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{{Short description|Species of shrub}}
{{Redirect|Damiana|the restaurant in Mexico|Damiana (restaurant)}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
|image = Turnera diffusa var. aphrodisiaca 002.JPG
|image = Turnera diffusa var. aphrodisiaca 002.JPG
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|genus = Turnera
|genus = Turnera
|species = diffusa
|species = diffusa
|authority = [[Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Willd.]] ex [[Josef August Schultes|Schult.]]<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=22215 |taxon=''Turnera diffusa'' |accessdate=2011-01-29}}</ref>
|authority = [[Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Willd.]] ex [[Josef August Schultes|Schult.]]<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=22215 |taxon=''Turnera diffusa'' |access-date=2011-01-29}}</ref>
|subdivision_ranks = Varieties
|subdivision_ranks = Varieties
|subdivision_ref = <ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | accessdate=2012-01-03}}</ref>
|subdivision_ref = <ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | access-date=2012-01-03}}</ref>
|subdivision = ''T. d.'' var. ''aphrodisiaca'' <small>(G.H.Ward) [[Ignatz Urban|Urb.]]</small><br>
|subdivision = ''T. d.'' var. ''aphrodisiaca'' <small>(G.H.Ward) [[Ignatz Urban|Urb.]]</small><br />
''T. d.'' var. ''diffusa''
''T. d.'' var. ''diffusa''
|synonyms_ref=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:836578-1#synonyms |title=''Turnera diffusa'' Willd. ex Schult. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=4 September 2020 }}</ref>
|synonyms_ref=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:836578-1#synonyms |title=''Turnera diffusa'' Willd. ex Schult. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=4 September 2020 }}</ref>
|synonyms={{collapsible list|
|synonyms={{collapsible list|
*''[[Bohadschia humifusa]]'' <small>C.Presl</small>
*''Bohadschia humifusa'' <small>C.Presl</small>
*''[[Bohadschia microphylla]]'' <small>Griseb.
*''Bohadschia microphylla'' <small>Griseb.</small>
*''[[Triacis microphylla]]'' <small>(Desv.) Griseb.
*''Triacis microphylla'' <small>(Desv.) Griseb.</small>
*''[[Turnera aphrodisiaca]]'' <small>Ward
*''Turnera aphrodisiaca'' <small>Ward</small>
*''Turnera diffusa'' var. ''aphrodisiaca'' <small>(Ward) Urb.
*''Turnera diffusa'' var. ''aphrodisiaca'' <small>(Ward) Urb.</small>
*''[[Turnera humifusa]]'' <small>Endl. ex Walp.
*''Turnera humifusa'' <small>Endl. ex Walp.</small>
*''[[Turnera microphylla]]'' <small>Desv.
*''Turnera microphylla'' <small>Desv.</small>
*''[[Turnera pringlei]]'' <small>Rose
*''Turnera pringlei'' <small>Rose</small>
}}
}}
}}
}}
[[File:Turnera diffusa var. aphrodisiaca 001.JPG|thumb|''Turnera diffusa'' var. ''aphrodisiaca'' foliage and inflorescence]]
[[File:Turnera diffusa var. aphrodisiaca 001.JPG|thumb|''Turnera diffusa'' var. ''aphrodisiaca'' foliage and inflorescence]]
[[File:DamianaLiqueur.jpg|thumb|A bottle of Damiana [[liqueur]]]]
[[File:DamianaLiqueur.jpg|thumb|A bottle of Damiana [[liqueur]]. The shape of the bottle is modeled after that of a pregnant mother, a reference to Daminana's supposed aphrodisiac effect.]]


