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! {{angbr IPA|z̻}} |
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| [[laminal]] |
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|- |
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! {{angbr IPA|ʐ}} |
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| [[retroflex]] |
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|- |
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! rowspan="6" | [[secondary articulation|secondary]] |
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! {{angbr IPA|zʲ}} |
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| [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] coronal |
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|- |
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! {{angbr IPA|ʑ}} |
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| [[alveolo-palatal]] |
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|- |
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! {{angbr IPA|ʒ}} |
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| [[palato-alveolar]] |
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|- |
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! {{angbr IPA|zʷ}} |
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| [[labialized]] coronal |
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|- |
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! {{angbr IPA|zˠ}} |
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| [[velarized]] coronal |
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|- |
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! {{angbr IPA|zˤ}} |
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| [[pharyngealized]] coronal |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" | [[voice-onset time]] |
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! {{angbr IPA|zʱ}} |
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| [[breathy voice|breathy]] coronal |
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<!-- If there are additions, copy this and use it: |
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|- |
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! {{angbr IPA|}} |
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| --> |
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|} |
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==Voiced alveolar sibilant== |
==Voiced alveolar sibilant== |
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|decimal2=826 |
|decimal2=826 |
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|ipa symbol=z̠ |
|ipa symbol=z̠ |
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|ipa symbol2=zᶾ |
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|showbelow=no |
|showbelow=no |
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}} |
}} |
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!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes |
!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes |
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| [[Armenian language|Armenian]]||[[Eastern Armenian|Eastern]]{{sfnp|Kozintseva|1995|p=7}} || {{lang| am|[[Armenian alphabet|'''զ'''արդ]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|zɑɾtʰ.ogg|[z̪ɑɾt̪ʰ]}} || 'decoration' || |
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]]||[[Eastern Armenian|Eastern]]{{sfnp|Kozintseva|1995|p=7}} || {{lang| am|[[Armenian alphabet|'''զ'''արդ/zart]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|zɑɾtʰ.ogg|[z̪ɑɾt̪ʰ]}} || 'decoration' || |
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|colspan=2| [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]{{sfnp|Axundov|1983|pp=115, 136, 139–142}} || {{lang|az-Latn|[[Azerbaijani alphabet|'''z'''oğ]]}} || {{IPA|[z̪ɔʁ]}} || 'sprout' || |
|colspan=2| [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]{{sfnp|Axundov|1983|pp=115, 136, 139–142}} || {{lang|az-Latn|[[Azerbaijani alphabet|'''z'''oğ]]}} || {{IPA|[z̪ɔʁ]}} || 'sprout' || |
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|colspan=2| [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]{{sfnp|Padluzhny|1989|p=47}} || {{lang|be|[[Belarusian alphabet|ба'''з'''а]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈbäz̪ä]}} || 'base' || Contrasts with [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] form. See [[Belarusian phonology]] |
|colspan=2| [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]{{sfnp|Padluzhny|1989|p=47}} || {{lang|be|[[Belarusian alphabet|ба'''з'''а/baza]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈbäz̪ä]}} || 'base' || Contrasts with [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] form. See [[Belarusian phonology]] |
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|colspan=2| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]{{sfnp|Klagstad |
|colspan=2| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]{{sfnp|Klagstad|1958|p=46}} || {{lang|bg|[[Bulgarian alphabet|е'''з'''еро/ezero]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈɛz̪ɛro]}} || 'lake' || Contrasts with palatalized form. |
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|colspan=2| [[Czech language|Czech]]{{sfnp|Palková|1994|p=228}} || {{lang|cs|[[Czech orthography|'''z'''ima]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈz̪ɪmä]}} || 'winter' || See [[Czech phonology]] |
|colspan=2| [[Czech language|Czech]]{{sfnp|Palková|1994|p=228}} || {{lang|cs|[[Czech orthography|'''z'''ima]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈz̪ɪmä]}} || 'winter' || See [[Czech phonology]] |
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| [[English language|English]] || [[Multicultural London English|Multicultural London]]<ref>{{cite web|title=english speech services {{!}} Accent of the Year / sibilants in MLE|url=http://englishspeechservices.com/blog/accent-of-the-year-sibilants-in-mle/|access-date=2 December 2015}}</ref> || ''[[English orthography|'''z'''oo]]'' || {{IPA|[z̪ʏˑy̯]}} || 'zoo' || See [[English phonology]] |
| [[English language|English]] || [[Multicultural London English|Multicultural London]]<ref>{{cite web|title=english speech services {{!}} Accent of the Year / sibilants in MLE|date=31 December 2011|url=http://englishspeechservices.com/blog/accent-of-the-year-sibilants-in-mle/|access-date=2 December 2015}}</ref> || ''[[English orthography|'''z'''oo]]'' || {{IPA|[z̪ʏˑy̯]}} || 'zoo' || See [[English phonology]] |
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|colspan=2| [[French language|French]]{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=288}}{{sfnp|Fougeron|Smith|1999|p=79}} || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|'''z'''èbre]]}} || {{IPA|[z̪ɛbʁ]}} || 'zebra' || See [[French phonology]] |
|colspan=2| [[French language|French]]{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=288}}{{sfnp|Fougeron|Smith|1999|p=79}} || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|'''z'''èbre]]}} || {{IPA|[z̪ɛbʁ]}} || 'zebra' || See [[French phonology]] |
