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In philosophy, a razor is a principle or rule of thumb that allows one to eliminate ("shave off") unlikely explanations for a phenomenon, or avoid unnecessary actions.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Examples[edit]

Razors include:

Alder's razor (also known as Newton's flaming laser sword): If something cannot be settled by experiment or observation, then it is not worthy of debate.^[4]
Einstein's razor: "The supreme goal of all theory is to make the irreducible basic elements as simple and as few as possible without having to surrender the adequate representation of a single datum of experience."^[5]^[6]^[7] Often paraphrased as "make things as simple as possible, but no simpler."
Grice's razor (also known as Giume's razor): As a principle of parsimony, conversational implications are to be preferred over semantic context for linguistic explanations.^[8]^[9]
Hanlon's razor: Never attribute to malice that which can be adequately explained by stupidity.^[10]
Hitchens's razor: That which can be asserted without evidence can be dismissed without evidence.^[11]
Hume's guillotine: What ought to be cannot be deduced from what is; prescriptive claims cannot be derived solely from descriptive claims, and must depend on other prescriptions. "If the cause, assigned for any effect, be not sufficient to produce it, we must either reject that cause, or add to it such qualities as will give it a just proportion to the effect."^[12]^[13]
Occam's razor: Explanations which require fewer unjustified assumptions are more likely to be correct; avoid unnecessary or improbable assumptions.
Popper's falsifiability principle: For a theory to be considered scientific, it must be falsifiable.^[14]
Sagan standard: Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.^[15]

References[edit]

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^ Garg, Anu (17 May 2010). "Occam's razor". A.Word.A.Day. Archived from the original on 9 March 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
^ Downie, R. S. (November 1989). "Moral Philosophy". In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.). The Invisible Hand. Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 213–222. ISBN 9781349203130.
^ McLean, Sheila A. M., ed. (2013). First Do No Harm: Law, Ethics and Healthcare. Ashgate. ISBN 9781409496199.
^ Alder, Mike (2004). "Newton's Flaming Laser Sword". Philosophy Now. 46: 29–33. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2018. Also available in PDF format: Alder, Mike (2004). "Newton's Flaming Laser Sword" (PDF). Mike Alder's Home Page. University of Western Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2011.
^ Einstein, Albert (1934). "On the Method of Theoretical Physics". Philosophy of Science. 1 (2): 165 [163–169]. doi:10.1086/286316. ISSN 0031-8248. JSTOR 184387. S2CID 44787169.
^ Mettenheim, Christoph von (1998). Popper Versus Einstein: On the Philosophical Foundations of Physics. Mohr Siebeck. p. 34. ISBN 978-3-16-146910-7.
^ Geis, Gilbert; Bienen, Leigh B. (1998). Crimes of the Century: From Leopold and Loeb to O.J. Simpson. UPNE. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-55553-360-1 – via Google Books.
^ Hazlett, A. (2007). "Grice's razor". Metaphilosophy. 38 (5): 669. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9973.2007.00512.x.
^ "Implicature, 6: Gricean Theory". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 11 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
^ "Hanlon's Razor". The Jargon File 4.4.7. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
^ Ratcliffe, Susan, ed. (2016). Oxford Essential Quotations: Facts (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191826719. Retrieved 4 November 2020. What can be asserted without evidence can also be dismissed without evidence.
^ Miles, M. (2003). Inroads: Paths in Ancient and Modern Western Philosophy. University of Toronto Press. p. 543. ISBN 978-0802037442 – via Internet Archive.
^ Forrest, P. (2001). "Counting the cost of modal realism". In Preyer, G.; Siebelt, F. (eds.). Reality and Humean Supervenience: Essays on the Philosophy of David Lewis. Studies in Epistemology and Cognitive Theory. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 93. ISBN 978-0742512016 – via Google Books.
^ Popper, Karl (1972). The Logic of Scientific Discovery. Hutchinson. ISBN 9780091117207.
^ Sagan, Carl (2021). Broca's Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-33689-7.

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[1] Garg, Anu (17 May 2010). "Occam's razor". A.Word.A.Day. Archived from the original on 9 March 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.

[2] Downie, R. S. (November 1989). "Moral Philosophy". In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.). The Invisible Hand. Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 213–222. ISBN 9781349203130.