'''''Turnera diffusa''''', known as '''damiana''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=TUDI|taxon=Turnera diffusa|accessdate=12 December 2015}}</ref> is a [[shrub]] native to southern [[Texas]] in the United States,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=8cEq7weUPYYC |title=Trees, Shrubs, and Cacti of South Texas
'''''Turnera diffusa''''', known as '''damiana''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=TUDI|taxon=Turnera diffusa|accessdate=12 December 2015}}</ref> is a [[shrub]] native to southern [[Texas]] in the United States,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8cEq7weUPYYC |title=Trees, Shrubs, and Cacti of South Texas
|first=J. H. |last=Everitt |author2=Dale Lynn Drawe |author3=Robert I. Lonard |publisher=Texas Tech University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-89672-473-0 |page=208}}</ref> Central America, Mexico, South America, and the Caribbean. It belongs to the family [[Passifloraceae]].<ref name="GRIN"/>
|first=J. H. |last=Everitt |author2=Dale Lynn Drawe |author3=Robert I. Lonard |publisher=Texas Tech University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-89672-473-0 |page=208}}</ref> Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. It belongs to the family [[Passifloraceae]].<ref name="GRIN"/>


Damiana is a relatively small, woody shrub that produces small, aromatic flowers. It blossoms in early to late summer and is followed by fruits that taste similar to figs. The shrub is said to have a strong spice-like odor somewhat like [[chamomile]], due to the essential oils present in the plant.<ref>{{cite book |first=Eduard |last=Gildemeister |author2=Friedrich Hoffmann |editor=Edward Kremers |title=The Volatile Oils |volume=Volume 3 |edition=2 |year=1922 |publisher=Wiley |page=183}}</ref>
Damiana is a relatively small, woody shrub that produces small, aromatic flowers. It blossoms in early to late summer and is followed by fruits that taste similar to figs. The shrub is said to have a strong spice-like odor somewhat like [[chamomile]], due to the aromatic compounds present in the plant.<ref>{{cite book |first=Eduard |last=Gildemeister |author2=Friedrich Hoffmann |editor=Edward Kremers |title=The Volatile Oils |volume=3 |edition=2 |year=1922 |publisher=Wiley |page=183}}</ref>


==Uses==
==Uses==


Damiana is an ingredient in a traditional [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[liqueur]], which is sometimes used in lieu of [[triple sec]] in [[margarita]]s. Mexican folklore claims that it was used in the "original" margarita. The damiana margarita is popular in the [[Los Cabos]] region of Mexico.<ref name="Damiana liqueur">[http://www.damiana.net/ Damiana Liqueur at Damiana.net]</ref><ref name="Mexican liqueurs">{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jun/20/food/fo-drink20 |first=Charles |last=Perry |title=The unexpected thrill |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=2007-06-20}}</ref>
Damiana is an ingredient in a traditional [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[liqueur]], which is sometimes used in lieu of [[triple sec]] in [[margarita]]s. Mexican folklore claims that it was used in the "original" margarita. The damiana margarita is popular in the [[Los Cabos]] region of Mexico.<ref name="Damiana liqueur">{{Cite web |url=http://www.damiana.net/ |title=Damiana Liqueur at Damiana.net |access-date=2007-04-10 |archive-date=2018-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228220156/http://www.damiana.net/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Mexican liqueurs">{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jun/20/food/fo-drink20 |first=Charles |last=Perry |title=The unexpected thrill |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=2007-06-20}}</ref>


Damiana was included in several 19th-century [[patent medicine]]s, such as [[Pemberton's French Wine Coca]]. The leaves were omitted from that product's non-alcoholic counterpart, [[Coca-Cola]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Mark |last=Pendergrast | authorlink=Mark Pendergrast |title=For God, Country, and Coca Cola: The Definitive History of the Great American Soft Drink and the Company That Makes It |url=https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0 |url-access=limited |edition=2 |publisher=Basic Books |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-46505-468-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0/page/24 24]–30}}</ref>
Damiana was included in several 19th-century [[patent medicine]]s, such as [[Pemberton's French Wine Coca]]. The leaves were omitted from that product's non-alcoholic counterpart, [[Coca-Cola]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Mark |last=Pendergrast | author-link=Mark Pendergrast |title=For God, Country, and Coca Cola: The Definitive History of the Great American Soft Drink and the Company That Makes It |url=https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0 |url-access=limited |edition=2 |publisher=Basic Books |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-46505-468-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0/page/24 24]–30}}</ref> In folklore, the plant was believed to be an aphrodisiac, hence its sometimes used binomial synonym, ''Turnera aphrodisiaca''.