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|colspan=2| [[Kashubian language|Kashubian]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Fonetyka i fonologia|author=Jerzy Treder|url=http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000614/http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> ||colspan=2 align=center| {{example needed|date=November 2013}} || || |
|colspan=2| [[Kashubian language|Kashubian]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Fonetyka i fonologia|author=Jerzy Treder|url=http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000614/http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> ||colspan=2 align=center| {{example needed|date=November 2013}} || || |
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|colspan=2| [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]{{sfnp|Kara|2002|p=10}} || {{lang|kk|[[Kazakh alphabets|'''з'''аң/'''z''' |
|colspan=2| [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]{{sfnp|Kara|2002|p=10}} || {{lang|kk|[[Kazakh alphabets|'''з'''аң/'''z'''ań]]}}|| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[z̪ɑŋ]}} || rowspan="2" | 'law' || |
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|colspan=2| [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]{{sfnp|Kara|2003|p=11}} || {{lang|ky|[[Kyrgyz alphabet|'''з'''аң]]}} |
|colspan=2| [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]{{sfnp|Kara|2003|p=11}} || {{lang|ky|[[Kyrgyz alphabet|'''з'''аң/zań]]}} || |
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|colspan=2| [[Latvian language|Latvian]]{{sfnp|Nau|1998|p=6}} || {{lang|lv|[[Latvian alphabet|'''z'''ars]]}} || {{IPA|[z̪ärs̪]}} || 'branch' || See [[Latvian phonology]] |
|colspan=2| [[Latvian language|Latvian]]{{sfnp|Nau|1998|p=6}} || {{lang|lv|[[Latvian alphabet|'''z'''ars]]}} || {{IPA|[z̪ärs̪]}} || 'branch' || See [[Latvian phonology]] |
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|colspan=2| [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]{{sfnp|Lunt|1952|p=1}} || {{lang|mk|[[Macedonian alphabet|'''з'''ошто]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈz̪ɔʃt̪ɔ]}} || 'why' || See [[Macedonian phonology]] |
|colspan=2| [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]{{sfnp|Lunt|1952|p=1}} || {{lang|mk|[[Macedonian alphabet|'''з'''ошто/zošto]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈz̪ɔʃt̪ɔ]}} || 'why' || See [[Macedonian phonology]] |
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|colspan=2| [[Mirandese language|Mirandese]] || {{lang|mwl|[[Portuguese orthography|daprendi'''z'''aige]]}} || {{IPA|[d̪əpɾẽd̪iˈz̪ajʒ(ɯ̽)]}} || 'learning' || |
|colspan=2| [[Mirandese language|Mirandese]] || {{lang|mwl|[[Portuguese orthography|daprendi'''z'''aige]]}} || {{IPA|[d̪əpɾẽd̪iˈz̪ajʒ(ɯ̽)]}} || 'learning' || Contrasts seven [[sibilant consonant|sibilants]] altogether, preserving medieval [[Ibero-Romance]] contrasts. |
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|colspan=2| [[Polish language|Polish]]<ref name=PNFK/>{{sfnp|Rocławski|1976|pp=149}} || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''z'''ero]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pl-zero.ogg|[ˈz̪ɛrɔ]}} || 'zero' || See [[Polish phonology]] |
|colspan=2| [[Polish language|Polish]]<ref name=PNFK/>{{sfnp|Rocławski|1976|pp=149}} || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''z'''ero]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pl-zero.ogg|[ˈz̪ɛrɔ]}} || 'zero' || See [[Polish phonology]] |
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|colspan=2| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Ovidiu Drăghici|title=Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie|url=http://cis01.central.ucv.ro/litere/idd/cursuri/an_1/limba_rom_cont/lrc_an1_draghici.pdf|access-date=April 19, 2013}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|'''z'''ar]]}} || {{IPA|[z̪är]}} || 'dice'|| See [[Romanian phonology]] |
|colspan=2| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Ovidiu Drăghici|title=Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie|url=http://cis01.central.ucv.ro/litere/idd/cursuri/an_1/limba_rom_cont/lrc_an1_draghici.pdf|access-date=April 19, 2013}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|'''z'''ar]]}} || {{IPA|[z̪är]}} || 'dice'|| See [[Romanian phonology]] |
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|colspan=2| [[Russian language|Russian]]{{sfnp|Chew|2003|p=67}} || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|'''з'''аезжать]] / [[Romanization of Russian|'''z''' |
|colspan=2| [[Russian language|Russian]]{{sfnp|Chew|2003|p=67}} || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|'''з'''аезжать]] / [[Romanization of Russian|'''z'''aězžať]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Ru-заезжать.ogg|[z̪əɪˈʑʑætʲ]}} || 'to pick up' || Contrasts with palatalized form. See [[Russian phonology]] |
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|colspan=2| [[Serbo-Croatian]]{{sfnp|Kordić|2006|p=5}}{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarić|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}} || {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|'''з'''ајам]]}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''z'''ajam]]}} || {{IPA|[z̪ǎːjäm]}} || 'loan' || See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]] |
|colspan=2| [[Serbo-Croatian]]{{sfnp|Kordić|2006|p=5}}{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarić|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}} || {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|'''з'''ајам]]}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''z'''ajam]]}} || {{IPA|[z̪ǎːjäm]}} || 'loan' || See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]] |
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|colspan=2| [[Slovak language|Slovak]] || {{lang|sk|[[Slovak alphabet|'''z'''ima]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈz̪imä]}} || 'winter' || |
|colspan=2| [[Slovak language|Slovak]] || {{lang|sk|[[Slovak alphabet|'''z'''ima]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈz̪imä]}} || 'winter' || |
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|colspan=2| [[Slovene language|Slovene]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Pretnar|Tokarz|1980|p=21}}</ref> || {{lang|sl|[[Slovene orthography|'''z'''ima]]}} || {{IPA|[ |
|colspan=2| [[Slovene language|Slovene]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Pretnar|Tokarz|1980|p=21}}</ref> || {{lang|sl|[[Slovene orthography|'''z'''ima]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈz̪ìːmá]}}|| 'winter' || |
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|colspan=2| [[Turkish language|Turkish]]{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=288}}{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=154}} || {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|gö'''z''']]}} || {{IPA|[ɟø̞̈z̪]}} || 'eye' || See [[Turkish phonology]] |
|colspan=2| [[Turkish language|Turkish]]{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=288}}{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=154}} || {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|gö'''z''']]}} || {{IPA|[ɟø̞̈z̪]}} || 'eye' || See [[Turkish phonology]] |
