Quirinus: Difference between revisions

Quirinus
Quirinus
God of the Roman state
Member of the Archaic Triad
	Denarius picturing Quirinus on the obverse, and Ceres enthroned on the reverse, a commemoration by a moneyer in 56 BCE of a Cerialia presented by an earlier Gaius Memmius as aedile
Other names	Curinus, Corinus, Querinus, Queirinus
Major cult center	Quirinal Hill
Abode	Quirinal Hill
Symbols	beard, religious and military clothing
Gender	male
Festivals	Quirinalia
Consort	Hersilia-Hora

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit Next edit →

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Revision as of 19:21, 26 September 2023

In Roman mythology and religion, Quirinus (/kwɪˈraɪnəs/ kwi-RY-nəs,^[2] Latin: [kᶣɪˈriːnʊs]) is an early god of the Roman state. In Augustan Rome, Quirinus was also an epithet of Janus, as Janus Quirinus.^[3]

Name

Attestations

The name of god Quirinus is recorded across Roman sources as Curinus, Corinus, Querinus, Queirinus and QVIRINO, also as fragmented IOVI. CYRIN[O].^[4] The name is also attested as a surname to Hercules as Hercules Quirinus.^[5]

Etymology

The name Quirīnus probably stems from Latin quirīs, the name of Roman citizens in their peacetime function. Since both quirīs and Quirīnus are connected with Sabellic immigrants into Rome in ancient legends, it may be a loanword.^[6] The meaning "wielder of the spear" (Sabine quiris, 'spear', cf. Janus Quirinus), or a derivation from the Sabine town of Cures, have been proposed by Ovid in his Fasti 2.477-480.^[7]^{[better source needed]}

Some scholars have interpreted the name as a contraction of *Co-Virīnus (originally the protector of the community, cf. cūria < *co-viria), descending from an earlier *Co-Wironos, itself from the Proto-Indo-European noun *wihₓrós ("man").^[8]^[9] Linguist Michiel de Vaan argues that this etymology "is not credible phonetically and not very compelling semantically."^[6]

Depiction and worship

Denarius of 126 BC; on the right is the *flamen Quirinalis* with *QVIRIN* on his shield.

In earlier Roman art, Quirinus was portrayed as a bearded man with religious and military clothing. However, he was almost never depicted in later Roman art.^[why?] His main festival was the Quirinalia, held on February 17.^[10]

The priest of Quirinus, the Flamen Quirinalis, was one of the three patrician flamines maiores ("major flamens") who had precedence over the Pontifex Maximus.^[11]

History

Quirinus most likely was originally a Sabine war god. The Sabines had a settlement near the eventual site of Rome, and erected an altar to Quirinus on the Collis Quirinalis, Quirinal Hill, one of the Seven hills of Rome. When the Romans settled in the area, the cult of Quirinus became part of their early belief system. This occurred before the later influences from classical Greek culture.^{[citation needed]}

Deified Romulus

By the end of the 1st century BCE, Quirinus would be considered to be the deified legendary first king, Romulus.^[12]^[13]

In his Life of Romulus, Plutarch wrote that, shortly after Rome's founder had disappeared under what some considered suspicious circumstances, a Roman noble named Proculus Julius reported that Romulus had come to him while he was travelling. He claimed that Romulus had instructed him to tell his countrymen that he, Romulus, was Quirinus.^[14]

Brelich's argument for split deification

Historian Angelo Brelich argued that Quirinus and Romulus were originally the same divine entity which was split into a founder hero and a god when Roman religion became demythicised. To support this, he points to the association of both Romulus and Quirinus with the grain spelt, through the Fornacalia or Stultorum Feriae, according to Ovid's Fasti.^[10]

The last day of the festival is called the Quirinalia and corresponds with the traditional day of Romulus' death. On that day, the Romans would toast spelt as an offering to the goddess Fornax. In one version of the legend of Romulus' death cited by Plutarch, he was killed and cut into pieces by the nobles and each of them took a part of his body home and buried it on their land.^{[citation needed]}

Brelich claimed this pattern – a festival involving a staple crop, a god, and a tale of a slain founding hero whose body parts are buried in the soil – is a recognized mytheme that arises when such a split takes place in a culture's mythology (see Dema deity archetype). The possible presence of the Flamen Quirinalis at the festival of Acca Larentia would corroborate this thesis, given the fact that Romulus is a stepson of hers, and one of the original twelve arval brethren (Fratres Arvales).^[15]