[3] McLean, Sheila A. M., ed. (2013). First Do No Harm: Law, Ethics and Healthcare. Ashgate. ISBN 9781409496199.

[4] Alder, Mike (2004). "Newton's Flaming Laser Sword". Philosophy Now. 46: 29–33. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2018. Also available in PDF format: Alder, Mike (2004). "Newton's Flaming Laser Sword" (PDF). Mike Alder's Home Page. University of Western Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2011.

[5] Einstein, Albert (1934). "On the Method of Theoretical Physics". Philosophy of Science. 1 (2): 165 [163–169]. doi:10.1086/286316. ISSN 0031-8248. JSTOR 184387. S2CID 44787169.

[6] Mettenheim, Christoph von (1998). Popper Versus Einstein: On the Philosophical Foundations of Physics. Mohr Siebeck. p. 34. ISBN 978-3-16-146910-7.

[7] Geis, Gilbert; Bienen, Leigh B. (1998). Crimes of the Century: From Leopold and Loeb to O.J. Simpson. UPNE. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-55553-360-1 – via Google Books.

[8] Hazlett, A. (2007). "Grice's razor". Metaphilosophy. 38 (5): 669. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9973.2007.00512.x.

[9] "Implicature, 6: Gricean Theory". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 11 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.

[10] "Hanlon's Razor". The Jargon File 4.4.7. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2014.

[11] Ratcliffe, Susan, ed. (2016). Oxford Essential Quotations: Facts (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191826719. Retrieved 4 November 2020. What can be asserted without evidence can also be dismissed without evidence.

[12] Miles, M. (2003). Inroads: Paths in Ancient and Modern Western Philosophy. University of Toronto Press. p. 543. ISBN 978-0802037442 – via Internet Archive.

[13] Forrest, P. (2001). "Counting the cost of modal realism". In Preyer, G.; Siebelt, F. (eds.). Reality and Humean Supervenience: Essays on the Philosophy of David Lewis. Studies in Epistemology and Cognitive Theory. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 93. ISBN 978-0742512016 – via Google Books.

[14] Popper, Karl (1972). The Logic of Scientific Discovery. Hutchinson. ISBN 9780091117207.

