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{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
⚫
| image = Souimanga_Sunbird_(Cinnyris_souimanga).jpg
| image = Souimanga sunbird (Cinnyris sovimanga apolis) male.jpg
| image_width =
| image_caption = male
| image2 = Souimanga sunbird (Cinnyris sovimanga apolis) female.jpg
| image2_caption = female<br>both ''C. s. apolis'' at Toliara
| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = iucn3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| genus = Cinnyris
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| species = sovimanga
| authority = ([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin, JF]], 1788)
| classis = [[Aves]]
| ordo = [[Passeriformes]]
| familia = [[Nectariniidae]]
| genus = ''[[Cinnyris]]''
| species = '''''C. sovimanga'''''
| binomial = ''Cinnyris sovimanga''
| binomial_authority = ([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1788)<ref>Peterson (2002). The species was originally placed in the genus ''[[Certhia]]'' by Gmelin.</ref>
| synonyms =
| synonyms =
''Nectarinia sovimanga''
''Nectarinia sovimanga''
|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Cinnyris sovimanga'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22717808A94553308 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717808A94553308.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
}}
}}


The '''souimanga sunbird''' (''Cinnyris sovimanga'') is a small [[passerine]] [[bird]] of the [[sunbird]] [[family (biology)|family]], Nectariniidae. It is native to the islands of the western [[Indian Ocean]] where it occurs on [[Madagascar]], the [[Aldabra Group]] and the [[Glorioso Islands]].
The '''souimanga sunbird''' ('''''Cinnyris sovimanga''''') is a small [[passerine]] [[bird]] of the [[sunbird]] [[family (biology)|family]], Nectariniidae. It is native to the islands of the western [[Indian Ocean]] where it occurs on [[Madagascar]], the [[Aldabra Group]] and the [[Glorioso Islands]].


==Description==
==Taxonomy==
The souimanga sunbird was [[Species description|formally described]] in 1788 by the German naturalist [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin]] in his revised and expanded edition of [[Carl Linnaeus]]'s ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. He placed it with the tree-creepers in the [[genus]] ''[[Certhia]]'' and coined the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Certhia sovimanga''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gmelin | first=Johann Friedrich | author-link=Johann Friedrich Gmelin| year=1788 | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=13th | volume=1, Part 1 | language=Latin | location=Lipsiae [Leipzig] | publisher=Georg. Emanuel. Beer | page=471 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2897071 }}</ref> The specific epithet ''sovimanga'' comes from a French name for the bird, ''Souï-manga''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=360 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n360/mode/1up }}</ref> Gmelin based his account on "Le grimpereau violet de Madagascar" that had been described and illustrated in 1760 by the French zoologist [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson]] and ''Le Soui-Manga'' that had been described in 1778 by the [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon|Comte de Buffon]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Brisson | first=Mathurin Jacques | author-link=Mathurin Jacques Brisson | year=1760 | title=Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés | volume=3 | language=French, Latin | pages=638–641; Plate 32, Fig. 2 (male), Fig. 3 (female) | location=Paris | publisher=Jean-Baptiste Bauche | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35953741 }} The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.</ref><ref>{{ cite book | last=Buffon | first=Georges-Louis Leclerc de | author-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | year=1778 | title=Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux | volume=5 | location=Paris | publisher=De l'Imprimerie Royale | pages=494–496 | chapter=Le Soui-Manga | language=French | chapter-url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1069716w/f560.item }}</ref> The souimanga sunbird is now placed in the large genus ''[[Cinnyris]]'' that was introduced in 1816 by the French naturalist [[Georges Cuvier]].<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2023 | title=Dippers, leafbirds, flowerpeckers, sunbirds | work=IOC World Bird List Version 13.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/ovenbirds/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=20 August 2023 }}</ref>
⚫
The souimanga sunbird is 10&nbsp;cm long with a wingspan of 13&nbsp;cm.<ref name=Skerrett>Skerrett ''et al.'' (2001)</ref> The black [[beak|bill]] is long, thin and curved. [[Male]]s of the [[nominate subspecies]] have a metallic green head, back and throat. The breast is blackish with a more or less continuous red band while the belly is yellow and the wings and tail are brown. There are yellow tufts at the sides of the breast which become visible when the birds lift their wings in courtship display. Males presumably moult into a duller [[eclipse plumage]] by March–April,<ref name = bensonetal1975>Benson ''et al.'' (1975)</ref> losing most of the metallic and red feathering for a few months. [[Female]]s have grey-brown upperparts, a dull yellow belly and a grey throat and breast with darker markings. [[Juvenile (organism)|Juveniles]] are similar to the adult females but the chin and throat are sometimes black and the upperparts may be more olive.<ref name=Skerrett/>


