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Coordinates: 51°50′45″N 16°34′50″E / 51.84583°N 16.58056°E / 51.84583; 16.58056
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{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Leszno
| name = Leszno
| image_skyline = Ratusz w Lesznie (2).jpg
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| image_caption = Town Hall
| total_width = 270
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 2/1
⚫
| image1 = 20160127 1250 leszno st nicolaus church 083-pah-3e-mk-a-pp-cr.jpg{{!}}Baroque St. Nicholas Church
| image2 = Leszno Town hall 2022.jpg{{!}}Baroque City Hall
⚫
| image3 = Leszno, Stary Rynek-pierzeja wschodnia.jpg{{!}}Stary Rynek (Old Market Square)
}}
| image_caption = {{hlist|From top, left to right: St. Nicholas' Church|City hall|''Stary Rynek'' (Old Market Square)}}
| image_flag = POL Leszno flag.svg
| image_flag = POL Leszno flag.svg
| image_shield = POL Leszno COA.svg
| image_shield = POL Leszno COA.svg
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| pushpin_map = Poland
| pushpin_map = Poland
| pushpin_label_position = top
| pushpin_label_position = top
| coordinates = {{coord|51|50|45|N|16|34|50|E|region:PL|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|51|50|45|N|16|34|50|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
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| established_date3 = 1547
| established_date3 = 1547
| leader_title = City mayor
| leader_title = City mayor
| leader_name = Łukasz Borowiak
| leader_name = Grzegorz Rusiecki ([[Civic Platform|PO]])
| area_total_km2 = 31.9
| area_total_km2 = 31.9
| population_as_of = 31 December 2021
| population_as_of = 31 December 2021
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| blank_name = [[Polish car number plates|Car plates]]
| blank_name = [[Polish car number plates|Car plates]]
| blank_info = PL
| blank_info = PL
| website = {{URL|http://www.leszno.pl}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.leszno.pl
}}
}}
}}
'''Leszno''' {{IPAc-pl|AUD|Pl-Leszno.ogg|'|l|e|sz|n|o}} ({{lang-de|Lissa}}, 1800–1918 ''Lissa in Posen'') is a historic city in western [[Poland]], within the [[Greater Poland Voivodeship]]. It is the seventh-largest city in the province with an estimated population of 62,200, as of 2021.<ref name="population" /> Previously, it was the capital of the [[Leszno Voivodeship]] (1975–1998) and is now the seat of [[Leszno County]].
'''Leszno''' ({{IPA|pl|ˈlɛʂnɔ}}, {{Lang-de|Lissa}},{{efn|Also called {{lang|de|Polnisch Lissa}} as opposed to [[Leśnica, Wrocław|''Deutsch Lissa'']].|name=germanname}} {{IPA|de|ˈlɪsa|}}) is a historic city in western [[Poland]], seat of [[Leszno County]] within the [[Greater Poland Voivodeship]]. It is the seventh-largest city in the province with an estimated population of 62,200, as of 2021.<ref name="population" />


==History==
==History==
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===16th–18th centuries===
===16th–18th centuries===
[[File:Leszno, pałac Sułkowskich.jpg|thumb|left|Sułkowski Palace]]
⚫
[[File:20160127 1250 leszno st nicolaus church 083-pah-3e-mk-a-pp-cr.jpg|thumb|left|220px|[[Baroque in Poland|Baroque]] St. Nicholas' Church]]
In around 1516, a community of Protestants known as the [[Unity of the Brethren (Czech Republic)|Unity of the Brethren]] (''Unitas fratrum'') were expelled from the [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown|Bohemian lands]] by King [[Vladislaus II of Hungary|Vladislaus II]] and settled in Leszno. They were invited by the [[Leszczyński family]], [[Reichsgraf|imperial counts]] since 1473 and who had converted to [[Calvinism]]. The arrival of the Bohemian Protestants, in addition to weavers from nearby [[Silesia]], helped the settlement to grow.
In around 1516, a community of Protestants known as the [[Unity of the Brethren (Czech Republic)|Unity of the Brethren]] (''Unitas fratrum'') were expelled from the [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown|Bohemian lands]] by King [[Vladislaus II of Hungary|Vladislaus II]] and settled in Leszno. They were invited by the [[Leszczyński family]], [[Reichsgraf|imperial counts]] since 1473 and who had converted to [[Calvinism]]. The arrival of the Bohemian Protestants, in addition to weavers from nearby [[Silesia]], helped the settlement to grow.