==Phytochemistry==
==Phytochemistry==
Damiana contains damianin; tetraphyllin B; gonzalitosin I; [[arbutin]]; tricosan-2-one; [[acacetin]]; [[p-cymene]]; [[β-sitosterol]]; [[1,8-cineole]]; [[apigenin]];<ref name="pmc2005">{{cite journal | title=Anti-anxiety Activity Studies on Homoeopathic Formulations of Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward | publisher=Hindawi Publishing Corporation | date=February 9, 2005 | author=Kumar, Suresh | doi=10.1093/ecam/neh069| pmc=1062162 | pmid=15864356 | volume=2 | issue=1 | journal=Evid Based Complement Alternat Med | pages=117–119}}</ref> [[alpha-Pinene|α-pinene]]; [[beta-Carotene|β-carotene]]; [[beta-Pinene|β-pinene]]; [[tannin]]s; [[thymol]];<ref>{{cite book |first=Phyllis A. |last=Balch |title=Prescription for Nutritional Healing: the A to Z Guide to Supplements |edition=2 |publisher=Penguin |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-58333-143-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/prescriptionfor000balc/page/233 233] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/prescriptionfor000balc/page/233 }}</ref> and [[hexacosanol]].<ref name="pmc2008"/> In total, 22 [[flavonoid]]s, [[maltol]] [[glucoside]], [[phenols|phenolics]], seven [[cyanogenic glycosides]], [[monoterpenoid]]s, [[sesquiterpenoid]]s, [[triterpenoid]]s, the polyterpene ficaprenol-11, [[fatty acid]]s, and [[caffeine]] have been found in the genus ''Turnera''.<ref>{{cite journal | year = 2014 |author1=Szewczyk, K |author2=Zidorn, C | title = Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and bioactivity of the genus Turnera (Passifloraceae) with a focus on damiana – Turnera diffusa | volume = 152 |issue=3 | pages = 424–443 | issn = 0378-8741 | journal = Journal of Ethobotany | doi = 10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.019 | pmid = 24468305}}</ref>
Damiana contains damianin; tetraphyllin B; gonzalitosin I; [[arbutin]]; tricosan-2-one; [[acacetin]]; [[p-cymene]]; [[β-sitosterol]]; [[1,8-cineole]]; [[apigenin]];<ref name="pmc2005">{{cite journal | title=Anti-anxiety Activity Studies on Homoeopathic Formulations of Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward | publisher=Hindawi Publishing Corporation | date=February 9, 2005 | author=Kumar, Suresh | doi=10.1093/ecam/neh069| pmc=1062162 | pmid=15864356 | volume=2 | issue=1 | journal=Evid Based Complement Alternat Med | pages=117–119}}</ref> [[alpha-Pinene|α-pinene]]; [[beta-Carotene|β-carotene]]; [[beta-Pinene|β-pinene]]; [[tannin]]s; [[thymol]];<ref>{{cite book |first=Phyllis A. |last=Balch |title=Prescription for Nutritional Healing: the A to Z Guide to Supplements |edition=2 |publisher=Penguin |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-58333-143-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/prescriptionfor000balc/page/233 233] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/prescriptionfor000balc/page/233 }}</ref> and [[hexacosanol]].<ref name="pmc2008"/> In total, 22 [[flavonoid]]s, [[maltol]] [[glucoside]], [[phenols|phenolics]], seven [[cyanogenic glycosides]], [[monoterpenoid]]s, [[sesquiterpenoid]]s, [[triterpenoid]]s, the polyterpene ficaprenol-11, [[fatty acid]]s, and [[caffeine]] have been found in the genus ''Turnera''.<ref>{{cite journal | year = 2014 |author1=Szewczyk, K |author2=Zidorn, C | title = Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and bioactivity of the genus Turnera (Passifloraceae) with a focus on damiana – Turnera diffusa | volume = 152 |issue=3 | pages = 424–443 | issn = 0378-8741 | journal = Journal of Ethobotany | doi = 10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.019 | pmid = 24468305}}</ref> As of 2006, damiana's constituents have not been identified for their effects attributed to the whole herb.<ref>{{citation|title=Pharmacognostic Standardization of Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward |journal=Journal of Medicinal Food|doi=10.1089/jmf.2006.9.254|year=2006|volume=9|issue=2|pmid=16822212|pages=254–60|last1=Kumar |first1=Suresh |last2=Taneja |first2=Ruchi |last3=Sharma |first3=Anupam }}</ref> Damiana's [[anxiolytic]] properties might be due to [[apigenin]].<ref name="pmc2008">{{citation|title=Pharmacological evaluation of Bioactive Principle of Turnera aphrodisiaca|doi=10.4103/0250-474X.49095|journal=Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences|pmc=3040867|year=2008|pmid=21369434|volume=70|issue=6|pages=740–4 | last1 = Kumar | first1 = S | last2 = Madaan | first2 = R | last3 = Sharma | first3 = A |doi-access=free }}</ref> The extract from damiana has been found to suppress [[Aromatase inhibitor|aromatase activity]], including the isolated compounds [[pinocembrin]] and [[acacetin]].<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Zhao J, Dasmahapatra AK, Khan SI, Khan IA |year=2008|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2008.09.016|pmid=18948180|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology|volume=120|issue=3|pages=387–393|title=Anti-aromatase activity of the constituents from damiana (Turnera diffusa)}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Katarzyna Szewczyka |author2=Christian Zidorn |year=2014|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.019|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology|volume=152|issue=3|pages=424–443|title=Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and bioactivity of the genus Turnera (Passifloraceae) with a focus on damiana—Turnera diffusa|pmid=24468305}}</ref>