Five [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/>
⚫
Abbott's sunbirds (see [[#Taxonomy|below]]) are larger - 11&nbsp;cm long with a 14&nbsp;cm wingspan. The males have a broader red breastband and there is no yellow on the underparts which are dark brown ([[subspecies|ssp.]] ''abbotti'') or blackish (ssp. ''buchenorum'').<ref name=Skerrett/>
* ''C. s. sovimanga'' ([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin, JF]], 1788) – [[Glorioso Islands|Iles Glorieuses]] (northwest of [[Madagascar]]) and [[Madagascar]] (except south)
* ''C. s. apolis'' [[Ernst Hartert|Hartert, EJO]], 1920 – south [[Madagascar]]
* ''C. s. aldabrensis'' [[Robert Ridgway|Ridgway]], 1894 – [[Aldabra]] (west [[Aldabra]] group, southwest Seychelles)
* ''C. s. abbotti'' Ridgway, 1894 – [[Assumption Island]] (southwest [[Aldabra]] group, southwest Seychelles)
* ''C. s. buchenorum'' [[John G. Williams (ornithologist)|Williams, JG]], 1953 – [[Cosmoledo]] and [[Astove Atoll]] (east [[Aldabra]] group, southwest Seychelles)


The subspecies ''C. s. abbotti'' was formerly sometimes treated as a separate species, Abbott's sunbird (''Cinnyris abbotti'').<ref name=ioc/><ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Warren | first1=B.H. | last2=Bermingham | first2=E. | last3=Bowie | first3=R.C.K. | last4=Prys-Jones | first4=R.P. | last5=Thébaud | first5=C. | date=2003 | title=Molecular phylogeography reveals island colonization history and diversification of western Indian Ocean sunbirds (''Nectarinia'': Nectariniidae) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=29 | issue=1 | pages=67–85 | doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00063-0 | doi-access= }}</ref>
⚫
Male birds of the nominate group have wings of c.50–58&nbsp;mm, tails of c.31–41&nbsp;mm and 20–25&nbsp;mm long bills. Females measure 10% less.<ref name = bensonetal1975 />


==Description==
⚫
This bird has a chirruping flight call and a loud, hoarse alarm call. Only the male sings; a fast and scratchy [[bird song|song]] with frequently repeated phrases.
⚫
The souimanga sunbird is {{convert|10|cm}} long with a wingspan of {{convert|13|cm}}.<ref name=Skerrett>{{ Cite book | last1=Skerrett | first1=A. | last2=Bullock | first2=I. | last3=Disley | first3=T. | date=2001 | title=Birds of Seychelles | location=Princeton, NJ. | publisher=Princeton University Press | isbn=0-691-08863-2}}</ref> The black [[beak|bill]] is long, thin and curved. [[Male]]s of the [[nominate subspecies]] have a metallic green head, back and throat. The breast is blackish with a more or less continuous red band while the belly is yellow and the wings and tail are brown. There are yellow tufts at the sides of the breast which become visible when the birds lift their wings in courtship display. Males presumably moult into a duller [[eclipse plumage]] by March–April,<ref name=benson>{{cite journal | last1=Benson | first1=C.W. | last2=Beamish | first2=H.H. | last3=Jouanin | first3 =C. | last4=Salvau | first4=J. | last5=Watson | first5=G.E. | date=1975 | title=The birds of the Iles Glorieuses | journal=Atoll Research Bulletin | volume = 176 | pages=1–34 | doi=10.5479/si.00775630.176.1 | url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4891/00176.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y }}</ref> losing most of the metallic and red feathering for a few months. [[Female]]s have grey-brown upperparts, a dull yellow belly and a grey throat and breast with darker markings. [[Juvenile (organism)|Juveniles]] are similar to the adult females but the chin and throat are sometimes black and the upperparts may be more olive.<ref name=Skerrett/>


⚫
Subspecies ''C. s. abbotti'' is larger - {{convert|11|cm}} long with a {{convert|14|cm}} wingspan. The males have a broader red breastband and there is no yellow on the underparts which are dark brown ([[subspecies|ssp.]] ''abbotti'') or blackish (ssp. ''buchenorum'').<ref name=Skerrett/>
[[File:Souimanga Sunbird (Cinnyris souimanga) 1.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Souimanga sunbird of Eastern Madagascar.]]


