Ukaan language: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Proposed Branch of the Volta-Niger Languages}} |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox language |
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|name=Ukaan |
|name=Ukaan |
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|states=[[Nigeria]] |
|states=[[Nigeria]] |
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|region=[[Ondo State]] |
|region=[[Ondo State]], [[Ekiti State]], [[Kogi State]] |
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|speakers=18,000 |
|speakers=18,000 |
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|date=1973 |
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|ref=e18 |
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|familycolor=Niger-Congo |
|familycolor=Niger-Congo |
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|fam2=[[ |
|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]] |
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|fam3=[[ |
|fam3=[[Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]] ? |
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|dia1=Ukaan proper |
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|dia2=Igau |
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|dia3=Ayegbe (Iisheu) |
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|dia4=Iinno (Iyinno) |
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|glotto=ukaa1243 |
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|glottorefname=Ukaan |
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}} |
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| entry = Ukaan |
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| entry-url-access = limited |
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| access-date = 2 August 2022 |
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| editor-last1 = Eberhard |editor-first1 = David M. |
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| editor-last2 = Simons | editor-first2 = Gary F. |
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| editor-last3 = Fennig | editor-first3 = Charles D. |
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| date = 2022 |
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| version = Online version |
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[[Roger Blench]] suspects, based on wordlists, that it might be closest to the (East) [[Benue–Congo languages]] (or, equivalently, the most divergent of the Benue–Congo languages). Blench (2012) states that "noun-classes and concord make it look Benue-Congo, but evidence is weak."<ref>Roger Blench, [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/General/Niger-Congo%20an%20alternative%20view.pdf Niger-Congo: an alternative view]</ref> |
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Speakers refer to their language as ''Ùkãã'' or ''Ìkã''.<ref name="BlenchAtlas4"/> |
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| accessdate = 2009-04-03 |
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| last = Gordon |
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| first = Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) |
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| year = 2005 |
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[[Roger Blench]] suspects, based on wordlists, that it may be closest to the (East) [[Benue-Congo languages]] (or, equivalently, the most divergent of the Benue-Congo languages). |
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==Varieties== |
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The name ''Anyaran'' is from the town of [[Anyaran]], where it is spoken. Ukaan has several divergent dialects: |
The name ''Anyaran'' is from the town of [[Anyaran]], where it is spoken. Ukaan has several divergent dialects: Ukaan proper, Igau, Ayegbe (Iisheu), Iinno (Iyinno), which only have one-way intelligibility in some cases. |
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Roger Blench (2005, 2019)<ref>Blench, Roger. 2005. ''The Ukaan language: Bantu in south-western Nigeria?''</ref> considers Ukaan to consist of at least 3 different languages, and notes that Ukaan varieties spoken in Ìshè,̣ Ẹkakumọ, and Auga all have different lexemes.<ref name="BlenchAtlas4">{{Cite book|title=An Atlas of Nigerian Languages|last=Blench|first=Roger|publisher=Kay Williamson Educational Foundation|year=2019|edition=4th|location=Cambridge}}</ref> |
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Salffner (2009: 27)<ref>Salffner, Sophie. 2009. ''Tone in the phonology, lexicon and grammar of Ikaan''. Doctoral dissertation, University of London.</ref> lists the following four dialects of Ukaan. |
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*'''Ikaan''': spoken in Ikakumo and Ikakumo ([[Edo State]]) |
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*'''Ayegbe''': spoken in Ise |
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*'''Iigau''' or '''Iigao''': spoken in Auga |
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*'''Iino''': spoken in Ayanran |