As of 2006, damiana's constituents have not been identified for their effects attributed to the whole herb.<ref>{{citation|title=Pharmacognostic Standardization of Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward |journal=Journal of Medicinal Food|doi=10.1089/jmf.2006.9.254|year=2006|volume=9|issue=2|pmid=16822212|pages=254–60|last1=Kumar |first1=Suresh |last2=Taneja |first2=Ruchi |last3=Sharma |first3=Anupam }}</ref> Damiana's [[anxiolytic]] properties might be due to apigenin.<ref name="pmc2008">{{citation|title=Pharmacological evaluation of Bioactive Principle of Turnera aphrodisiaca|doi=10.4103/0250-474X.49095|journal=Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences|pmc=3040867|year=2008|pmid=21369434|volume=70|issue=6|pages=740–4 | last1 = Kumar | first1 = S | last2 = Madaan | first2 = R | last3 = Sharma | first3 = A}}</ref>

The extract from damiana has been found to suppress [[Aromatase inhibitor|aromatase activity]], including the isolated compounds [[pinocembrin]] and [[acacetin]].<ref>{{cite journal|authors=Zhao J, Dasmahapatra AK, Khan SI, Khan IA.|year=2008|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2008.09.016|pmid=18948180|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology|volume=120|issue=3|pages=387–393|title=Anti-aromatase activity of the constituents from damiana (Turnera diffusa)}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|authors=Katarzyna Szewczyka and Christian Zidorn|year=2014|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.019|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology|volume=152|issue=3|pages=424–443|title=Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and bioactivity of the genus Turnera (Passifloraceae) with a focus on damiana—Turnera diffusa|pmid=24468305}}</ref>


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
''T. diffusa'' is a host plant for the Mexican Fritillary (''[[Euptoieta hegesia]]'').<ref>{{cite book |first=Roland H. |last=Wauer |title=Butterflies of the Lower Rio Grande Valley |publisher=Johnson Books |location=Boulder, CO |year=2004 |isbn=9781555663476 |page=128}}</ref>
''T. diffusa'' is a host plant for the Mexican fritillary (''[[Euptoieta hegesia]]''), a butterfly.<ref>{{cite book |first=Roland H. |last=Wauer |title=Butterflies of the Lower Rio Grande Valley |publisher=Johnson Books |location=Boulder, CO |year=2004 |isbn=9781555663476 |page=128}}</ref>