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|colspan=2| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Buk|first1=Solomija|last2=Mačutek|first2=Ján|last3=Rovenchak|first3=Andrij|year=2008|title=Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system|journal=Glottometrics|volume=16|issue=16|pages=63–79|arxiv=0802.4198|bibcode=2008arXiv0802.4198B}} (PDF [https://www.ram-verlag.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/g16zeit.pdf#page=66 ram-verlag.eu])</ref> || {{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian alphabet|'''з'''уб]]}} || {{IPA|[z̪ub]}} || 'tooth' || See [[Ukrainian phonology]] |
|colspan=2| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Buk|first1=Solomija|last2=Mačutek|first2=Ján|last3=Rovenchak|first3=Andrij|year=2008|title=Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system|journal=Glottometrics|volume=16|issue=16|pages=63–79|arxiv=0802.4198|bibcode=2008arXiv0802.4198B}} (PDF [https://www.ram-verlag.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/g16zeit.pdf#page=66 ram-verlag.eu])</ref> || {{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian alphabet|'''з'''уб/zub]]}} || {{IPA|[z̪ub]}} || 'tooth' || Contrasts with [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] form. See [[Ukrainian phonology]] |
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|colspan=2| [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=22, 38, 39}} || ''ko'''z'''a'' || {{IPA|[ |
|colspan=2| [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=22, 38, 39}} || ''ko'''z'''a'' || {{IPA|[ˈkɔz̪ä]}} || 'goat' || |
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|colspan=2| [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]{{sfnp|Sjoberg|1963|p=11}} || zafar || |
|colspan=2| [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]{{sfnp|Sjoberg|1963|p=11}} || zafar || || 'victory' |
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|colspan=2| [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || {{lang|as|[[Assamese alphabet|'''জ'''লকীয়া]]}} || {{IPA|[zɔlɔkija]}} || 'chili' || |
|colspan=2| [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || {{lang|as|[[Assamese alphabet|'''জ'''লকীয়া]]}} || {{IPA|[zɔlɔkija]}} || 'chili' || |
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|colspan=2| [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]]|| |
|colspan=2| [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian]]|| ܙܢ̱ܓܐ '''z'''ìga||{{IPA|[ziɡa]}}|| 'bell'|| |
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|colspan=2| [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || {{lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|নামা'''জ''']]}} ||{{IPA|[namaz]}} || '[[Salah]]' || See [[Bengali phonology]] |
|colspan=2| [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || {{lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|নামা'''জ''']]}} ||{{IPA|[namaz]}} || '[[Salah]]' || Mostly in loanwords and often replaced by {{IPAblink|dʒ}}. See [[Bengali phonology]] |
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|colspan=2| [[Breton language|Breton]]|| {{lang|br|ili'''z'''|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[iliz]}}|| 'church'|| |
|colspan=2| [[Breton language|Breton]]|| {{lang|br|ili'''z'''|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[iliz]}}|| 'church'|| |
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|colspan=2| [[Dutch language|Dutch]]{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=75}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=190}} || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|'''z'''aad]]}} || {{IPA|[z̻aːt̻]}} || 'seed' || Laminal; may have only mid-to-low pitched friction in the Netherlands.{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=75}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=190}} See [[Dutch phonology]] |
|colspan=2| [[Dutch language|Dutch]]{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=75}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=190}} || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|'''z'''aad]]}} || {{IPA|[z̻aːt̻]}} || 'seed' || Laminal; may have only mid-to-low pitched friction in the Netherlands.{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=75}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=190}} See [[Dutch phonology]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Emilian dialects|Emilian]] ||[[Bolognese dialect|Bolognese]] |
|||
|ra'''ṡ'''ån || {{IPA|[raːz̺ʌŋ]}} ||'reason' |
|||
|{{IPA|[raːz̺ʌŋ]}} |
|||
|'reason' |
|||
|Palatalized apical; may be {{IPAblink|ʐ}} or {{IPAblink|ʒ}} instead. |
|Palatalized apical; may be {{IPAblink|ʐ}} or {{IPAblink|ʒ}} instead. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 192: | Line 249: | ||
|rowspan=2|{{IPA|[zəmiːn]}} |
|rowspan=2|{{IPA|[zəmiːn]}} |
||
|rowspan=2|'land' |
|rowspan=2|'land' |
||
|rowspan=2|See [[Hindustani phonology]] |
|rowspan=2|May be replaced in Hindi by {{IPAblink|dʒ}}. See [[Hindustani phonology]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Urdu language|Urdu]] |
|[[Urdu language|Urdu]] |
||
Line 204: | Line 261: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|colspan=2| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] || {{lang|hi|[[Devanagri|ज़ानुन]]}} / {{lang|ur|[[nasta'liq|زانُن]]|rtl=yes}}|| {{IPA|[zaːnun]}}|| 'to know'|| |
|colspan=2| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] || {{lang|hi|[[Devanagri|ज़ानुन]]}} / {{lang|ur|[[nasta'liq|زانُن]]|rtl=yes}}|| {{IPA|[zaːnun]}}|| 'to know'|| |
||
|- |
|||
|colspan="2" | [[Khmer language|Khmer]] || {{lang|km|[[Khmer script|បែលហ្ស៊ិក]]}} / {{transl|km|bêl'''hs'''ĭk}} || {{IPA|[ɓaelzɨk]}} || ''noun'': 'Belgium', 'Belgian(s)'<br />''adjective'': 'Belgian' || See [[Khmer phonology]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|colspan=2| [[Konda language (Dravidian)|Konda]]{{sfnp|Emeneau|1970}}{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=70}} |
|||
| ''sun'''z''''' |
|||
| {{IPA|[sunz]}} |
|||
| 'to sleep' |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|colspan=2| [[Malay language|Malay]] || [[Malay alphabet|''be'''z'''a'']] || {{IPA|[bezə]}} || 'difference' || |
|colspan=2| [[Malay language|Malay]] || [[Malay alphabet|''be'''z'''a'']] || {{IPA|[bezə]}} || 'difference' || |
||
Line 213: | Line 278: | ||
| [[Occitan language|Occitan]] || [[Limousin dialect|Limousin]]|| '''''j'''òune'' || {{IPA|[ˈzɒwne]}}|| 'young' || See [[Occitan phonology]] |
| [[Occitan language|Occitan]] || [[Limousin dialect|Limousin]]|| '''''j'''òune'' || {{IPA|[ˈzɒwne]}}|| 'young' || See [[Occitan phonology]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="2" |[[Persian language|Persian]] |
| colspan="2" |[[Persian language|Persian]] || {{lang|fa|رو'''ز'''}}|| [ɾuːz] || 'day' || |
||
|گو'''ز''' |
|||
|[guz] |
|||
|'fart' |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|colspan=2| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}} || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|ca'''s'''a]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkazɐ]}}|| 'house'|| See [[Portuguese phonology]] |