⚫
Male birds of the nominate group have wings of c.{{convert|50|–|58|mm}}, tails of c.{{convert|31|–|41|mm}} and {{convert|20|–|25|mm}} long bills. Females measure 10% less.<ref name = benson/>
==Taxonomy==
There are five [[subspecies]]. The nominate subspecies ''C. s. sovimanga'' is found across most of Madagascar and on the Glorioso Islands.<ref>Present and rather common on both "major" islands: Benson ''et al.'' (1975).</ref> In south-western Madagascar it is replaced by ''C. s. apolis'' with ''C. s. aldabrensis'' on [[Aldabra]] atoll, ''C. s. abbotti'' on [[Assumption Island]] and ''C. s. buchenorum'' on [[Cosmoledo]]<ref>On most major islands, and overspilling and perhaps stable populations on several minor ones: Rocamora ''et al.'' (2003).</ref> and [[Astove]].<ref name = bensonetal1975 /> The forms ''abbotti'' and ''buchenorum'' are sometimes considered to be a separate species, '''Abbott's sunbird''', and would then be called '''''Cinnyris abbotti'''''{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}.


⚫
This bird has a chirruping flight call and a loud, hoarse alarm call. Only the male sings; a fast and scratchy [[bird song|song]] with frequently repeated phrases.
This sunbird is one of those separated from the former catch-all [[genus]] ''Nectarinia'' in ''Cinnyris''.<ref name = bensonetal1975 />{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}<!-- that mentions it as Nectarinia, but the source that proposes evidence for the genus change ought to replace it -->


==Behaviour and ecology==
==Ecology==
Together with the [[Malagasy white-eye]] and the [[Madagascan cisticola]], souimanga sunbirds are the most common small landbirds across much of their range;<ref>For details, see Benson ''et al.'' (1975), Rocamora ''et al.'' (2003).</ref> ample stocks of the present species and the white-eye exist in the maybe 4 square km of [[habitat]] in the [[Glorioso Islands]]. The [[IUCN]] considers it a species of least concern.
Together with the [[Malagasy white-eye]] and the [[Madagascar cisticola]], souimanga sunbirds are the most common small landbirds across much of their range;<ref name=benson/><ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Rocamora | first1=G. | last2=Feare | first2=C.J. | last3=Skerrett | first3=A. | last4=Athanase | first4=M. | last5=Greig | first5=E. | date=2003 | title=The breeding avifauna of Cosmoledo Atoll (Seychelles) with special reference to seabirds: conservation status and international importance | journal=Bird Conservation International | volume=13 | issue=2 | pages=151–174 | doi=10.1017/S0959270903003137 | doi-access=free }}</ref> ample stocks of the present species and the white-eye exist in the maybe {{convert|4|km2}} of [[habitat]] in the [[Glorioso Islands]]. The [[IUCN]] considers it a species of least concern.


The souimanga sunbird can be found in a variety of habitats from mountain forests to [[mangrove]]s and [[scrubland]] as well as in parks, gardens and other human-modified [[ecosystem]]s. They use their curved bill to probe flowers for [[nectar]] and also feed on [[insect]]s and [[spider]]s. They have few natural enemies and their nests are inaccessible to most [[predator]]s.
The souimanga sunbird can be found in a variety of habitats from mountain forests to [[mangrove]]s and [[scrubland]] as well as in parks, gardens and other human-modified [[ecosystem]]s. They use their curved bill to probe flowers for [[nectar]] and also feed on [[insect]]s and [[spider]]s. They have few natural enemies and their nests are inaccessible to most [[predator]]s.


===Reproduction===
===Breeding===
The long [[breeding season]] lasts from August to March on Aldabra at least.<ref name = bensonetal1975 /> The [[nest]] is dome-shaped and has an entrance hole on the side. It is made of plant material such as grass stems, [[coconut]] fibre and leaves. It is usually suspended from a branch about 1 to 2 metres above the ground but may be built on a building or in a sinkhole within eroded [[coral]]. Two [[egg (biology)|eggs]] are laid and are [[avian incubation|incubated]] for 13 to 14 days; they are whitish with reddish mottling. The young birds [[fledge]] after 16 to 18 days. Nest-building and incubation of the eggs are done by the female who also plays a greater role than the male in feeding the chicks.
The long [[breeding season]] lasts from August to March on Aldabra at least.<ref name=benson/> The nest is dome-shaped and has an entrance hole on the side. It is made of plant material such as grass stems, [[coconut]] fibre and leaves. It is usually suspended from a branch about {{convert|1|to|2|m}} above the ground but may be built on a building or in a sinkhole within eroded [[coral]]. Two [[egg (biology)|eggs]] are laid and are [[avian incubation|incubated]] for 13 to 14 days; they are whitish with reddish mottling. The young birds [[fledge]] after 16 to 18 days. Nest-building and incubation of the eggs are done by the female who also plays a greater role than the male in feeding the chicks.