In 1547 it became a town by a privilege according to [[Magdeburg rights|Magdeburg Law]] granted by King [[Sigismund I the Old|Sigismund I of Poland]]. Leszno was a [[private town]], administratively located in the Wschowa County in the [[Poznań Voivodeship (14th century to 1793)|Poznań Voivodeship]] in the [[Greater Poland Province of the Polish Crown]].<ref>''Atlas historyczny Polski. Wielkopolska w drugiej połowie XVI wieku. Część I. Mapy, plany'', Instytut Historii [[Polish Academy of Sciences|Polskiej Akademii Nauk]], Warszawa, 2017, p. 1a (in Polish)</ref> Leszno became the largest printing center in Greater Poland thanks to the activity of the Protestant community. Their numbers grew with the inflow of refugees from Silesia, [[Bohemia proper|Bohemia]], and [[Moravia]] during the [[Thirty Years War]].
In 1547 it became a town by a privilege according to [[Magdeburg rights|Magdeburg Law]] granted by King [[Sigismund I the Old|Sigismund I of Poland]]. Leszno was a [[private town]], administratively located in the Wschowa County in the [[Poznań Voivodeship (14th century to 1793)|Poznań Voivodeship]] in the [[Greater Poland Province, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Greater Poland Province]].<ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Atlas historyczny Polski. Wielkopolska w drugiej połowie XVI wieku. Część I. Mapy, plany|year=2017|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Instytut Historii [[Polish Academy of Sciences|Polskiej Akademii Nauk]]|page=1a}}</ref> Leszno became the largest printing center in Greater Poland thanks to the activity of the Protestant community. Their numbers grew with the inflow of refugees from Silesia, [[Bohemia]], and [[Moravia]] during the [[Thirty Years War]].


In 1631, Leszno was vested with further privileges by King [[Sigismund III Vasa]], who made it equal with the most important cities of Poland such as [[Kraków]], [[Gdańsk]] and [[Warsaw]]. By the 17th century, the town had a renowned [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]] (school), which was headed by [[John Amos Comenius|Jan Amos Komenský]] (known in English as Comenius), an educator and the last bishop of the Unity of the Brethren.<ref name=onet>{{cite news|url=https://podroze.onet.pl/polska/wielkopolskie/leszno-miasto-niebanalne/p79mfp4 |title=Leszno - miasto niebanalne |access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> [[Johann Heermann]], a German-speaking poet, lived in Leszno from 1638 until his death in 1647. Between 1636 and 1639, the town became fortified and its area increased.<ref name=onet/>
In 1631, Leszno was vested with further privileges by King [[Sigismund III Vasa]], who made it equal with the most important cities of Poland such as [[Kraków]], [[Gdańsk]] and [[Warsaw]]. By the 17th century, the town had a renowned [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]] (school), which was headed by [[John Amos Comenius|Jan Amos Komenský]] (known in English as Comenius), an educator and the last bishop of the Unity of the Brethren.<ref name=onet>{{cite news|url=https://podroze.onet.pl/polska/wielkopolskie/leszno-miasto-niebanalne/p79mfp4 |title=Leszno - miasto niebanalne |access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> [[Johann Heermann]], a German-speaking poet, lived in Leszno from 1638 until his death in 1647. Between 1636 and 1639, the town became fortified and its area increased.<ref name=onet/>
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The era of Leszno's prosperity and cultural prominence ended during the [[Second Northern War]], when the town was burnt down on 28 April 1656 by Swedish forces. Quickly rebuilt afterwards, it was set on fire again during the [[Great Northern War]] by [[Tsardom of Russia|Russian]] forces in 1707 and was ravaged by [[Plague (disease)|plague]] in 1709.
The era of Leszno's prosperity and cultural prominence ended during the [[Second Northern War]], when the town was burnt down on 28 April 1656 by Swedish forces. Quickly rebuilt afterwards, it was set on fire again during the [[Great Northern War]] by [[Tsardom of Russia|Russian]] forces in 1707 and was ravaged by [[Plague (disease)|plague]] in 1709.