The Grabovian pantheon

The association of Quirinus and Romulus is further supported by a connection with Vofionos, the third god in the triad of the Grabovian gods of Iguvium. Vofionos would be the equivalent of Liber or Teutates, in Latium and among the Celts respectively.^[16]

The Capitoline Triad

His early importance led to Quirinus' inclusion in the Archaic Triad (the first Capitoline Triad), along with Mars (then an agriculture god) and Jupiter.^[17]

Over time, however, Quirinus became less significant, and he was absent from the later, more widely known triad (he and Mars had been replaced by Juno and Minerva). Varro mentions the Capitolium Vetus, an earlier cult site on the Quirinal, devoted to Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva,^[18]^[a] among whom Martial makes a distinction between the "old Jupiter" and the "new".^[20]

Fade into obscurity

Eventually, Romans began to favor personal and mystical cults over the official state belief system. These included those of Bacchus, Cybele, and Isis, leaving only Quirinus' flamen to worship him.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy

Even centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire, the Quirinal hill in Rome, originally named from the deified Romulus, was still associated with power – it was chosen as the seat of the royal house after the taking of Rome by the Savoia and later it became the residence of the Presidents of the Italian Republic.^{[citation needed]}

Footnotes

^ The Capitolium Vetus was demolished in 1625 by order of Pope Barberini.^[19]

References

^ Orlin, Eric (2010). Foreign Cults in Rome: Creating a Roman Empire. Oxford University Press. p. 144.
^ "Quirinus". Collins Dictionary. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
^ In the prayer of the fetiales quoted by Livy (I.32.10); Macrobius (Sat. I.9.15);
^ Dupraz, Emmanuel. Les Vestins à l'époque tardo-républicaine. Du nord-osque au latin. France, Rouen: Publications des Universités de Rouen et du Havre. 2010. pp. 125-126.
^ Lajoye, Patrice (1 June 2010). "Quirinus, un ancien dieu tonnant ? Nouvelles hypothèses sur son étymologie et sa nature primitive". Revue de l'histoire des religions. 227 (227): 175–194. doi:10.4000/rhr.7573. JSTOR 23618183.
^ ^a ^b de Vaan 2008, pp. 509–510.
^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Quirinus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^ Puhvel, Jaan (1987). Comparative mythology. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-8018-3413-4.
^ Matasović, Ranko (2010). "A Reader in Comparative Mythology" (PDF). University of Zagreb.
^ ^a ^b Ovid. Fasti. II, 481 ff.
^ Festus. De Verborum Significatione. 198, L. Quirinalis, socio imperii Romani Curibus ascito Quirino
^ Fishwich, Duncan (1993). The Imperial Cult in the Latin West (2nd ed.). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-07179-7 – via Google Books.
^ Evans, Jane de Rose (1992). The Art of Persuasion. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-10282-6 – via Google Books.
^ Plutarch. "Romulus". Lives. ch. 28 p. 2.
^ Aulus Gellius. Noctes Atticae. 7.7.7.
^ Brelich, Angelo (1960). Quirinus: una divinita' romana alla luce della comparazione storica. Studi e Materiali di Storia delle religioni.
^ Ryberg, Inez Scott (1931). "Was the Capitoline Triad Etruscan or Italic?". The American Journal of Philology. 52 (2): 145–156. doi:10.2307/290109. JSTOR 290109.
^ Varro. De lingua latina. V.158.
^ See Lanciani's work on the "Shrines of Pagan Rome".
^ Martial. Epigrams. Vol. V. 22.4. Martial remarks on a position on the Esquiline Hill from which one might see hinc novum Iovem, inde veterem, "here the new Jupiter, there the old."

Bibliography

Briquel, Dominique (1996). "Remarques sur le dieu Quirinus". Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire. 74 (1): 99–120. doi:10.3406/rbph.1996.4097.
de Vaan, Michiel (2008). Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages. Brill. ISBN 9789004167971.
Dumézil, Georges (1966). Archaic Roman Religion: With an Appendix on the Religion of the Etruscans (1996 ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5482-8.
Lajoye, Patrice (1 June 2010). "Quirinus, un ancien dieu tonnant ? Nouvelles hypothèses sur son étymologie et sa nature primitive". Revue de l'histoire des religions. 227 (227): 175–194. doi:10.4000/rhr.7573. JSTOR 23618183.