|colspan=2| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}} || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|ca'''s'''a]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkazɐ]}}|| 'house'|| See [[Portuguese phonology]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
|rowspan=2|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |
||
| [[Gurmukhi]] |
|||
| {{lang|pa|[[Gurmukhi|ਹ'''ਜ਼ਾ'''ਰ]]}} |
|||
|rowspan=2| {{IPA|[həˈzaːr]}} |
|||
|rowspan=2| 'thousand' |
|||
|rowspan=2|May be replaced by {{IPAblink|dʒ}} in [[Gurmukhi]] (Indian) varieties. |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Shahmukhi]] |
|||
|rowspan=4| [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || [[Andalusian Spanish|Andalusian]] ||rowspan=3| {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|comuni'''s'''mo]]|italic=yes}} ||rowspan=3| {{IPA|[ko̞muˈnizmo̞]}} ||rowspan=3| '[[Communism]]' ||rowspan=3| Allophone of {{IPA|/s/}} before voiced consonants, when it is not [[Debuccalization|debuccalized]] to {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|h}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɦ}}]}}. Present in dialects which realize {{IPA|/s/}} as a non-retracted alveolar fricative. Before {{IPA|/d/}} it is dental {{IPA|[z̪]}}. |
|||
| {{lang|pa|[[shahmukhi|ہزار]]|rtl=yes}} |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="3" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || [[Andalusian Spanish|Andalusian]] ||rowspan=3| {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|comuni'''s'''mo]]|italic=yes}} ||rowspan=3| {{IPA|[ko̞muˈnizmo̞]}} ||rowspan=3| '[[Communism]]' ||rowspan=3| Allophone of {{IPA|/s/}} before voiced consonants, when it is not [[Debuccalization|debuccalized]] to {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|h}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɦ}}]}}. Present in dialects which realize {{IPA|/s/}} as a non-retracted alveolar fricative. Before {{IPA|/d/}} it is dental {{IPA|[z̪]}}. |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Latin American Spanish|Latin American]] |
| [[Latin American Spanish|Latin American]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Philippine Spanish|Filipino]] |
| [[Philippine Spanish|Filipino]] |
||
|- |
|||
| [[Mexican Spanish|Mexican]] || {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|i'''s'''la]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈiz.lä]}} || 'island' || Some northern dialects. Corresponds to {{IPA|/s/}} in other Mexican dialects, and to {{IPA|/θ/}} in Peninsular Spanish. See [[Spanish phonology]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|colspan=2| [[Swahili language|Swahili]]|| {{lang|sw|[[Latin script|la'''z'''ima]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[lɑzimɑ]}}|| 'must'|| |
|colspan=2| [[Swahili language|Swahili]]|| {{lang|sw|[[Latin script|la'''z'''ima]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[lɑzimɑ]}}|| 'must'|| |
||
|- |
|||
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |
|||
| [[Jaffna Tamil dialect|Jaffna Tamil]] |
|||
| {{lang|sq|[[Tamil script|கடுதா'''சி''']]}} |
|||
| {{IPA|[kɐɖuðaːzi]}} |
|||
| 'letter' |
|||
| Was only reported for 1 speaker in the sample but he pronounced it regularly.<ref>{{cite book |
|||
|first=Kamil |
|||
|last=Zvelebil |
|||
|title=Some features of Ceylon Tamil |
|||
|series=Indo-Iranian Journal |
|||
|year=1965 |
|||
|volume=9 |
|||
|issue=2 |
|||
|pages=113–138 |
|||
|publisher=JSTOR |
|||
|jstor=24650188 |
|||
|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24650188 |
|||
}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|colspan=2| [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]{{sfnp|Sipma|1913|p=16}} || {{lang|fy|si'''zz'''e|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈsɪzə]}} || 'to say' || It never occurs in word-initial positions. See [[West Frisian phonology]] |
|colspan=2| [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]{{sfnp|Sipma|1913|p=16}} || {{lang|fy|si'''zz'''e|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈsɪzə]}} || 'to say' || It never occurs in word-initial positions. See [[West Frisian phonology]] |
||
Line 237: | Line 323: | ||
|colspan=2| [[Nuosu language|Yi]] || {{lang|ii|[[Yi script|ꍂ]]}} / {{lang|ii|[[Yi script|'''ss'''y]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[zɹ̩˧]}} || 'generation' || |
|colspan=2| [[Nuosu language|Yi]] || {{lang|ii|[[Yi script|ꍂ]]}} / {{lang|ii|[[Yi script|'''ss'''y]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[zɹ̩˧]}} || 'generation' || |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|colspan=2| [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] || {{lang|yi-Latn|[[Yiddish orthography|'''z'''ien]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[zin]}} || 'son' || |
|colspan=2| [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] || {{lang|yi|[[Yiddish orthography|'''ז'''ון]]}} / {{lang|yi-Latn|[[Yiddish orthography|'''z'''ien]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[zin]}} || 'son' || |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Zapotec language|Zapotec]]|| [[Tilquiapan Zapotec|Tilquiapan]]{{sfnp|Merrill|2008|p=108}} || ''guana'''z''''' || {{IPA|[ɡʷanaz]}} || 'went to grab'|| |
| [[Zapotec language|Zapotec]]|| [[Tilquiapan Zapotec|Tilquiapan]]{{sfnp|Merrill|2008|p=108}} || ''guana'''z''''' || {{IPA|[ɡʷanaz]}} || 'went to grab'|| |
||
|} |
|} |
||
{{anchor|Voiced alveolar retracted fricative|Voiced apico-alveolar fricative|Voiced alveolar retracted sibilant}} |
|||
====Retracted alveolar==== |
====Retracted alveolar==== |
||
Line 268: | Line 356: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Languedocien language|Languedocien]] || ''vé'''s'''er'' || {{IPA|[bez̺e]}} || 'to see' |
| [[Languedocien language|Languedocien]] || ''vé'''s'''er'' || {{IPA|[bez̺e]}} || 'to see' |
||
|- |
|||
|colspan=2| [[Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]]|| ''ami'''s'''''|| {{IPA|[aˈmiz̠]}} || 'friend' || Apical. See [[Piedmontese phonology|Piemontese phonology]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|rowspan=2| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || Coastal Northern [[European Portuguese|European]] || {{example needed|date=November 2012}} || || || Merges with non-retracted {{IPA|/z/}}. See [[Portuguese phonology]] |
|rowspan=2| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || Coastal Northern [[European Portuguese|European]] || {{example needed|date=November 2012}} || || || Merges with non-retracted {{IPA|/z/}}. See [[Portuguese phonology]] |
||
Line 327: | Line 417: | ||
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes |
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] || |