The Leszczyński family owned the city until 1738, when King [[Stanisław I|Stanislaus I Leszczynski]] sold it to [[Alexander Joseph Sulkowski]] following his abdication.<ref name=szt/> One of two main routes connecting [[Warsaw]] and [[Dresden]] ran through Leszno in the 18th century and Kings [[Augustus II the Strong]] and [[Augustus III of Poland]] often traveled that route.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dresden-warszawa.eu/pl/prolog/informacja-historyczna/|title=Informacja historyczna|website=Dresden-Warszawa|access-date=10 October 2020|language=pl}}</ref>
The Leszczyński family owned the city until 1738, when King [[Stanisław I|Stanislaus I Leszczynski]] sold it to [[Aleksander Józef Sułkowski]] following his abdication.<ref name=szt/> One of two main routes connecting [[Warsaw]] and [[Dresden]] ran through Leszno in the 18th century and Kings [[Augustus II the Strong]] and [[Augustus III of Poland]] often traveled that route.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dresden-warszawa.eu/pl/prolog/informacja-historyczna/|title=Informacja historyczna|website=Dresden-Warszawa|access-date=10 October 2020|language=pl}}</ref>


===19th–20th centuries===
===19th–20th centuries===
[[File:Przyjaciel Ludu 23-10-1841.png|thumb|left|160px|''Przyjaciel Ludu'', 19th-century Polish press from Leszno]]
[[File:Przyjaciel Ludu 23-10-1841.png|thumb|left|upright|''Przyjaciel Ludu'', 19th-century Polish press from Leszno]]
In the [[Second Partition of Poland]] in 1793, Leszno was annexed by the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], within which it was referred to as ''Lissa''. In 1807 it was taken by Napoleon's ''Grand Armee'' and included within the newly established but short-lived Polish [[Duchy of Warsaw]].
In the [[Second Partition of Poland]] in 1793, Leszno was annexed by the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], within which it was referred to as ''Lissa''. In 1807 it was taken by Napoleon's ''Grand Armee'' and included within the newly established but short-lived Polish [[Duchy of Warsaw]].


Following Napoleon's defeat in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], in 1815 the town was reannexed by Prussia, initially as part of the semi-autonomous [[Grand Duchy of Posen]]. The town was subjected to [[Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions|Germanisation]] policies. Nevertheless, Polish press was issued in the town (''[[:pl:Przyjaciel Ludu (Leszno 1834–1849)|Przyjaciel Ludu]]'') and in the 1840s, Polish historian, geographer and former officer {{ill|Stanisław Plater|pl}} published the ''{{ill|Mała Encyklopedia Polska|pl}}'' ("Little Polish Encyclopedia"), one of the pioneering 19th-century Polish encyclopedias, in the town. In 1871 it became part of Germany, and in 1887, it became the administrative seat of the Prussian ''[[Kreis Lissa]]''.
Following Napoleon's defeat in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], in 1815 the town was reannexed by Prussia, initially as part of the semi-autonomous [[Grand Duchy of Posen]]. The town was subjected to [[Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions|Germanisation]] policies. Nevertheless, Polish press was issued in the town (''[[:pl:Przyjaciel Ludu (Leszno 1834–1849)|Przyjaciel Ludu]]'') and in the 1840s, Polish historian, geographer and former officer [[Stanisław Plater]] published the ''{{ill|Mała Encyklopedia Polska|pl}}'' ("Little Polish Encyclopedia"), one of the pioneering 19th-century Polish encyclopedias, in the town. In 1871 it became part of Germany, and in 1887, it became the administrative seat of the Prussian ''[[Kreis Lissa]]''.