@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 | festivals    = Quirinalia
 }}
-In [[Roman mythology]] and [[Roman religion|religion]], '''Quirinus''' ({{IPAc-en|k|w|ɪ|ˈ|r|aɪ|n|ə|s}} {{respell|kwi|RY|nəs}},<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/quirinus?showCookiePolicy=true |title=Quirinus |access-date=24 September 2014 |dictionary=Collins Dictionary}}</ref> {{IPA-la|kᶣɪˈriːnʊs|lang}}) is an early god of the [[Ancient Rome|Roman state]]. In [[Augustus|Augustan]] Rome, ''Quirinus'' was also an [[epithet]] of [[Janus]], as ''Janus Quirinus''.<ref>In the prayer of the [[fetiales]] quoted by [[Livy]] (I.32.10); [[Macrobius]] (''Sat.'' I.9.15);</ref>
+In [[Roman mythology]] and [[Roman religion|religion]], '''Quirinus''' ({{IPAc-en|k|w|ɪ|ˈ|r|aɪ|n|ə|s}} {{respell|kwi|RY|nəs}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/quirinus?showCookiePolicy=true |title=Quirinus |access-date=24 September 2014 |work=Collins Dictionary}}</ref> {{IPA-la|kᶣɪˈriːnʊs|lang}}) is an early god of the [[Ancient Rome|Roman state]]. In [[Augustus|Augustan]] Rome, ''Quirinus'' was also an [[epithet]] of [[Janus]], as ''Janus Quirinus''.<ref>In the prayer of the [[fetiales]] quoted by [[Livy]] (I.32.10); [[Macrobius]] (''Sat.'' I.9.15);</ref>
 == Name ==
 ===Attestations===
-The name of god Quirinus is recorded across Roman sources as ''Curinus'', ''Corinus'', ''Querinus'', ''Queirinus'' and ''QVIRINO'', also as fragmented ''IOVI. CYRIN[O]''.<ref>Dupraz, Emmanuel. ''Les Vestins à l'époque tardo-républicaine. Du nord-osque au latin''. France, Rouen: Publications des Universités de Rouen et du Havre. 2010. pp. 125-126.</ref> The name is also attested as a surname to [[Hercules]] as ''Hercules Quirinus''.<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor=23618183|title=Quirinus, un ancien dieu tonnant? Nouvelles hypothèses sur son étymologie et sa nature primitive|last1=Lajoye|first1=Patrice|journal=Revue de l'Histoire des Religions|year=2010|volume=227|issue=2|pages=175–194|doi=10.4000/rhr.7573}}</ref>
+The name of god Quirinus is recorded across Roman sources as ''Curinus'', ''Corinus'', ''Querinus'', ''Queirinus'' and ''QVIRINO'', also as fragmented ''IOVI. CYRIN[O]''.<ref>Dupraz, Emmanuel. ''Les Vestins à l'époque tardo-républicaine. Du nord-osque au latin''. France, Rouen: Publications des Universités de Rouen et du Havre. 2010. pp. 125-126.</ref> The name is also attested as a surname to [[Hercules]] as ''Hercules Quirinus''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lajoye |first1=Patrice |title=Quirinus, un ancien dieu tonnant ? Nouvelles hypothèses sur son étymologie et sa nature primitive |journal=Revue de l'histoire des religions |date=1 June 2010 |volume=227 |issue=227 |pages=175–194 |doi=10.4000/rhr.7573 |jstor=23618183 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 ===Etymology===
-The name ''Quirīnus'' probably stems from Latin ''[[Quirites|quirīs]]'', the name of Roman citizens in their peacetime function. Since both ''quirīs'' and ''Quirīnus'' are connected with Sabellic immigrants into Rome in ancient legends, it may be a loanword.{{Sfn|de Vaan|2008|p=|pp=509–510}} The meaning "wielder of the spear" (Sabine ''quiris'', 'spear', cf. ''Janus Quirinus''), or a derivation from the Sabine town of [[Cures, Sabinum|Cures]], have been proposed by [[Ovid]] in his <i>[[Fasti_(poem)|''Fasti'']]</i> 2.477-480.<ref>{{EB1911|wstitle=Quirinus|volume=22}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=April 2020}}
+The name ''Quirīnus'' probably stems from Latin ''[[Quirites|quirīs]]'', the name of Roman citizens in their peacetime function. Since both ''quirīs'' and ''Quirīnus'' are connected with Sabellic immigrants into Rome in ancient legends, it may be a loanword.{{Sfn|de Vaan|2008|p=|pp=509–510}} The meaning "wielder of the spear" (Sabine ''quiris'', 'spear', cf. ''Janus Quirinus''), or a derivation from the Sabine town of [[Cures, Sabinum|Cures]], have been proposed by [[Ovid]] in his ''[[Fasti (poem)|''Fasti'']]'' 2.477-480.<ref>{{EB1911|wstitle=Quirinus|volume=22}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=April 2020}}