[15] Sagan, Carl (2021). Broca's Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-33689-7.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Principle that allows one to eliminate unlikely explanations}}
+{{Use DMY dates|date=December 2023}}
-In [[philosophy]], a '''razor''' is a [[principle]] or [[rule of thumb]] that allows one to eliminate ("shave off") unlikely explanations for a phenomenon, or avoid unnecessary actions.<ref>{{cite web
+In [[philosophy]], a '''razor''' is a [[principle]] or [[rule of thumb]] that allows one to eliminate ("shave off") unlikely explanations for a phenomenon, or avoid unnecessary actions.<ref>{{cite web |last=Garg |first1=Anu |date=17 May 2010 |title=Occam's razor |url=http://wordsmith.org/words/ockhams_razor.html |work=A.Word.A.Day |access-date=25 February 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140309141027/http://wordsmith.org/words/ockhams_razor.html |archive-date=9 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Downie |first=R. S. |date=November 1989 |chapter=Moral Philosophy |editor-last1=Eatwell |editor-first1=John |editor-last2=Milgate |editor-first2=Murray |editor-last3=Newman |editor-first3=Peter |title=The Invisible Hand |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uqqwCwAAQBAJ&q=philosophical+razor&pg=PA213 |pages=213–222 |publisher=Palgrave MacMillan |isbn=9781349203130}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=McLean |editor-first=Sheila A. M. |date=2013 |title=First Do No Harm: Law, Ethics and Healthcare |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=am2iVvW6pwEC&q=philosophical+razor&pg=PA18 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=9781409496199}}</ref>
- |last1=Garg
- |first1=A.
- |date=17 May 2010
- |title=Occam's razor
- |url=http://wordsmith.org/words/ockhams_razor.html
- |work=A.Word.A.Day
- |accessdate=2014-02-25
- |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309141027/http://wordsmith.org/words/ockhams_razor.html#
- |archive-date=2014-03-09
- |url-status=live
-}}</ref><ref>
-{{Cite book
- |last=Downie |first=R. S.
- |date=November 1989
- |chapter=Moral Philosophy
- |editor-last1=Eatwell |editor-first1=John
- |editor-last2=Milgate |editor-first2=Murray
- |editor-last3=Newman |editor-first3=Peter
- |title=The Invisible Hand
- |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqqwCwAAQBAJ&q=philosophical+razor&pg=PA213
- |pages=213–222
- |publisher=Palgrave MacMillan
- |isbn=9781349203130
-}}</ref><ref>
-{{cite book
- |editor-last=McLean |editor-first=Sheila A. M.
- |date=2013
- |title=First do No Harm: Law, Ethics and Healthcare
- |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=am2iVvW6pwEC&q=philosophical+razor&pg=PA18
- |publisher=Ashgate
- |isbn=9781409496199
-}}</ref>
+==Examples==
 Razors include:
+*[[Mike Alder#Newton's flaming laser sword|Alder's razor]] (also known as Newton's flaming laser sword): If something cannot be settled by experiment or observation, then it is not worthy of debate.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Mike |last=Alder |author-link=Mike Alder |date=2004 |title=Newton's Flaming Laser Sword |url=http://www.philosophynow.org/issues/46/Newtons_Flaming_Laser_Sword |journal=[[Philosophy Now]] |volume=46 |pages=29–33 |access-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171204031512/https://philosophynow.org/issues/46/Newtons_Flaming_Laser_Sword |archive-date=4 December 2017 |url-status=live}} Also available in PDF format: {{cite web |first=Mike |last=Alder |author-link=Mike Alder |date=2004 |title=Newton's Flaming Laser Sword |url= http://school.maths.uwa.edu.au/~mike/Newtons%20Flaming%20Laser%20Sword.pdf |publisher=[[University of Western Australia]] |work=Mike Alder's Home Page |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111114041242/http://school.maths.uwa.edu.au/~mike/Newtons%20Flaming%20Laser%20Sword.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2011}}</ref>
-*[[Occam's razor]]: Simpler explanations are more likely to be correct; avoid unnecessary or improbable assumptions.
-*[[Albert Einstein|Einstein's]] razor: "The supreme goal of all theory is to make the irreducible basic elements as simple and as few as possible without having to surrender the adequate representation of a single datum of experience."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Einstein |first=Albert |date=1934 |title=On the Method of Theoretical Physics |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/184387 |journal=Philosophy of Science |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=165 [163–169] |issn=0031-8248}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mettenheim |first=Christoph von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hLSR2or-bGAC |title=Popper Versus Einstein: On the Philosophical Foundations of Physics |date=1998 |publisher= |isbn=978-3-16-146910-7 |pages=34 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Geis |first=Gilbert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdbQMywnrdwC&pg=PA39&lpg=PA39&dq=%22the%20supreme%20goal%20of%20all%20theory%20is%20to%20make%20the%20irreducible%20basic%20elements%20as%20simple%20and%20as%20few%20as%20possible%20without%20having%20to%20surrender%20the%20adequate%20representation%20of%20a%20single%20datum%20of%22&source=web&ots=7gcjqm88eb&sig=vOqG3wFdzzbW_Dm89sfmC1ufTUM&hl=en&fbclid=IwAR2YSnbIaV8xlx0y8jMOa-1Bxd_QUtKhYgQlNcAnf2_DbvVD9jE9HVziDLE#v=onepage&q=%22the%20supreme%20goal%20of%20all%20theory%20is%20to%20make%20the%20irreducible%20basic%20elements%20as%20simple%20and%20as%20few%20as%20possible%20without%20having%20to%20surrender%20the%20adequate%20representation%20of%20a%20single%20datum%20of%22&f=false |title=Crimes of the Century: From Leopold and Loeb to O.J. Simpson |last2=Geis |first2=Professor Emeritus of Criminology Law and & Society Gilbert |last3=Bienen |first3=Leigh B. |date=1998 |publisher=UPNE |isbn=978-1-55553-360-1 |pages=39 |language=en}}</ref> Often paraphrased as "make things as simple as possible, but no simpler."