| [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] || [[Aragonese dialects|Chistabino]]{{sfnp|Mott|2007|pp=104, 112}} || {{lang|an|ai'''r'''e|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈäi̯ɾ̞e̞]}} || 'air' || Tapped; common realization of {{IPA|/ɾ/}}.{{sfnp|Mott|2007|pp=104, 112}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="2" | [[Czech language|Czech]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=228–230 and 233}} || {{lang|cs|[[Czech alphabet|čty'''ř'''i]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈt͡ʃtɪɹ̝ɪ]}} || 'four' || May be a [[Voiced alveolar fricative trill|fricative trill]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=228–230 and 233}} or a [[Alveolar tap#Voiced alveolar raised non-sonorant tap|tap fricative]] instead.{{sfnp|Šimáčková|Podlipský|Chládková|2012|p=226}} It contrasts with {{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/ʒ/}}. See [[Czech phonology]] |
| colspan="2" | [[Czech language|Czech]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=228–230 and 233}} || {{lang|cs|[[Czech alphabet|čty'''ř'''i]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈt͡ʃtɪɹ̝ɪ]}} || 'four' || May be a [[Voiced alveolar fricative trill|fricative trill]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=228–230 and 233}} or a [[Alveolar tap#Voiced alveolar raised non-sonorant tap|tap fricative]] instead.{{sfnp|Šimáčková|Podlipský|Chládková|2012|p=226}} It contrasts with {{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/ʒ/}}. See [[Czech phonology]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="2" | [[Dahalo language|Dahalo]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Maddieson|Spajić|Sands|Ladefoged|1993|p=34}}</ref> || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[káð̠i]}} || 'work' || Apical; only weakly fricated. It is a common intervocalic allophone of {{IPA|/d̠/}}, and may be an approximant {{IPAblink|ð̠˕}} or simply a plosive {{IPAblink|d}} instead.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Maddieson|Spajić|Sands|Ladefoged|1993|pp=28, 34}}</ref> |
| colspan="2" | [[Dahalo language|Dahalo]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Maddieson|Spajić|Sands|Ladefoged|1993|p=34}}</ref> || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[káð̠i]}} || 'work' || Apical; only weakly fricated. It is a common intervocalic allophone of {{IPA|/d̠/}}, and may be an approximant {{IPAblink|ð̠˕}} or simply a plosive {{IPAblink|d}} instead.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Maddieson|Spajić|Sands|Ladefoged|1993|pp=28, 34}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|||
| [[Danish language|Danish]]<ref name="Jesp9799">{{Harvcoltxt|Jespersen|1897–1899|p=?}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=144}}</ref> || Few speakers<ref name="BauDien">{{Harvcoltxt|Bauer|Dienhart|Hartvigson|Jakobsen|1980|p=?}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=144}}: "Only in a very distinct Danish – as from the stage of the [[Royal Danish Theatre|Royal Theater]] – do we get a fricative."</ref> || {{lang|da|[[Danish alphabet|ve'''d''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ve̝ð̠]}} || 'at' || Laminal.<ref name="Jesp9799"/> Allophone of {{IPA|/d/}} in the [[syllable coda]]; much more often realized as an [[alveolar approximant|approximant]].<ref name="BauDien"/> See [[Danish phonology]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="2" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]]<ref name="CM199">{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2003|p=199}}. Authors do not say where exactly it is used.</ref> || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|voo'''r''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[vöːɹ̝]}} || 'for' || One of many possible realizations of {{IPA|/r/}}; distribution unclear. See [[Dutch phonology]] |
| colspan="2" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]]<ref name="CM199">{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2003|p=199}}. Authors do not say where exactly it is used.</ref> || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|voo'''r''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[vöːɹ̝]}} || 'for' || One of many possible realizations of {{IPA|/r/}}; distribution unclear. See [[Dutch phonology]] |
||
Line 348: | Line 436: | ||
| [[South African English|South African]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=236}}{{sfnp|Ogden|2009|p=92}} || ''[[English orthography|'''r'''ound]]'' || {{IPA|[ɹ̝æʊ̯nd]}} || 'round' || Apical,{{sfnp|Ogden|2009|p=92}} present in some urban dialects.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=236}} See [[South African English phonology]] |
| [[South African English|South African]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=236}}{{sfnp|Ogden|2009|p=92}} || ''[[English orthography|'''r'''ound]]'' || {{IPA|[ɹ̝æʊ̯nd]}} || 'round' || Apical,{{sfnp|Ogden|2009|p=92}} present in some urban dialects.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=236}} See [[South African English phonology]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="2" | [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]<ref name="Pétursson">{{Harvcoltxt|Pétursson|1971|p=?}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=145}}</ref><ref name="Grønnum">{{Harvcoltxt|Grønnum|2005|p=139}}</ref> || {{lang|is|[[Icelandic orthography|bró'''ð'''ir]]}} || {{IPA|[ |
| colspan="2" | [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]<ref name="Pétursson">{{Harvcoltxt|Pétursson|1971|p=?}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=145}}</ref><ref name="Grønnum">{{Harvcoltxt|Grønnum|2005|p=139}}</ref> || {{lang|is|[[Icelandic orthography|bró'''ð'''ir]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpro͡uːð̠ɪr]}} || 'brother' || Usually apical,<ref name="Pétursson"/><ref name="Grønnum"/> may be closer to an [[alveolar approximant|approximant]]. See [[Icelandic phonology]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Italian language|Italian]] ||[[Sicily]]{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|pp=64–65}}||{{lang|it|[[Italian alphabet|te'''rr'''a]]|italic=yes}}||{{IPA|[ˈt̪ɛɹ̝ä]}}|| 'earth' || Apical; corresponds to {{IPA|/rr/}} in standard Italian.{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|pp=64–65}} See [[Italian phonology]] |
| [[Italian language|Italian]] ||[[Sicily]]{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|pp=64–65}}||{{lang|it|[[Italian alphabet|te'''rr'''a]]|italic=yes}}||{{IPA|[ˈt̪ɛɹ̝ä]}}|| 'earth' || Apical; corresponds to {{IPA|/rr/}} in standard Italian.{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|pp=64–65}} See [[Italian phonology]] |
||
Line 354: | Line 442: | ||
| colspan="2" | [[Manx language|Manx]] || {{lang|gv|mooa'''r'''|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[muːɹ̝]}} || 'big' || Common word-final realization of {{IPA|/r/}}. |
| colspan="2" | [[Manx language|Manx]] || {{lang|gv|mooa'''r'''|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[muːɹ̝]}} || 'big' || Common word-final realization of {{IPA|/r/}}. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{sfnp|Mott|2007|p=112}} ||Aragonese || {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|ai'''r'''e]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈäi̯ɾ̞e̞]}} || 'air' || Tapped; possible realization of {{IPA|/ɾ/}}.{{sfnp|Mott|2007|p=112}} See [[Spanish phonology]] |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Central Standard{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|pp=141}}{{sfnp|Engstrand|2004|p=167}} || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish orthography|vand'''r'''are]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[²vän̪ːd̪ɹ̝äɹɛ]}} || 'wanderer' || Allophone of {{IPA|/r/}} around the Stockholm area. See [[Swedish phonology]] |