[[File:PB29 – Grenzschutz – Lissa – Bahnhof – 2.jpg|thumb|upright|German armored train in the station during Grenzschutz in 1919.]]
After [[World War I]], in November 1918, Poland regained independence. Shortly after the [[Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19)|Greater Poland Uprising]] of 1918–19 broke out, attempting to reintegrate Greater Poland and Leszno with Poland. The first local battles of the uprising took place in the area on December 28, 1918.<ref name=pw>{{cite web|url=https://pw.ipn.gov.pl/pwi/pamiec/miejsca-pamieci/9058,LESZNO-miasto-powiatowe-i-powiat-grodzki.html|title=Leszno (miasto powiatowe i powiat grodzki)|website=Instytut Pamięci Narodowej|accessdate=10 October 2020|language=pl}}</ref> Afterward the city became part of the newly established [[Second Polish Republic]] under the [[Treaty of Versailles]], with effect from 17 January 1920. The local populace had to acquire Polish citizenship. In the interbellum, Leszno was a county seat within the Polish [[Poznań Voivodeship (1921–1939)|Poznań Voivodeship]]. In 1924, a monument dedicated to the Polish insurgents of 1918–19 was erected.<ref name=pw/>
After [[World War I]], in November 1918, Poland regained independence. Shortly after the [[Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19)|Greater Poland Uprising]] of 1918–19 broke out, attempting to reintegrate Greater Poland and Leszno with Poland. The first local battles of the uprising took place in the area on December 28, 1918.<ref name=pw>{{cite web|url=https://pw.ipn.gov.pl/pwi/pamiec/miejsca-pamieci/9058,LESZNO-miasto-powiatowe-i-powiat-grodzki.html|title=Leszno (miasto powiatowe i powiat grodzki)|website=Instytut Pamięci Narodowej|accessdate=10 October 2020|language=pl}}</ref> Afterward the city became part of the newly established [[Second Polish Republic]] under the [[Treaty of Versailles]], with effect from 17 January 1920. The local populace had to acquire Polish citizenship. In the interbellum, Leszno was a county seat within the Polish [[Poznań Voivodeship (1921–1939)|Poznań Voivodeship]]. In 1924, a monument dedicated to the Polish insurgents of 1918–19 was erected.<ref name=pw/>


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During the joint German-Soviet [[invasion of Poland]], which started [[World War II]] in September 1939, the town was annexed by [[Nazi Germany]] and incorporated into ''[[Reichsgau Wartheland]]''. The Germans carried out mass arrests of Poles accused of "anti-German activities". Attending church services and having private meetings in Polish households were considered suspect activities.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|pages=116–117}}</ref> A prison for Poles was established in the local monastery, where more than 200 people had already been imprisoned in September 1939 during the ''[[Intelligenzaktion]]''.<ref>Wardzyńska (2009), p. 117</ref> The Polish population was [[Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany|expelled]] to the ''[[General Government]]'' (German-occupied central Poland).
During the joint German-Soviet [[invasion of Poland]], which started [[World War II]] in September 1939, the town was annexed by [[Nazi Germany]] and incorporated into ''[[Reichsgau Wartheland]]''. The Germans carried out mass arrests of Poles accused of "anti-German activities". Attending church services and having private meetings in Polish households were considered suspect activities.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|pages=116–117}}</ref> A prison for Poles was established in the local monastery, where more than 200 people had already been imprisoned in September 1939 during the ''[[Intelligenzaktion]]''.<ref>Wardzyńska (2009), p. 117</ref> The Polish population was [[Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany|expelled]] to the ''[[General Government]]'' (German-occupied central Poland).