-Some scholars have interpreted the name as a contraction of ''*Co-Virīnus'' (originally the protector of the community, cf. [[Curia|cūria]] < ''*co-viria''), descending from an earlier *''Co-Wironos'', composed of the [[Proto-Indo-European language]] root {{PIE|*wihₓrós}} ("man").<ref>{{Cite book|last=Puhvel|first=Jaan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zt4nAAAAYAAJ|title=Comparative mythology|date=1987|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-3413-4|pages=289|language=en|author-link=Jaan Puhvel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite document|last=Matasović|first=Ranko|author-link=Ranko Matasović|date=2010|title=A Reader in Comparative Mythology|url=http://mudrac.ffzg.unizg.hr/~rmatasov/PIE%20Religion.pdf|publisher=University of Zagreb}}</ref> [[Michiel de Vaan|De Vaan]] (2008) argues that this etymology "is not credible phonetically and not very compelling semantically."{{Sfn|de Vaan|2008|p=|pp=509–510}}
+Some scholars have interpreted the name as a contraction of ''*Co-Virīnus'' (originally the protector of the community, cf. [[Curia|''cūria'']] < ''*co-viria''), descending from an earlier *''Co-Wironos'', itself from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] noun ''{{PIE|*wihₓrós}}'' ("man").<ref>{{Cite book|last=Puhvel|first=Jaan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zt4nAAAAYAAJ|title=Comparative mythology|date=1987|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-3413-4|pages=289|language=en|author-link=Jaan Puhvel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Matasović|first=Ranko|author-link=Ranko Matasović|date=2010|title=A Reader in Comparative Mythology|url=http://mudrac.ffzg.unizg.hr/~rmatasov/PIE%20Religion.pdf|publisher=University of Zagreb}}</ref> Linguist [[Michiel de Vaan]] argues that this etymology "is not credible phonetically and not very compelling semantically."{{Sfn|de Vaan|2008|p=|pp=509–510}}
 ==Depiction and worship==
 {{further|Ancient Roman religion|Flamen Quirinalis#Quirinalia}}
 [[File:Numerius Fabius Pictor, denarius, 126 BC, RRC 268-1b.jpg|thumb|[[Denarius]] of 126 BC; on the right is the ''flamen Quirinalis'' with ''QVIRIN'' on his shield.]]
-In earlier Roman [[art]], Quirinus was portrayed as a bearded man with religious and military clothing. However, he was almost never depicted in later [[Roman art]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}
+In earlier Roman [[art]], Quirinus was portrayed as a bearded man with religious and military clothing. However, he was almost never depicted in later [[Roman art]].{{Why|date=August 2022}} His main [[festival]] was the '''Quirinalia''', held on February&nbsp;17.<ref name="StultorumFeriae" />
-Quirinus was often associated with the [[Myrtus|myrtle]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}} His main [[festival]] was the '''Quirinalia''', held on February&nbsp;17.<ref name="StultorumFeriae" />
 The priest of Quirinus, the ''[[Flamen Quirinalis]]'', was one of the three patrician ''flamines maiores'' ("major [[flamen]]s") who had precedence over the [[Pontifex Maximus]].<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Sextus Pompeius Festus |author=Festus |title=De Verborum Significatione |title-link=De Verborum Significatione |at=198, L |quote=''Quirinalis, socio imperii Romani Curibus ascito Quirino''}}</ref>
 ==History==
-Quirinus most likely was originally a [[Sabines|Sabine]] war god. The Sabines had a settlement near the eventual site of [[Rome]], and erected an altar to Quirinus on the ''Collis Quirinalis'' [[Quirinal Hill]], one of the [[Seven hills of Rome]]. When the Romans settled in the area, the cult of Quirinus became part of their early belief system. This occurred before the later influences from classical Greek culture.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}
+Quirinus most likely was originally a [[Sabines|Sabine]] war god. The Sabines had a settlement near the eventual site of [[Rome]], and erected an altar to Quirinus on the ''Collis Quirinalis'', [[Quirinal Hill]], one of the [[Seven hills of Rome]]. When the Romans settled in the area, the cult of Quirinus became part of their early belief system. This occurred before the later influences from classical Greek culture.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}