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Central Standard{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|pp=141}}{{sfnp|Engstrand|2004|p=167}} || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish orthography|vand'''r'''are]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[²vän̪ːd̪ɹ̝äɹɛ]}} || 'wanderer' || Allophone of {{IPA|/r/}} around the Stockholm area. See [[Swedish phonology]] |
||
Line 360: | Line 448: | ||
| colspan="2" | [[Tacana language|Tacana]]<ref name="tacana">{{cite web|title=UPSID r[F|url=http://web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/S/S0777.html|access-date=24 January 2016}}</ref> || colspan="2" | {{example needed|date=January 2016}} || || Tapped.<ref name="tacana"/> |
| colspan="2" | [[Tacana language|Tacana]]<ref name="tacana">{{cite web|title=UPSID r[F|url=http://web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/S/S0777.html|access-date=24 January 2016}}</ref> || colspan="2" | {{example needed|date=January 2016}} || || Tapped.<ref name="tacana"/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="2" | [[Turkish language|Turkish]]{{sfnp|Yavuz|Balcı|2011|p=25}} || {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|'''r'''üya]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ |
| colspan="2" | [[Turkish language|Turkish]]{{sfnp|Yavuz|Balcı|2011|p=25}} || {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|'''r'''üya]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈɾ̞yːjɑ]}} || 'dream' || Tapped; word-initial allophone of {{IPA|/ɾ/}}.{{sfnp|Yavuz|Balcı|2011|p=25}} See [[Turkish phonology]] |
||
|} |
|||
==Voiced lateral-median fricative== |
|||
{{Infobox IPA |
|||
|ipa symbol=ʫ |
|||
|ipa symbol2=ð̠ˡ |
|||
|ipa symbol3=ɮ͡ð̠ |
|||
|ipa symbol4=ɮ͡z |
|||
}} |
|||
{{Infobox IPA |
|||
|above=Voiceless dental lateral–median fricative |
|||
|ipa symbol=ʫ̪ |
|||
|ipa symbol2=ðˡ |
|||
|ipa symbol3=ɮ̪͡ð |
|||
}} |
|||
The '''voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative''' (also known as a "lisp" fricative) is a consonantal sound. Consonants is pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow. |
|||
===Features=== |
|||
{{fricative}} However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant. |
|||
{{alveolar}} |
|||
{{voiced}} |
|||
{{oral}} |
|||
{{central articulation}} |
|||
{{lateral}} |
|||
{{pulmonic}} |
|||
===Occurrence=== |
|||
{| class="wikitable" |
|||
! colspan="2" |Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Arabic dialects|Arabic]]<ref>Heselwood (2013) ''Phonetic transcription in theory and practice'', p 122–123</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/8283145|title=Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri|author=Janet Watson|work=academia.edu|date=January 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/8283071 | title=Lateral reflexes of Proto-Semitic D and Dh in Al-Rubu'ah dialect, south-west Saudi Arabic: Electropalatographic and acoustic evidence | journal=Nicht Nur mit Engelszungen: Beiträge zur Semitischen Dialektologie: Festschrift für Werner Arnold | date=January 2013 | last1=Watson | first1=Janet }}</ref> |
|||
| [[Rijal Almaʽa dialect|Rijal Almaʽa]] |
|||
| {{lang|ar|'''ض'''بع}} |
|||
| {{IPA|[ðˡˤabʕ]}} |
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| 'hyena' |
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| |
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|- |
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|colspan=2| [[Mehri language|Mehri]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/8283145|title=Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri|author=Janet Watson|work=academia.edu|date=January 2011 }}</ref> |
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| {{lang|gdq|'''ذ'''وفر}} |
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| {{IPA|[ðˡˤoːfar]}} |
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| 'plait' |
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|title=Liverpool English |
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[[Category:Central consonants]] |
[[Category:Central consonants]] |
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[[Category:Voiced oral consonants]] |
[[Category:Voiced oral consonants]] |
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[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]] |
Revision as of 19:58, 13 June 2024
The voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.
- The symbol for the alveolar sibilant is ⟨z⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is
z
. The IPA letter ⟨z⟩ is not normally used for dental or postalveolar sibilants in narrow transcription unless modified by a diacritic (⟨z̪⟩ and ⟨z̠⟩ respectively). - The IPA symbol for the alveolar non-sibilant fricative is derived by means of diacritics; it can be ⟨ð̠⟩ or ⟨ɹ̝⟩.
Dental | Denti- alveolar |
Alveolar | Post-alveolar | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Retracted | Retroflex | Palato- alveolar |
Alveolo- palatal | |||||
Sibilant | plain | z̪ | z̟ | z͇ | z̠ | ʐ | ʒ | ʑ |
Non-sibilant | ð | ð͇ | ɻ̝ | |||||
tapped | ɾ̞ |
IPA symbol |
meaning | ||
---|---|---|---|
place of articulation |
passive (mouth) |
⟨z̪⟩ | dental |
⟨z̟⟩ | advanced (denti-alveolar) | ||
⟨z͇⟩ | alveolar | ||
⟨z̠⟩ | retracted (postalveolar) | ||
active (tongue) |
⟨z̺⟩ | apical | |
⟨z̻⟩ | laminal | ||
⟨ʐ⟩ | retroflex | ||
secondary | ⟨zʲ⟩ | palatalized coronal | |
⟨ʑ⟩ | alveolo-palatal | ||
⟨ʒ⟩ | palato-alveolar | ||
⟨zʷ⟩ | labialized coronal | ||
⟨zˠ⟩ | velarized coronal | ||
⟨zˤ⟩ | pharyngealized coronal | ||
voice-onset time | ⟨zʱ⟩ | breathy coronal |
Voiced alveolar sibilant
Voiced alveolar fricative | |
---|---|
z | |
IPA Number | 133 |
Audio sample | |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | z |
Unicode (hex) | U+007A |
X-SAMPA | z |
Braille |
Voiced laminal dentalized alveolar sibilant | |
---|---|
z̪ |
Voiced laminal predorsal alveolar sibilant | |
---|---|
z̟ |
Voiced alveolar retracted sibilant | |
---|---|
z̠ | |
zᶾ | |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | z̺ |
Unicode (hex) | U+007A U+033A |
The voiced alveolar sibilant is common across European languages, but is relatively uncommon cross-linguistically compared to the voiceless variant. Only about 28% of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85% of the languages with some form of [z] are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia.
Features
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- There are at least three specific variants of [z]:
- Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of [z] is very strong.[1]
- Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. According to Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) about half of English speakers use a non-retracted apical articulation.
- Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to [ʒ] or laminal [ʐ].