Most of the town's [[Jewish]] population (which had included such notable [[rabbi]]s as [[Leo Baeck]] and [[Jacob of Lissa]], as well as the writer [[Ludwig Kalisch]]) and the remaining Poles were massacred by the Nazi ''[[Einsatzgruppen]]'', which entered the town in September 1939.<ref>Wardzyńska (2009), pp. 57, 60</ref> A notable public execution of 20 Poles, members of the [[Sokół|"Sokół" Polish Gymnastic Society]], former Polish insurgents of 1918–19, a local teacher, and a lawyer, was carried out in Leszno by the ''Einsatzgruppe VI'' on October 21, 1939.<ref>Wardzyńska (2009), pp. 196-197</ref> Poles who were initially imprisoned in Leszno were also murdered in nearby towns and villages of [[Poniec]], [[Osieczna]], [[Włoszakowice]] and [[Rydzyna]].<ref>Wardzyńska (2009), pp. 198, 201</ref> Poles from Leszno were also among the victims of the large [[Katyn massacre]] committed by the Russians in April–May 1940.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sw.gov.pl/aktualnosc/areszt-sledczy-w-lesznie-77-rocznica-zbrodni-katynskiej|title=77 rocznica Zbrodni Katyńskiej|website=Służba Więzienna|author=Wojciech Bininda|accessdate=27 March 2021|language=pl}}</ref>
Most of the town's [[Jewish]] population (which had included such notable [[rabbi]]s as [[Leo Baeck]] and [[Jacob of Lissa]], as well as the writer [[Ludwig Kalisch]]) and the remaining Poles were massacred by the Nazi ''[[Einsatzgruppen]]'', which entered the town in September 1939.<ref>Wardzyńska (2009), pp. 57, 60</ref> A notable public execution of 20 Poles, members of the [[Polish Sokol movement|"Sokół" Polish Gymnastic Society]], former Polish insurgents of 1918–19, a local teacher, and a lawyer, was carried out in Leszno by the ''Einsatzgruppe VI'' on October 21, 1939.<ref>Wardzyńska (2009), pp. 196-197</ref> Poles who were initially imprisoned in Leszno were also murdered in nearby towns and villages of [[Poniec]], [[Osieczna]], [[Włoszakowice]] and [[Rydzyna]].<ref>Wardzyńska (2009), pp. 198, 201</ref> Poles from Leszno were also among the victims of the large [[Katyn massacre]] committed by the Russians in April–May 1940.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sw.gov.pl/aktualnosc/areszt-sledczy-w-lesznie-77-rocznica-zbrodni-katynskiej|title=77 rocznica Zbrodni Katyńskiej|website=Służba Więzienna|author=Wojciech Bininda|accessdate=27 March 2021|language=pl}}</ref>


[[File:2006-09 Leszno 07.jpg|thumb|Memorial to the members of the [[Polish Scouting Association]], killed and murdered in World War II]]
[[File:2006-09 Leszno 07.jpg|thumb|Memorial to the members of the [[Polish Scouting Association]], killed and murdered in World War II]]
Already in late 1939, the Germans expelled over 1,000 Poles, including families of Poles murdered in various massacres, in addition also teachers, local officials, activists, former insurgents, and owners of shops and workshops, which were then handed over to [[Germans|German]] colonists as part of the ''[[Lebensraum]]'' policy.<ref name=mw>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2017|title=Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|page=164|isbn=978-83-8098-174-4}}</ref> A transit camp for Poles expelled from various nearby settlements was established in the local school.<ref name=mw/> Poles were held there several days, their money, valuables and food were confiscated, and then they were either deported to [[Tomaszów Mazowiecki]] or [[Łódź]] in German-occupied central Poland or sent to local German colonists or to Germany as [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|slave labour]].<ref>Wardzyńska (2017), pp. 164, 210-211, 276</ref>
Already in late 1939, the Germans expelled over 1,000 Poles, including families of Poles murdered in various massacres, in addition teachers, local officials, activists, former insurgents, and owners of shops and workshops, which were then handed over to [[Germans|German]] colonists as part of the ''[[Lebensraum]]'' policy.<ref name=mw>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2017|title=Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|page=164|isbn=978-83-8098-174-4}}</ref> A transit camp for Poles expelled from various nearby settlements was established in the local school.<ref name=mw/> Poles were held there several days, their money, valuables and food were confiscated, and then they were either deported to [[Tomaszów Mazowiecki]] or [[Łódź]] in German-occupied central Poland or sent to local German colonists or to Germany as [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|slave labour]].<ref>Wardzyńska (2017), pp. 164, 210-211, 276</ref>