 ===Deified Romulus===
+By the end of the 1st&nbsp;century&nbsp;BCE, Quirinus would be considered to be the [[Apotheosis#Ancient Rome|deified]] legendary first king, [[Romulus]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Fishwich, Duncan |title=The Imperial Cult in the Latin West |publisher=Brill |edition=2nd |year=1993 |isbn=978-90-04-07179-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4II_mqxM8s0C&q=romulus+quirinus&pg=PA53 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Evans, Jane de&nbsp;Rose |title=The Art of Persuasion |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=1992 |isbn=0-472-10282-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2AsRrF3ej38C&q=romulus+quirinus&pg=PA103 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
-In [[Plutarch]]'s [[Parallel Lives|''Life of Romulus'']], he writes that shortly after Rome's founder had disappeared under what some considered suspicious circumstances, a Roman noble named [[Proculus Julius]] reported that [[Romulus]] had come to him while he was travelling. He claimed that the king had instructed him to tell his countrymen that he, Romulus was Quirinus.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Plutarch |author=Plutarch |title=Lives |chapter=Romulus |at=ch.&nbsp;28 p.&nbsp;2 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/plutarch/lives/romulus*.html}}</ref>
+In his [[Parallel Lives|''Life of Romulus'']], [[Plutarch]] wrote that, shortly after Rome's founder had disappeared under what some considered suspicious circumstances, a Roman noble named [[Proculus Julius]] reported that [[Romulus]] had come to him while he was travelling. He claimed that [[Romulus]] had instructed him to tell his countrymen that he, Romulus, was Quirinus.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Plutarch |author=Plutarch |title=Lives |chapter=Romulus |at=ch.&nbsp;28 p.&nbsp;2 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/plutarch/lives/romulus*.html}}</ref>
-By the end of the 1st&nbsp;century&nbsp;BCE, Quirinus would be considered to be the [[Apotheosis#Ancient Rome|deified]] legendary king.<ref>{{cite book |author=Fishwich, Duncan |title=The Imperial Cult in the Latin West |publisher=Brill |edition=2nd |year=1993 |isbn=978-90-04-07179-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4II_mqxM8s0C&q=romulus+quirinus&pg=PA53 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Evans, Jane de&nbsp;Rose |title=The Art of Persuasion |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=1992 |isbn=0-472-10282-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2AsRrF3ej38C&q=romulus+quirinus&pg=PA103 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
 ===Brelich's argument for split deification===
-Historian [[Angelo Brelich]] has argued that Quirinus and [[Romulus]] were originally the same divine entity which was split into a founder hero and a god when Roman religion became demythicised. To support this, he points to the association of both Romulus and Quirinus with the grain [[spelt]], through the ''[[Fornacalia]]'' or ''Stultorum Feriae'', according to Ovid's ''Fasti''.<ref name=StultorumFeriae>{{cite book |author-link=Ovid |author=Ovid |title=Fasti |at=II, 481&nbsp;ff}}</ref>
+Historian Angelo Brelich argued that Quirinus and [[Romulus]] were originally the same divine entity which was split into a founder hero and a god when Roman religion became demythicised. To support this, he points to the association of both Romulus and Quirinus with the grain [[spelt]], through the ''[[Fornacalia]]'' or ''Stultorum Feriae'', according to Ovid's ''Fasti''.<ref name=StultorumFeriae>{{cite book |author-link=Ovid |author=Ovid |title=Fasti |at=II, 481&nbsp;ff}}</ref>
-The last day of the festival is called the ''[[Quirinalia]]'' and corresponds with the traditional day of Romulus' death. On that day, the Romans would toast spelt as an offering to the goddess [[Fornax (mythology)|Fornax]]. In one version of the legend of Romulus' death cited by Plutarch, he was killed and cut into pieces by the [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|nobles]] and each of them took a part of his body home and buried it on their land.