== Misidentification in commerce ==
== Misidentification in commerce ==
Viable plant and seed material sold as ''T. diffusa'' from both private and commercial sources largely turns out to be misidentified ''[[Turnera ulmifolia]]'' (a.k.a. "False Damiana"), a closely related species. This widespread issue has been noted by the scientific community, and has created much confusion among both amateur and professional horticulturists alike.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Joshi|first1=V.C.|last2=Rao|first2=A.S.|last3=Wang|first3=Y.H.|last4=Avula|first4=B.|last5=Khan|first5=I.A.|title=Taxonomic Clarification on Turnera diffusa Ward and its Demarcation from "False Damiana" using Fluorescence, Scanning Electron Microscopy, HPTLC and UPLC|journal=Planta Medica|date=March 2009|volume=75|issue=4|doi=10.1055/s-2009-1216454}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Damiana - Turnera diffusa, Turnera ulmifolia seed pictures|url=https://www.shroomery.org/forums/showflat.php/Number/14429711|website=shroomery.org|accessdate=7 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Turnera diffusa var diffusa or var aphrodisiaca or what?|url=http://garden.org/thread/view/33308/Turnera-diffusa-var-diffusa-or-var-aphrodisiaca-or-what/?offset=0|website=National Gardening Association|accessdate=7 September 2016}}</ref> While ''T. ulmifolia'' is similar in appearance, its chemical constituents and ethnobotanical uses are distinctly different.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tropical Plant Database|url=http://www.rain-tree.com/damiana.htm#.V8-QljWo2kw|website=Raintree|accessdate=7 September 2016}}</ref> Mature stems of ''T. diffusa'' are woody, with small, grayed green leaves 13 to 16&nbsp;mm long, 4.5 to 5.5&nbsp;mm wide, obtuse at the apex, and strongly aromatic when crushed.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Meerow|first1=Alan W.|last2=Ayala-Silva|first2=Tomás|last3=Irish|first3=Brian M.|title=Turnera diffusa 'Luisa', a Drought-tolerant Small Shrub for Warm Climates|journal=HortScience|date=December 2010|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1895–1896|doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.45.12.1895|doi-access=free}}</ref> ''T. ulmifolia'' is differentiated by herbaceous stems, larger blue-green leaves that are strongly dentate with a pointed apex, and only weakly aromatic.<ref>{{cite web|title=Elm-leaved Turnera – Turnera ulmifolia|url=http://ntsavanna.com/elm-leaved-turnera-turnera-ulmifolia/|website=A Neotropical Savanna|accessdate=7 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Turnera Ulmifolia|url=http://www.comfsm.fm/~dleeling/botany/1998/vhp/martha02.html|website=College of Micronesia|accessdate=7 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Woody and Herbaceous Plants Native to Haiti|url=http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/urban_hort/Woody%20and%20Herbaceous%20Plants%20Native%20to%20Haiti.pdf|website=University of Florida, Miami-Dade|accessdate=7 September 2016}}</ref>