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Dentalized laminal alveolar
Non-retracted alveolar
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adyghe | зы | 'one' | |||
Albanian | zjarr | [zjar] | 'fire' | ||
Arabic | Standard[27] | زائِر | [ˈzaːʔir] | 'visitor' | See Arabic phonology |
Assamese | জলকীয়া | [zɔlɔkija] | 'chili' | ||
Assyrian | ܙܢ̱ܓܐ zìga | [ziɡa] | 'bell' | ||
Bengali | নামাজ | [namaz] | 'Salah' | Mostly in loanwords and often replaced by [dʒ]. See Bengali phonology | |
Breton | iliz | [iliz] | 'church' | ||
Chechen | зурма / zurma | [zuɾma] | 'music' | ||
Dutch[28][29] | zaad | [z̻aːt̻] | 'seed' | Laminal; may have only mid-to-low pitched friction in the Netherlands.[28][29] See Dutch phonology | |
Emilian | Bolognese | raṡån | [raːz̺ʌŋ] | 'reason' | Palatalized apical; may be [ʐ] or [ʒ] instead. |
English | zoo | 'zoo' | Absent from some Scottish and Asian dialects. See English phonology | ||
Esperanto | kuzo | [ˈkuzo] | 'cousin' | See Esperanto phonology | |
Georgian[30] | ზარი | [ˈzɑɾi] | 'bell' | ||
Greek | Athens dialect[31] | ζάλη / záli | [ˈz̻ali] | 'dizziness' | See Modern Greek phonology |
Hebrew | זאב | [zeˈʔev] | 'wolf' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
Hindustani | Hindi | ज़मीन | [zəmiːn] | 'land' | May be replaced in Hindi by [dʒ]. See Hindustani phonology |
Urdu | زمین | ||||
Japanese[32] | 全部 / zenbu | [zembɯ] | 'everything' | See Japanese phonology | |
Kabardian | зы | 'one' | |||
Kalaw Lagaw Ya | zilamiz | [zilʌmiz] | 'go' | ||
Kashmiri | ज़ानुन / زانُن | [zaːnun] | 'to know' | ||
Khmer | បែលហ្ស៊ិក / bêlhsĭk | [ɓaelzɨk] | noun: 'Belgium', 'Belgian(s)' adjective: 'Belgian' |
See Khmer phonology | |
Konda[33][34] | sunz | [sunz] | 'to sleep' | ||
Malay | beza | [bezə] | 'difference' | ||
Maltese | żelu | [zelu] | 'zeal' | ||
Marathi | जर | [zər] | 'if' | See Marathi phonology. | |
Occitan | Limousin | jòune | [ˈzɒwne] | 'young' | See Occitan phonology |
Persian | روز | [ɾuːz] | 'day' | ||
Portuguese[35] | casa | [ˈkazɐ] | 'house' | See Portuguese phonology | |
Punjabi | Gurmukhi | ਹਜ਼ਾਰ | [həˈzaːr] | 'thousand' | May be replaced by [dʒ] in Gurmukhi (Indian) varieties. |
Shahmukhi | ہزار | ||||
Spanish | Andalusian | comunismo | [ko̞muˈnizmo̞] | 'Communism' | Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants, when it is not debuccalized to [h ~ ɦ]. Present in dialects which realize /s/ as a non-retracted alveolar fricative. Before /d/ it is dental [z̪]. |
Latin American | |||||
Filipino | |||||
Swahili | lazima | [lɑzimɑ] | 'must' | ||
Tamil | Jaffna Tamil | கடுதாசி | [kɐɖuðaːzi] | 'letter' | Was only reported for 1 speaker in the sample but he pronounced it regularly.[36] |
West Frisian[37] | sizze | [ˈsɪzə] | 'to say' | It never occurs in word-initial positions. See West Frisian phonology | |
Yi | ꍂ / ssy | [zɹ̩˧] | 'generation' | ||
Yiddish | זון / zien | [zin] | 'son' | ||
Zapotec | Tilquiapan[38] | guanaz | [ɡʷanaz] | 'went to grab' |
Retracted alveolar
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Catalan[39][40] | zel | [ˈz̺ɛɫ] | 'zeal' | Apical. See Catalan phonology | |
Galician | mesmo | [ˈme̞z̺mo̞] | 'same' | Apical. Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants. Before /d/ it is pronounced dentally [z̪]. | |
Greek[41] | μάζα / máza | [ˈmɐz̠ɐ] | 'mass' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
Italian | Central Italy[42] | caso | [ˈkäːz̠o] | 'case' | Present in Lazio north of Cape Linaro,[42] most of Umbria[42] (save Perugia and the extreme south)[42] and Le Marche south of the Potenza.[42] |
Northern Italy[43][44] | Apical.[45] Present in many areas north of the La Spezia–Rimini Line.[46][47] See Italian phonology | ||||
Sicily[42] | Present south and west of a line drawn from Syracuse to Cefalù.[42] | ||||
Low German[48] | [example needed] | ||||
Maldivian | zaraafaa | [z̺aˈraːfaː] | 'giraffe' | ||
Mirandese | eisistir | [e̞jz̺is̺ˈtiɾ] | 'to exist' | Apical. Mirandese and neighboring Portuguese dialects were the only surviving oral tradition to preserve all seven mediaeval Ibero-Romance sibilants: ⟨ch⟩ /tʃ/, ⟨x⟩ /ʃ/, ⟨g⟩/⟨j⟩ /ʒ/, ⟨c⟩/⟨ç⟩ /s̪/, ⟨z⟩ /z̪/, ⟨s⟩/-⟨ss⟩- /s̺/, -⟨s⟩- /z̺/ | |
Occitan | Gascon | casèrna | [kaz̺ɛrno] | 'barracks' | See Occitan phonology |
Languedocien | véser | [bez̺e] | 'to see' | ||
Piedmontese | amis | [aˈmiz̠] | 'friend' | Apical. See Piemontese phonology | |
Portuguese | Coastal Northern European | [example needed] | Merges with non-retracted /z/. See Portuguese phonology | ||
Inland Northern European | [example needed] | Apical. Contrasts with non-retracted /z/. See Portuguese phonology | |||
Spanish | Andean | mismo | [ˈmiz̺mo̞] | 'same' | Apical. Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants. Before /d/ it is pronounced dentally [z̪]. See Spanish phonology |
Castilian | |||||
Paisa Region |
Variable
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
German | Standard[49] | sauber | [ˈzäʊ̯bɐ] | 'clean' | Varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical.[49] See Standard German phonology |
Italian | Standard[50] | caso | [ˈkäːzo] | 'case' | Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.[50] See Italian phonology |
Ticino[45] | Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.[51] Both variants may be labiodentalized.[45] See Italian phonology |
Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative
Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative | |
---|---|
ð̠ | |
ð͇ | |
ɹ̝ | |
d̞ | |
Audio sample | |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | ð̠ |
Unicode (hex) | U+00F0 U+0320 |
Voiced alveolar tapped fricative | |
---|---|
ɾ̞ | |
ɹ̝̆ | |
IPA Number | 124 430 |
Audio sample | |
The voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that are not palatalized), it can represent the sound as in a number of ways including ⟨ð̠⟩ or ⟨ð͇⟩ (retracted or alveolarized [ð], respectively), ⟨ɹ̝⟩ (constricted [ɹ]), or ⟨d̞⟩ (lowered [d]).