+The last day of the festival is called the ''[[Quirinalia]]'' and corresponds with the traditional day of Romulus' death. On that day, the Romans would toast spelt as an offering to the goddess [[Fornax (mythology)|Fornax]]. In one version of the legend of Romulus' death cited by Plutarch, he was killed and cut into pieces by the [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|nobles]] and each of them took a part of his body home and buried it on their land.{{cn|date=August 2022}}
-Brelich claims that this pattern – a festival involving a staple crop, a god, and a tale of a slain founding hero whose body parts are buried in the soil – is a recognized [[mytheme]] that arises when such a split takes place in a culture's mythology (see ''[[Dema deity]]'' archetype). The possible presence of the ''[[Flamen Quirinalis]]'' at the festival of [[Acca Larentia]] would corroborate this thesis, given the fact that Romulus is a stepson of hers, and one of the original twelve arval brethren ([[Fratres Arvales]]).<ref>{{cite book |author=Aulus Gellius |title=Noctes Atticae |at=7.7.7}}</ref>
+Brelich claimed this pattern – a festival involving a staple crop, a god, and a tale of a slain founding hero whose body parts are buried in the soil – is a recognized [[mytheme]] that arises when such a split takes place in a culture's mythology (see ''[[Dema deity]]'' archetype). The possible presence of the ''[[Flamen Quirinalis]]'' at the festival of [[Acca Larentia]] would corroborate this thesis, given the fact that Romulus is a stepson of hers, and one of the original twelve arval brethren ([[Fratres Arvales]]).<ref>{{cite book |author=Aulus Gellius |title=Noctes Atticae |at=7.7.7}}</ref>
 ===The Grabovian pantheon===
@@ Line 72: / Line 70: @@
 ===Legacy===
-Even centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire, the [[Quirinal]] hill in Rome, originally named from the deified [[Romulus]], was still associated with power – it was chosen as the seat of the royal house after the taking of Rome by the [[House of Savoy|Savoia]] and later it became the residence of the [[President of Italy|Presidents of the Italian Republic]].
+Even centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire, the [[Quirinal]] hill in Rome, originally named from the deified [[Romulus]], was still associated with power – it was chosen as the seat of the royal house after the taking of Rome by the [[House of Savoy|Savoia]] and later it became the residence of the [[President of Italy|Presidents of the Italian Republic]].{{cn|date=August 2022}}
-In the novel ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'', the character of [[Professor Quirrell]] is given the forename Quirinus by the author [[J. K. Rowling]], although the name does not appear in the text. This may be an allusion to Quirinus' association with [[Janus]], as Quirrell is also "two-faced," having the face of the villain [[Lord Voldemort]] magically attached to the back of his head.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ranker.com/list/historical-references-in-harry-potter/mariel-loveland|title=All the Historical References In Harry Potter|website=Ranker}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://greekmythcomix.com/comic/classics-vs-harry-potter-2-quirinus-quirrel/|title=Classics vs Harry Potter #2: Quirinus Quirrell|date=February 14, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXznAgAAQBAJ&q=%22quirinus+quirrell%22+janus&pg=PA140|title=Phoenix Rising: Collected Papers on Harry Potter, 17-21 May 2007: Collected Papers on Harry Potter, 17-21 May 2007|first=Sharon K.|last=Goetz|date=April 1, 2008|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=9780615195247|via=Google Books}}</ref>
-==Footnotes==
-{{notelist|1}}
 ==See also==
 * [[Adolf Ellegard Jensen]]
+==Footnotes==
+{{notelist}}
 ==References==
-{{reflist|25em}}
+{{reflist}}
 === Bibliography ===