==Footnotes==
==Gallery==
<gallery mode = packed heights = 180px>
<references/>
⚫
File:Souimanga_Sunbird_(Cinnyris_souimanga).jpg|''C. s. sovimanga''
Souimanga sunbird (Cinnyris sovimanga sovimanga) roosting at night Ranomafana.jpg|''C. s. sovimanga'' roosting at night, Ranomafana National Park
</gallery>


==References==<!-- AtollResBull176; BirdConservInt13:151 -->
==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{IUCN2007|assessor=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=52996|title=Nectarinia sovimanga|downloaded=14 September 2007}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Benson | first1 = C.W. | last2 = Beamish | first2 = H.H. | last3 = Jouanin | first3 = C. | last4 = Salvau | first4 = J. | last5 = Watson | first5 = G.E. | date = 15 January 1975 | title = The birds of the Iles Glorieuses | journal = Atoll Research Bulletin | volume = 176 | pages = 1–34 | url = https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4891/00176.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y | format = PDF}}
* Penny, Malcolm (1974): ''The Birds of Seychelles and the Outlying Islands''. Collins, London. <small>{{ISBN|0-00-216060-9}}</small>.
* Peterson, Alan P. (2002): ''[http://www.zoonomen.net Zoonomen Nomenclatural data]''. Accessed 15 May 2008.
* Rocamora, Gérard; Feare, Chris J.; Skerrett, Adrian; Athanase, Majella & Greig, Edwina (2003): The breeding avifauna of Cosmoledo Atoll (Seychelles) with special reference to seabirds: conservation status and international importance. ''Bird Conservation International'' '''13''': 151–174. <small>{{doi|10.1017/S0959270903003137}}</small> (HTML abstract)
* Sinclair, Ian & Langrand, Olivier (1998): ''Birds of the Indian Ocean Islands.'' Struik, Cape Town. <small>{{ISBN|1-86872-035-7}}</small>.
* Skerrett, Adrian; Bullock, Ian & Disley, Tony (2001): ''Birds of Seychelles''. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. <small>{{ISBN|0-691-08863-2}}</small>.


{{Taxonbar|from=Q2226888}}
==External links==
{{wikispecies|Cinnyris sovimanga}}
* [http://avesphoto.com/WEBSITE/MA/species/SUNSMG-1.htm Photo of a Souimanga sunbird.]


{{DEFAULTSORT:sunbird, souimanga}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:sunbird, souimanga}}
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[[Category:Birds of Seychelles]]
[[Category:Birds of Seychelles]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1788|souimanga sunbird]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1788|souimanga sunbird]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin|souimanga sunbird]]

Latest revision as of 10:43, 12 June 2024

Souimanga sunbird
male
female
both C. s. apolis at Toliara
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Nectariniidae
Genus: Cinnyris
Species:
C. sovimanga
Binomial name
Cinnyris sovimanga
(Gmelin, JF, 1788)
Synonyms

Nectarinia sovimanga

The souimanga sunbird (Cinnyris sovimanga) is a small passerine bird of the sunbird family, Nectariniidae. It is native to the islands of the western Indian Ocean where it occurs on Madagascar, the Aldabra Group and the Glorioso Islands.

Taxonomy

[edit]

The souimanga sunbird was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the tree-creepers in the genus Certhia and coined the binomial name Certhia sovimanga.[2] The specific epithet sovimanga comes from a French name for the bird, Souï-manga.[3] Gmelin based his account on "Le grimpereau violet de Madagascar" that had been described and illustrated in 1760 by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson and Le Soui-Manga that had been described in 1778 by the Comte de Buffon.[4][5] The souimanga sunbird is now placed in the large genus Cinnyris that was introduced in 1816 by the French naturalist Georges Cuvier.[6]

Five subspecies are recognised:[6]

The subspecies C. s. abbotti was formerly sometimes treated as a separate species, Abbott's sunbird (Cinnyris abbotti).[6][7]