+*[[Albert Einstein|Einstein's]] razor: "The supreme goal of all theory is to make the irreducible basic elements as simple and as few as possible without having to surrender the adequate representation of a single datum of experience."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Einstein |first=Albert |author-link=Albert Einstein |date=1934 |title=On the Method of Theoretical Physics |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/184387 |journal=Philosophy of Science |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=165 [163–169] |doi=10.1086/286316 |jstor=184387 |s2cid=44787169 |issn=0031-8248}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mettenheim |first=Christoph von |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hLSR2or-bGAC |title=Popper Versus Einstein: On the Philosophical Foundations of Physics |date=1998 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |isbn=978-3-16-146910-7 |pages=34}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Geis |first1=Gilbert |last2=Bienen |first2=Leigh B. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xdbQMywnrdwC&dq=%22the+supreme+goal+of+all+theory+is+to+make+the+irreducible+basic+elements+as+simple+and+as+few+as+possible+without+having+to+surrender+the+adequate+representation+of+a+single+datum+of%22&pg=PA39 |via=Google Books |title=Crimes of the Century: From Leopold and Loeb to O.J. Simpson |date=1998 |publisher=UPNE |isbn=978-1-55553-360-1 |pages=39}}</ref> Often paraphrased as "make things as simple as possible, but no simpler."
+*[[Paul Grice|Grice's]] razor (also known as Giume's razor): As a principle of [[Occam's razor|parsimony]], conversational [[Implicature|implications]] are to be preferred over semantic context for [[Linguistics|linguistic]] explanations.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hazlett |first=A. |date=2007 |title=Grice's razor |journal=Metaphilosophy |volume=38 |issue=5 |page=669 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9973.2007.00512.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |chapter-url= https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/implicature/#GricTheo |title=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |chapter=Implicature, 6: Gricean Theory |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161211042732/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/implicature/#GriThe |archive-date=11 December 2016 |access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref>
-*[[Hanlon's razor]]: Never attribute to malice that which can be adequately explained by stupidity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/H/Hanlons-Razor.html|title=Hanlon's Razor|work=[[The Jargon File]] 4.4.7|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430025318/http://catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/H/Hanlons-Razor.html#|archive-date=2011-04-30|accessdate=2014-02-25}}</ref>
+*[[Hanlon's razor]]: Never attribute to malice that which can be adequately explained by stupidity.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/H/Hanlons-Razor.html |title=Hanlon's Razor |work=[[The Jargon File]] 4.4.7 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110430025318/http://catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/H/Hanlons-Razor.html |archive-date=30 April 2011 |access-date=25 February 2014}}</ref>
-*[[Hitchens's razor]]: That which can be asserted without evidence can be dismissed without evidence.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191826719.001.0001/q-oro-ed4-00004248 |title=Oxford Essential Quotations: Facts |date=2016 |website=Oxford Reference |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780191826719 |editor-last=Ratcliffe |editor-first=Susan |edition=4 |quote=What can be asserted without evidence can also be dismissed without evidence. |access-date=4 November 2020}}</ref>
+*[[Hitchens's razor]]: That which can be asserted without evidence can be dismissed without evidence.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191826719.001.0001/q-oro-ed4-00004248 |title=Oxford Essential Quotations: Facts |date=2016 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780191826719 |editor-last=Ratcliffe |editor-first=Susan |edition=4th |quote=What can be asserted without evidence can also be dismissed without evidence. |access-date=4 November 2020}}</ref>
-*[[Hume's Guillotine|Hume's guillotine]]: What ought to be cannot be deduced from what is. "If the cause, assigned for any effect, be not sufficient to produce it, we must either reject that cause, or add to it such qualities as will give it a just proportion to the effect."<ref>
+*[[Hume's Guillotine|Hume's guillotine]]: What ought to be cannot be deduced from what is; prescriptive claims cannot be derived solely from descriptive claims, and must depend on other prescriptions. "If the cause, assigned for any effect, be not sufficient to produce it, we must either reject that cause, or add to it such qualities as will give it a just proportion to the effect."<ref>