@@ Line 88: / Line 85: @@
 * {{Cite book|last=de Vaan|first=Michiel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecZ1DwAAQBAJ|title=Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages|date=2008|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004167971|language=en|author-link=Michiel de Vaan}}
 * {{Cite book|last=Dumézil|first=Georges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WngbAQAAMAAJ|title=Archaic Roman Religion: With an Appendix on the Religion of the Etruscans|date=1966|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-5482-8|edition=1996|language=en|author-link=Georges Dumézil}}
-*{{Cite journal|last=Lajoye|first=Patrice|date=2010|title=Quirinus, un ancien dieu tonnant? Nouvelles hypothèses sur son étymologie et sa nature primitive|journal=Revue de l'histoire des religions|volume=227|issue=2|pages=175–194|doi=10.4000/rhr.7573|jstor=23618183|issn=0035-1423|doi-access=free}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Lajoye |first1=Patrice |title=Quirinus, un ancien dieu tonnant ? Nouvelles hypothèses sur son étymologie et sa nature primitive |journal=Revue de l'histoire des religions |date=1 June 2010 |volume=227 |issue=227 |pages=175–194 |doi=10.4000/rhr.7573 |jstor=23618183 |doi-access=free }}
 ==Further reading==
-* Basanoff, V. "Note Sur La Triade « Indo-européenne » à Rome." Revue De L'histoire Des Religions 132, no. 1/3 (1946): 110-14. www.jstor.org/stable/23665537.
+* {{cite journal |last1=Basanoff |first1=V. |title=Note sur la triade " indo-européenne " à Rome |journal=Revue de l'histoire des religions |date=1946 |volume=132 |issue=1/3 |pages=110–114 |doi=10.3406/rhr.1946.5522 |jstor=23665537 }}
-* Ben Abdallah Zeïneb. QVIRINVS, DEVS PATER. Une résurgence de la religion romaine archaïque en province proconsulaire d'Afrique sous l'Empereur Sévère Alexandre. In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 143<sup>e</sup> année, N. 2, 1999. pp.&nbsp;457–468. [DOI: [https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.1999.16004 QVIRINVS, DEVS PATER. Une résurgence de la religion romaine archaïque en province proconsulaire d'Afrique sous l'Empereur Sévère Alexandre]]; www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1999_num_143_2_16004
+* {{cite journal |last1=Ben Abdallah |first1=Zeïneb |title=QVIRINVS, DEVS PATER. Une résurgence de la religion romaine archaïque en province proconsulaire d'Afrique sous l'Empereur Sévère Alexandre |journal=Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres |date=1999 |volume=143 |issue=2 |pages=457–468 |doi=10.3406/crai.1999.16004 }}
-* Dumézil, Georges. "Les Cultes De La Regia, Les Trois Fonctions Ct La Triade Jupiter Mars Quirinus." Latomus 13, no. 2 (1954): 129-39. www.jstor.org/stable/41517672.
+* {{cite journal |last1=Dumézil |first1=Georges |title=Les cultes de la regia, les trois fonctions ct la triade Jupiter Mars Quirinus |journal=Latomus |date=1954 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=129–139 |jstor=41517672 }}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Koch |first1=Carl |title=Bemerkungen zum römischen Quirinuskult |journal=Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte |date=1953 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1–25 |id={{ProQuest|1305391173}} |doi=10.1163/157007353X00090 |jstor=23894289 }}
-* Dumézil, Georges. "« Jupiter, Mars, Quirinus » Et Janus." Revue De L'histoire Des Religions 139, no. 2 (1951): 208-15. Accessed June 2, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/23665823.
-* Koch, Carl. "BEMERKUNGEN ZUM RÖMISCHEN QUIRINUSKULT." ''Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte'' 5, no. 1 (1953): 1-25. www.jstor.org/stable/23894289.
 * {{Cite journal|last=York|first=Michael|date=1988|title=Romulus and Remus, Mars and Quirinus|journal=Journal of Indo-European Studies|volume=16|issue=1–2|pages=153–172|issn=0092-2323}}
 {{Roman religion}}
 {{Authority control}}
 [[Category:8th century BC in the Roman Kingdom]]
 [[Category:Roman gods]]
-[[Category:Roman mythology]]
+[[Category:Romulus and Remus]]

Authority control databases
International	VIAF 2
National	Germany
Other	IdRef