Few languages also have the voiced alveolar tapped fricative, which is simply a very brief apical alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. It can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show that full occlusion does not occur. Flapped fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested.[52]
Features
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aragonese | Chistabino[53] | aire | [ˈäi̯ɾ̞e̞] | 'air' | Tapped; common realization of /ɾ/.[53] |
Czech[54] | čtyři | [ˈt͡ʃtɪɹ̝ɪ] | 'four' | May be a fricative trill[54] or a tap fricative instead.[55] It contrasts with /r/ and /ʒ/. See Czech phonology | |
Dahalo[56] | [káð̠i] | 'work' | Apical; only weakly fricated. It is a common intervocalic allophone of /d̠/, and may be an approximant [ð̠˕] or simply a plosive [d] instead.[57] | ||
Dutch[58] | voor | [vöːɹ̝] | 'for' | One of many possible realizations of /r/; distribution unclear. See Dutch phonology | |
Emilian | Bolognese | chèṡ | [ˈkɛːð̠] | 'case' | Laminal |
English | Scouse[59] | maid | [meɪð̠] | 'maid' | Allophone of /d/. See English phonology |
South African[60][61] | round | [ɹ̝æʊ̯nd] | 'round' | Apical,[61] present in some urban dialects.[60] See South African English phonology | |
Icelandic[62][63] | bróðir | [ˈpro͡uːð̠ɪr] | 'brother' | Usually apical,[62][63] may be closer to an approximant. See Icelandic phonology | |
Italian | Sicily[64] | terra | [ˈt̪ɛɹ̝ä] | 'earth' | Apical; corresponds to /rr/ in standard Italian.[64] See Italian phonology |
Manx | mooar | [muːɹ̝] | 'big' | Common word-final realization of /r/. | |
Spanish[65] | Aragonese | aire | [ˈäi̯ɾ̞e̞] | 'air' | Tapped; possible realization of /ɾ/.[65] See Spanish phonology |
Swedish | Central Standard[66][67] | vandrare | [²vän̪ːd̪ɹ̝äɹɛ] | 'wanderer' | Allophone of /r/ around the Stockholm area. See Swedish phonology |
Tacana[68] | [example needed] | Tapped.[68] | |||
Turkish[69] | rüya | [ˈɾ̞yːjɑ] | 'dream' | Tapped; word-initial allophone of /ɾ/.[69] See Turkish phonology |
Voiced lateral-median fricative
Voiced alveolar lateral–median fricative | |
---|---|
ʫ | |
ð̠ˡ | |
ɮ͡ð̠ | |
ɮ͡z |
Voiceless dental lateral–median fricative | |
---|---|
ʫ̪ | |
ðˡ | |
ɮ̪͡ð |
The voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative (also known as a "lisp" fricative) is a consonantal sound. Consonants is pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow.
Features
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arabic[70][71][72] | Rijal Almaʽa | ضبع | [ðˡˤabʕ] | 'hyena' | |
Mehri[73] | ذوفر | [ðˡˤoːfar] | 'plait' |
See also
Notes
- ^ a b Puppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977:149), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:154)
- ^ Kozintseva (1995), p. 7.
- ^ Axundov (1983), pp. 115, 136, 139–142.
- ^ Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
- ^ Klagstad (1958), p. 46.
- ^ Palková (1994), p. 228.
- ^ "english speech services | Accent of the Year / sibilants in MLE". 31 December 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
- ^ a b Adams (1975), p. 288.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1999), p. 79.
- ^ Szende (1999), p. 104.
- ^ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
- ^ Kara (2002), p. 10.
- ^ Kara (2003), p. 11.
- ^ Nau (1998), p. 6.
- ^ Lunt (1952), p. 1.
- ^ Rocławski (1976), pp. 149.
- ^ Ovidiu Drăghici. "Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie" (PDF). Retrieved April 19, 2013.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Chew (2003), p. 67.
- ^ Kordić (2006), p. 5.
- ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
- ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980:21)
- ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 154.
- ^ Buk, Solomija; Mačutek, Ján; Rovenchak, Andrij (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". Glottometrics. 16 (16): 63–79. arXiv:0802.4198. Bibcode:2008arXiv0802.4198B. (PDF ram-verlag.eu)
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 22, 38, 39.
- ^ Sjoberg (1963), p. 11.
- ^ Thompson (1987), pp. 5 and 7.
- ^ Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
- ^ a b Gussenhoven (1999), p. 75.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 190.
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
- ^ Adams (1975), p. 283.
- ^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
- ^ Emeneau (1970).
- ^ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 70.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ^ Zvelebil, Kamil (1965). Some features of Ceylon Tamil. Indo-Iranian Journal. Vol. 9. JSTOR. pp. 113–138. JSTOR 24650188.
- ^ Sipma (1913), p. 16.
- ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
- ^ Torreblanca (1988), p. 347.
- ^ Arvaniti (2007), p. 12.
- ^ a b c d e f g Adams (1975), p. 286.
- ^ Adams (1975), pp. 285–286.
- ^ Canepari (1992), p. 71-72.
- ^ a b c Canepari (1992), p. 72.
- ^ Canepari (1992), p. 71.
- ^ Adams (1975), p. 285.
- ^ Adams (1975), p. 289.
- ^ a b Mangold (2005), p. 50.
- ^ a b Canepari (1992), p. 68.
- ^ Canepari (1992), pp. 68 and 72.
- ^ Laver (1994), p. 263.
- ^ a b Mott (2007), pp. 104, 112.
- ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 228–230 and 233.
- ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 226.
- ^ Maddieson et al. (1993:34)
- ^ Maddieson et al. (1993:28, 34)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:199). Authors do not say where exactly it is used.
- ^ Watson (2007), pp. 352–353.
- ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 236.
- ^ a b Ogden (2009), p. 92.
- ^ a b Pétursson (1971:?), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:145)
- ^ a b Grønnum (2005:139)
- ^ a b Canepari (1992), pp. 64–65.
- ^ a b Mott (2007), p. 112.
- ^ Engstrand (1999), pp. 141.
- ^ Engstrand (2004), p. 167.
- ^ a b "UPSID r[F". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
- ^ a b Yavuz & Balcı (2011), p. 25.
- ^ Heselwood (2013) Phonetic transcription in theory and practice, p 122–123
- ^ Janet Watson (January 2011). "Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri". academia.edu.
- ^ Watson, Janet (January 2013). "Lateral reflexes of Proto-Semitic D and Dh in Al-Rubu'ah dialect, south-west Saudi Arabic: Electropalatographic and acoustic evidence". Nicht Nur mit Engelszungen: Beiträge zur Semitischen Dialektologie: Festschrift für Werner Arnold.
- ^ Janet Watson (January 2011). "Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri". academia.edu.
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