Viable plant and seed material sold as ''T. diffusa'' from both private and commercial sources largely turns out to be misidentified ''[[Turnera ulmifolia]]'' (a.k.a. "False Damiana"), a closely related species. This widespread issue has been noted by the scientific community, and has created much confusion among both amateur and professional horticulturists alike.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Joshi|first1=V.C.|last2=Rao|first2=A.S.|last3=Wang|first3=Y.H.|last4=Avula|first4=B.|last5=Khan|first5=I.A.|title=Taxonomic Clarification on Turnera diffusa Ward and its Demarcation from "False Damiana" using Fluorescence, Scanning Electron Microscopy, HPTLC and UPLC|journal=Planta Medica|date=March 2009|volume=75|issue=4|doi=10.1055/s-2009-1216454|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Damiana - Turnera diffusa, Turnera ulmifolia seed pictures|url=https://www.shroomery.org/forums/showflat.php/Number/14429711|website=shroomery.org|access-date=7 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Turnera diffusa var diffusa or var aphrodisiaca or what?|url=http://garden.org/thread/view/33308/Turnera-diffusa-var-diffusa-or-var-aphrodisiaca-or-what/?offset=0|website=National Gardening Association|access-date=7 September 2016}}</ref> While ''T. ulmifolia'' is similar in appearance, its chemical constituents and ethnobotanical uses are distinctly different.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tropical Plant Database|url=http://www.rain-tree.com/damiana.htm#.V8-QljWo2kw|website=Raintree|access-date=7 September 2016}}</ref> Mature stems of ''T. diffusa'' are woody, with small, grayed green leaves 13 to 16&nbsp;mm long, 4.5 to 5.5&nbsp;mm wide, obtuse at the apex, and strongly aromatic when crushed.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Meerow|first1=Alan W.|last2=Ayala-Silva|first2=Tomás|last3=Irish|first3=Brian M.|title=Turnera diffusa 'Luisa', a Drought-tolerant Small Shrub for Warm Climates|journal=HortScience|date=December 2010|volume=45|issue=12|pages=1895–1896|doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.45.12.1895|doi-access=free}}</ref> ''T. ulmifolia'' is differentiated by herbaceous stems, larger blue-green leaves that are strongly dentate with a pointed apex, and only weakly aromatic.<ref>{{cite web|title=Elm-leaved Turnera – Turnera ulmifolia|url=http://ntsavanna.com/elm-leaved-turnera-turnera-ulmifolia/|website=A Neotropical Savanna|access-date=7 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Turnera Ulmifolia|url=http://www.comfsm.fm/~dleeling/botany/1998/vhp/martha02.html|website=College of Micronesia|access-date=7 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Woody and Herbaceous Plants Native to Haiti|url=http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/urban_hort/Woody%20and%20Herbaceous%20Plants%20Native%20to%20Haiti.pdf|website=University of Florida, Miami-Dade|access-date=7 September 2016}}</ref> One scientific study however, demonstrated this confusion being mostly associated with horticultural commerce, and does not extend appreciably to commercial herbal products, most of which exhibit constituents that can be definitively traced to ''T. diffusa''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schäffer|first1=Marion|last2=Gröger|first2=Thomas|last3=Pütz|first3=Michael|last4=Zimmermann|first4=Ralf|title=Assessment of the presence of damiana in herbal blends of forensic interest based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography|journal=Forensic Toxicology|date=July 2013|volume=31|issue=2|pages=251–262|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257682071|access-date=7 September 2016|doi=10.1007/s11419-013-0186-5|s2cid=21030359}}</ref>