-{{cite book|last=Miles|first=M.|url=https://archive.org/details/inroadspathsinan0000mile|title=Inroads: Paths in Ancient and Modern Western Philosophy|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|year=2003|isbn=978-0802037442|page=[https://archive.org/details/inroadspathsinan0000mile/page/543 543]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>
+{{cite book |last=Miles |first=M. |title=Inroads: Paths in Ancient and Modern Western Philosophy |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |date=2003 |isbn=978-0802037442 |page=[https://archive.org/details/inroadspathsinan0000mile/page/543 543] |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>
-{{cite book|last1=Forrest|first1=P.|title=Reality and Humean Supervenience: Essays on the Philosophy of David Lewis|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield Publishers]]|year=2001|isbn=978-0742512016|editor1-last=Preyer|editor1-first=G.|series=Studies in Epistemology and Cognitive Theory|page=93|chapter=Counting the cost of modal realism|editor2-last=Siebelt|editor2-first=F.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0QCcG99otoC&pg=PA93}}</ref>
+{{cite book |last1=Forrest |first1=P. |title=Reality and Humean Supervenience: Essays on the Philosophy of David Lewis |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |date=2001 |isbn=978-0742512016 |editor1-last=Preyer |editor1-first=G. |editor2-last=Siebelt |editor2-first=F. |series=Studies in Epistemology and Cognitive Theory |page=93 |chapter=Counting the cost of modal realism |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=g0QCcG99otoC&pg=PA93 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
-*[[Alder's razor]] (also known as Newton's Flaming Laser Sword<ref name="NFLS" />): If something cannot be settled by experiment or observation, then it is not worthy of debate.<ref name=NFLS>{{cite journal |author=Mike Alder |year=2004 |title=Newton's Flaming Laser Sword |url=http://www.philosophynow.org/issues/46/Newtons_Flaming_Laser_Sword |journal=[[Philosophy Now]] |volume=46 |pages=29–33 |access-date=2018-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204031512/https://philosophynow.org/issues/46/Newtons_Flaming_Laser_Sword# |archive-date=2017-12-04 |url-status=live }}
+*[[Occam's razor]]: Explanations which require fewer unjustified assumptions are more likely to be correct; avoid unnecessary or improbable assumptions.
-: Also available as {{cite web |author=Mike Alder |year=2004 |title=Newton's Flaming Laser Sword |url=http://school.maths.uwa.edu.au/~mike/Newtons%20Flaming%20Laser%20Sword.pdf |publisher=[[University of Western Australia]] |work=Mike Alder's Home Page |url-status=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114041242/http://school.maths.uwa.edu.au/~mike/Newtons%20Flaming%20Laser%20Sword.pdf |archivedate=14 November 2011 }}</ref>
+*[[Karl Popper|Popper]]'s [[falsifiability]] principle: For a theory to be considered scientific, it must be falsifiable.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Popper |first1=Karl |author-link=Karl Popper |title=The Logic of Scientific Discovery |date=1972 |publisher=Hutchinson |isbn=9780091117207}}</ref>
-*[[Sagan standard]]: Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.
-*[[falsifiability|Popper's falsifiability principle]]: For a theory to be considered scientific, it must be falsifiable.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Popper |first1=Karl |title=The Logic of Scientific Discovery |date=1972 |publisher=Hutchinson |isbn=9780091117207 }}</ref>
+*[[Sagan standard]]: Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sagan |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Sagan |title=Broca's Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science |date=2021 |publisher=Ballantine Books |isbn=978-0-345-33689-7 |location=New York}}</ref>
-*[[Paul Grice|Grice's]] razor (also known as Giume's razor): As a principle of [[Occam's razor|parsimony]], conversational [[Implicature|implications]] are to be preferred over semantic context for [[linguistic]] explanations.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hazlett|first=A.|year=2007|title=Grice's razor|journal=Metaphilosophy|volume=38|issue=5|page=669|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9973.2007.00512.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|chapter-url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/implicature/#GricTheo|title=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|chapter=Implicature, 6. Gricean Theory|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211042732/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/implicature/#GriThe|archive-date=2016-12-11|accessdate=2016-12-27}}</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 59: / Line 28: @@
 * {{Annotated link |Morgan's Canon}}
 * {{Annotated link |Morton's fork}}
+* [[Russell's teapot]]{{snd}}Analogy formulated by Bertrand Russell to illustrate that the burden of proof lies upon a person making empirically unfalsifiable claims
 * {{slink|Occam's razor|Anti-razors}}
 * {{Annotated link |Zebra (medicine)}}
@@ Line 65: / Line 35: @@
 ==References==
+{{Spoken Wikipedia |date=30 September 2023 |Philosophical Razors English Narration.ogg}}
 {{reflist}}
+{{philosophy-stub}}
 [[Category:Razors (philosophy)|Razors]]
@@ Line 71: / Line 44: @@
 [[Category:Philosophical analogies]]
 [[Category:Rhetorical techniques]]
-{{philosophy-stub}}

Latest revision as of 14:01, 28 May 2024

Examples[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]