Description

[edit]

The souimanga sunbird is 10 centimetres (3.9 in) long with a wingspan of 13 centimetres (5.1 in).[8] The black bill is long, thin and curved. Males of the nominate subspecies have a metallic green head, back and throat. The breast is blackish with a more or less continuous red band while the belly is yellow and the wings and tail are brown. There are yellow tufts at the sides of the breast which become visible when the birds lift their wings in courtship display. Males presumably moult into a duller eclipse plumage by March–April,[9] losing most of the metallic and red feathering for a few months. Females have grey-brown upperparts, a dull yellow belly and a grey throat and breast with darker markings. Juveniles are similar to the adult females but the chin and throat are sometimes black and the upperparts may be more olive.[8]

Subspecies C. s. abbotti is larger - 11 centimetres (4.3 in) long with a 14 centimetres (5.5 in) wingspan. The males have a broader red breastband and there is no yellow on the underparts which are dark brown (ssp. abbotti) or blackish (ssp. buchenorum).[8]

Male birds of the nominate group have wings of c.50–58 millimetres (2.0–2.3 in), tails of c.31–41 millimetres (1.2–1.6 in) and 20–25 millimetres (0.79–0.98 in) long bills. Females measure 10% less.[9]

This bird has a chirruping flight call and a loud, hoarse alarm call. Only the male sings; a fast and scratchy song with frequently repeated phrases.

Behaviour and ecology

[edit]

Together with the Malagasy white-eye and the Madagascar cisticola, souimanga sunbirds are the most common small landbirds across much of their range;[9][10] ample stocks of the present species and the white-eye exist in the maybe 4 square kilometres (1.5 sq mi) of habitat in the Glorioso Islands. The IUCN considers it a species of least concern.

The souimanga sunbird can be found in a variety of habitats from mountain forests to mangroves and scrubland as well as in parks, gardens and other human-modified ecosystems. They use their curved bill to probe flowers for nectar and also feed on insects and spiders. They have few natural enemies and their nests are inaccessible to most predators.

Breeding

[edit]

The long breeding season lasts from August to March on Aldabra at least.[9] The nest is dome-shaped and has an entrance hole on the side. It is made of plant material such as grass stems, coconut fibre and leaves. It is usually suspended from a branch about 1 to 2 metres (3 ft 3 in to 6 ft 7 in) above the ground but may be built on a building or in a sinkhole within eroded coral. Two eggs are laid and are incubated for 13 to 14 days; they are whitish with reddish mottling. The young birds fledge after 16 to 18 days. Nest-building and incubation of the eggs are done by the female who also plays a greater role than the male in feeding the chicks.

[edit]
  • C. s. sovimanga
    C. s. sovimanga
  • C. s. sovimanga roosting at night, Ranomafana National Park
    C. s. sovimanga roosting at night, Ranomafana National Park

References

[edit]
  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris sovimanga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717808A94553308. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717808A94553308.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 471.
  3. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 360. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  4. ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 3. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 638–641, Plate 32, Fig. 2 (male), Fig. 3 (female). The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.
  5. ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1778). "Le Soui-Manga". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Vol. 5. Paris: De l'Imprimerie Royale. pp. 494–496.
  6. ^ a b c Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Dippers, leafbirds, flowerpeckers, sunbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 13.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  7. ^ Warren, B.H.; Bermingham, E.; Bowie, R.C.K.; Prys-Jones, R.P.; Thébaud, C. (2003). "Molecular phylogeography reveals island colonization history and diversification of western Indian Ocean sunbirds (Nectarinia: Nectariniidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 29 (1): 67–85. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00063-0.
  8. ^ a b c Skerrett, A.; Bullock, I.; Disley, T. (2001). Birds of Seychelles. Princeton, NJ.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08863-2.
  9. ^ a b c d Benson, C.W.; Beamish, H.H.; Jouanin, C.; Salvau, J.; Watson, G.E. (1975). "The birds of the Iles Glorieuses" (PDF). Atoll Research Bulletin. 176: 1–34. doi:10.5479/si.00775630.176.1.
  10. ^ Rocamora, G.; Feare, C.J.; Skerrett, A.; Athanase, M.; Greig, E. (2003). "The breeding avifauna of Cosmoledo Atoll (Seychelles) with special reference to seabirds: conservation status and international importance". Bird Conservation International. 13 (2): 151–174. doi:10.1017/S0959270903003137.
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