One scientific study however, demonstrated this confusion being mostly associated with horticultural commerce, and does not extend appreciably to commercial herbal products, most of which exhibit constituents that can be definitively traced to ''T. diffusa''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schäffer|first1=Marion|last2=Gröger|first2=Thomas|last3=Pütz|first3=Michael|last4=Zimmermann|first4=Ralf|title=Assessment of the presence of damiana in herbal blends of forensic interest based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography|journal=Forensic Toxicology|date=July 2013|volume=31|issue=2|pages=251–262|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257682071|accessdate=7 September 2016|doi=10.1007/s11419-013-0186-5}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q932516}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q932516}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Turnera|diffusa]]
[[Category:Turnera|diffusa]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1820]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1820]]
[[Category:Liqueurs]]
[[Category:Liqueurs]]
[[Category:Flora of South America]]
[[Category:Flora of Southern America]]
[[Category:Flora of Mexico]]
[[Category:Flora of Mexico]]
[[Category:Flora of Texas]]
[[Category:Flora of Texas]]

Latest revision as of 22:13, 10 June 2024

"Damiana" redirects here. For the restaurant in Mexico, see Damiana (restaurant).

Turnera diffusa
Turnera diffusa var. aphrodisiaca
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Passifloraceae
Genus: Turnera
Species:
T. diffusa
Binomial name
Turnera diffusa
Varieties[2]

T. d. var. aphrodisiaca (G.H.Ward) Urb.
T. d. var. diffusa

Synonyms[3]
List
    • Bohadschia humifusa C.Presl
    • Bohadschia microphylla Griseb.
    • Triacis microphylla (Desv.) Griseb.
    • Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward
    • Turnera diffusa var. aphrodisiaca (Ward) Urb.
    • Turnera humifusa Endl. ex Walp.
    • Turnera microphylla Desv.
    • Turnera pringlei Rose
Turnera diffusa var. aphrodisiaca foliage and inflorescence
A bottle of Damiana liqueur. The shape of the bottle is modeled after that of a pregnant mother, a reference to Daminana's supposed aphrodisiac effect.

Turnera diffusa, known as damiana,[4] is a shrub native to southern Texas in the United States,[5] Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. It belongs to the family Passifloraceae.[2]

Damiana is a relatively small, woody shrub that produces small, aromatic flowers. It blossoms in early to late summer and is followed by fruits that taste similar to figs. The shrub is said to have a strong spice-like odor somewhat like chamomile, due to the aromatic compounds present in the plant.[6]

Uses[edit]

Damiana is an ingredient in a traditional Mexican liqueur, which is sometimes used in lieu of triple sec in margaritas. Mexican folklore claims that it was used in the "original" margarita. The damiana margarita is popular in the Los Cabos region of Mexico.[7][8]

Damiana was included in several 19th-century patent medicines, such as Pemberton's French Wine Coca. The leaves were omitted from that product's non-alcoholic counterpart, Coca-Cola.[9] In folklore, the plant was believed to be an aphrodisiac, hence its sometimes used binomial synonym, Turnera aphrodisiaca.

Phytochemistry[edit]

Damiana contains damianin; tetraphyllin B; gonzalitosin I; arbutin; tricosan-2-one; acacetin; p-cymene; β-sitosterol; 1,8-cineole; apigenin;[10] α-pinene; β-carotene; β-pinene; tannins; thymol;[11] and hexacosanol.[12] In total, 22 flavonoids, maltol glucoside, phenolics, seven cyanogenic glycosides, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, triterpenoids, the polyterpene ficaprenol-11, fatty acids, and caffeine have been found in the genus Turnera.[13] As of 2006, damiana's constituents have not been identified for their effects attributed to the whole herb.[14] Damiana's anxiolytic properties might be due to apigenin.[12] The extract from damiana has been found to suppress aromatase activity, including the isolated compounds pinocembrin and acacetin.[15][16]

Ecology[edit]

T. diffusa is a host plant for the Mexican fritillary (Euptoieta hegesia), a butterfly.[17]

Misidentification in commerce[edit]