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==Distribution== |
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''Ethnologue'' lists the following locations where Ukaan is spoken. |
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*[[Ondo State]]: [[Akoko North-East]] [[Local government areas of Nigeria|LGA]] |
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*[[Edo State]]: [[Akoko Edo]] LGA |
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*[[Kogi State]]: [[Ijumu]] LGA (Anyaran, Auga, and Ishe towns) |
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Blench (2019) lists [[Ondo State]], Akoko North LGA, towns of Kakumo–Aworo (Kakumo–Kejĩ, Auga and Iṣe); [[Edo State]], Akoko Edo LGA, towns of Kakumo–Akoko and Anyaran. |
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==Reconstruction== |
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Proto-Ukaan has been reconstructed by Abiodun (1999).<ref>Abiodun, Michael Ajibola. 1999. ''A comparative phonology and morphology of Ukaan dialects of Old Akoko division''. Doctoral dissertation. University of Ilorin.</ref> |
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==See also== |
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*[[Wiktionary:Appendix:List of Proto-Ukaan reconstructions|List of Proto-Ukaan reconstructions]] (Wiktionary) |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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== External links == |
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* ELAR archive of [http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0259 Farming, food and yam: language and cultural practices among Ikaan speakers] |
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*[http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/VN/Ukaan/Ukaan%20page.htm Roger Blench: Aika (Ukaan) materials] |
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{{Languages of Nigeria}} |
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{{nc-lang-stub}} |
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{{Niger-Congo branches}} |
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[[hr:Ukaan (jezik)]] |
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[[Category:Languages of Nigeria]] |
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[[Category:Ondo State]] |
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[[Category:Benue–Congo languages]] |
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Latest revision as of 10:33, 3 December 2023
| Ukaan | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Nigeria |
| Region | Ondo State, Ekiti State, Kogi State |
Native speakers | (18,000 cited 1973)[1] |
Niger–Congo?
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kcf |
| Glottolog | ukaa1243 |
Ukaan (also Ikan, Anyaran, Auga, or Kakumo) is a poorly described Niger–Congo language or dialect cluster of uncertain affiliation.[2][3] Roger Blench suspects, based on wordlists, that it might be closest to the (East) Benue–Congo languages (or, equivalently, the most divergent of the Benue–Congo languages). Blench (2012) states that "noun-classes and concord make it look Benue-Congo, but evidence is weak."[4]
Speakers refer to their language as Ùkãã or Ìkã.[5]
Varieties
[edit]The name Anyaran is from the town of Anyaran, where it is spoken. Ukaan has several divergent dialects: Ukaan proper, Igau, Ayegbe (Iisheu), Iinno (Iyinno), which only have one-way intelligibility in some cases.
Roger Blench (2005, 2019)[6] considers Ukaan to consist of at least 3 different languages, and notes that Ukaan varieties spoken in Ìshè,̣ Ẹkakumọ, and Auga all have different lexemes.[5]
Salffner (2009: 27)[7] lists the following four dialects of Ukaan.
- Ikaan: spoken in Ikakumo and Ikakumo (Edo State)
- Ayegbe: spoken in Ise
- Iigau or Iigao: spoken in Auga
- Iino: spoken in Ayanran
Distribution
[edit]Ethnologue lists the following locations where Ukaan is spoken.
- Ondo State: Akoko North-East LGA
- Edo State: Akoko Edo LGA
- Kogi State: Ijumu LGA (Anyaran, Auga, and Ishe towns)
Blench (2019) lists Ondo State, Akoko North LGA, towns of Kakumo–Aworo (Kakumo–Kejĩ, Auga and Iṣe); Edo State, Akoko Edo LGA, towns of Kakumo–Akoko and Anyaran.
Reconstruction
[edit]Proto-Ukaan has been reconstructed by Abiodun (1999).[8]
See also
[edit]- List of Proto-Ukaan reconstructions (Wiktionary)
References
[edit]- ^ Ukaan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). "Ukaan". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Online version (25th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
- ^ "HRELP – Projects". Retrieved 2009-04-03.
- ^ Roger Blench, Niger-Congo: an alternative view
- ^ a b Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
- ^ Blench, Roger. 2005. The Ukaan language: Bantu in south-western Nigeria?
- ^ Salffner, Sophie. 2009. Tone in the phonology, lexicon and grammar of Ikaan. Doctoral dissertation, University of London.
- ^ Abiodun, Michael Ajibola. 1999. A comparative phonology and morphology of Ukaan dialects of Old Akoko division. Doctoral dissertation. University of Ilorin.