Viable plant and seed material sold as T. diffusa from both private and commercial sources largely turns out to be misidentified Turnera ulmifolia (a.k.a. "False Damiana"), a closely related species. This widespread issue has been noted by the scientific community, and has created much confusion among both amateur and professional horticulturists alike.[18][19][20] While T. ulmifolia is similar in appearance, its chemical constituents and ethnobotanical uses are distinctly different.[21] Mature stems of T. diffusa are woody, with small, grayed green leaves 13 to 16 mm long, 4.5 to 5.5 mm wide, obtuse at the apex, and strongly aromatic when crushed.[22] T. ulmifolia is differentiated by herbaceous stems, larger blue-green leaves that are strongly dentate with a pointed apex, and only weakly aromatic.[23][24][25] One scientific study however, demonstrated this confusion being mostly associated with horticultural commerce, and does not extend appreciably to commercial herbal products, most of which exhibit constituents that can be definitively traced to T. diffusa.[26]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Turnera diffusa". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
  2. ^ a b "Turnera diffusa". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2012-01-03.
  3. ^ "Turnera diffusa Willd. ex Schult". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  4. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Turnera diffusa". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
  5. ^ Everitt, J. H.; Dale Lynn Drawe; Robert I. Lonard (2002). Trees, Shrubs, and Cacti of South Texas. Texas Tech University Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-89672-473-0.
  6. ^ Gildemeister, Eduard; Friedrich Hoffmann (1922). Edward Kremers (ed.). The Volatile Oils. Vol. 3 (2 ed.). Wiley. p. 183.
  7. ^ "Damiana Liqueur at Damiana.net". Archived from the original on 2018-02-28. Retrieved 2007-04-10.
  8. ^ Perry, Charles (2007-06-20). "The unexpected thrill". Los Angeles Times.
  9. ^ Pendergrast, Mark (2000). For God, Country, and Coca Cola: The Definitive History of the Great American Soft Drink and the Company That Makes It (2 ed.). Basic Books. pp. 24–30. ISBN 978-0-46505-468-8.
  10. ^ Kumar, Suresh (February 9, 2005). "Anti-anxiety Activity Studies on Homoeopathic Formulations of Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward". Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2 (1). Hindawi Publishing Corporation: 117–119. doi:10.1093/ecam/neh069. PMC 1062162. PMID 15864356.
  11. ^ Balch, Phyllis A. (2002). Prescription for Nutritional Healing: the A to Z Guide to Supplements (2 ed.). Penguin. p. 233. ISBN 978-1-58333-143-9.
  12. ^ a b Kumar, S; Madaan, R; Sharma, A (2008), "Pharmacological evaluation of Bioactive Principle of Turnera aphrodisiaca", Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 70 (6): 740–4, doi:10.4103/0250-474X.49095, PMC 3040867, PMID 21369434
  13. ^ Szewczyk, K; Zidorn, C (2014). "Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and bioactivity of the genus Turnera (Passifloraceae) with a focus on damiana – Turnera diffusa". Journal of Ethobotany. 152 (3): 424–443. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.019. ISSN 0378-8741. PMID 24468305.
  14. ^ Kumar, Suresh; Taneja, Ruchi; Sharma, Anupam (2006), "Pharmacognostic Standardization of Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward", Journal of Medicinal Food, 9 (2): 254–60, doi:10.1089/jmf.2006.9.254, PMID 16822212
  15. ^ Zhao J, Dasmahapatra AK, Khan SI, Khan IA (2008). "Anti-aromatase activity of the constituents from damiana (Turnera diffusa)". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 120 (3): 387–393. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.09.016. PMID 18948180.
  16. ^ Katarzyna Szewczyka; Christian Zidorn (2014). "Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and bioactivity of the genus Turnera (Passifloraceae) with a focus on damiana—Turnera diffusa". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 152 (3): 424–443. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.019. PMID 24468305.
  17. ^ Wauer, Roland H. (2004). Butterflies of the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Boulder, CO: Johnson Books. p. 128. ISBN 9781555663476.
  18. ^ Joshi, V.C.; Rao, A.S.; Wang, Y.H.; Avula, B.; Khan, I.A. (March 2009). "Taxonomic Clarification on Turnera diffusa Ward and its Demarcation from "False Damiana" using Fluorescence, Scanning Electron Microscopy, HPTLC and UPLC". Planta Medica. 75 (4). doi:10.1055/s-2009-1216454.
  19. ^ "Damiana - Turnera diffusa, Turnera ulmifolia seed pictures". shroomery.org. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  20. ^ "Turnera diffusa var diffusa or var aphrodisiaca or what?". National Gardening Association. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  21. ^ "Tropical Plant Database". Raintree. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  22. ^ Meerow, Alan W.; Ayala-Silva, Tomás; Irish, Brian M. (December 2010). "Turnera diffusa 'Luisa', a Drought-tolerant Small Shrub for Warm Climates". HortScience. 45 (12): 1895–1896. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.45.12.1895.
  23. ^ "Elm-leaved Turnera – Turnera ulmifolia". A Neotropical Savanna. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  24. ^ "Turnera Ulmifolia". College of Micronesia. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  25. ^ "Woody and Herbaceous Plants Native to Haiti" (PDF). University of Florida, Miami-Dade. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  26. ^ Schäffer, Marion; Gröger, Thomas; Pütz, Michael; Zimmermann, Ralf (July 2013). "Assessment of the presence of damiana in herbal blends of forensic interest based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography". Forensic Toxicology. 31 (2): 251–262. doi:10.1007/s11419-013-0186-5. S2CID 21030359. Retrieved 7 September 2016.

External links[edit]

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