Despite such circumstances, local Poles organized an [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|underground resistance movement]], which included the ''Ogniwo'' and ''Świt'' organizations, the secret youth organization ''Tajna Siódemka'' and structures of the [[Polish Underground State]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Pietrowicz|first=Aleksandra|year=2011|title=Konspiracja wielkopolska 1939–1945|magazine=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej|language=pl|publisher=IPN|issue=5–6 (126–127)|pages=33, 36|issn=1641-9561}}</ref> The [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|German occupation]] ended in 1945, and the town returned to Poland.
Despite such circumstances, local Poles organized an [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|underground resistance movement]], which included the ''Ogniwo'' and ''Świt'' organizations, the secret youth organization ''Tajna Siódemka'' and structures of the [[Polish Underground State]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Pietrowicz|first=Aleksandra|year=2011|title=Konspiracja wielkopolska 1939–1945|magazine=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej|language=pl|publisher=IPN|issue=5–6 (126–127)|pages=33, 36|issn=1641-9561}}</ref> [[Polish underground press]] was printed in Leszno.<ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Encyklopedia konspiracji Wielkopolskiej 1939–1945|year=1998|location=Poznań|language=pl|publisher=Instytut Zachodni|page=96|isbn=83-85003-97-5}}</ref> The [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|German occupation]] ended in 1945, and the town returned to Poland.


====Post-war history====
====Post-war history====
The pre-war monument of the Greater Poland insurgents was restored in 1957.<ref name=pw/> The town underwent a period of fast development especially between 1975 and 1998 when it was a seat of a ''[[voivodeship]]'' administrative area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19750160091|title=Ustawa z dnia 28 maja 1975 r. o dwustopniowym podziale administracyjnym Państwa oraz o zmianie ustawy o radach narodowych.|website=prawo.sejm.gov.pl|access-date=2019-02-14}}</ref> In 1991, a monument to the [[Constitution of 3 May 1791]] and the heroes of the fights for Poland's independence was unveiled,<ref name=pw/> and in 1995, a memorial to the victims of the [[Katyn massacre]] was unveiled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polskaniezwykla.pl/web/place/1586,leszno-pomnik-ofiar-katynia.html|title=Leszno - Pomnik Ofiar Katynia|website=PolskaNiezwykla.pl|accessdate=27 March 2021|language=pl}}</ref> In 2000, the city was awarded "The Golden Star of Town Twinning" prize by the [[European Commission]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://rm.coe.int/0900001680797cae |title=Summary of applications for the Europe Prize and the Plaque of Honour for 2006 |access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref>
The pre-war monument of the Greater Poland insurgents was restored in 1957.<ref name=pw/> The town underwent a period of fast development especially between 1975 and 1998 when it was a seat of a ''[[voivodeship]]'' administrative area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19750160091|title=Ustawa z dnia 28 maja 1975 r. o dwustopniowym podziale administracyjnym Państwa oraz o zmianie ustawy o radach narodowych.|website=prawo.sejm.gov.pl|access-date=2019-02-14}}</ref> In 1991, a monument to the [[Constitution of 3 May 1791]] and the heroes of the fights for Poland's independence was unveiled,<ref name=pw/> and in 1995, a memorial to the victims of the [[Katyn massacre]] was unveiled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polskaniezwykla.pl/web/place/1586,leszno-pomnik-ofiar-katynia.html|title=Leszno - Pomnik Ofiar Katynia|website=PolskaNiezwykla.pl|accessdate=27 March 2021|language=pl}}</ref> From 1975 to 1998, it was the capital of the [[Leszno Voivodeship]]. In 2000, the city was awarded "The Golden Star of Town Twinning" prize by the [[European Commission]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://rm.coe.int/0900001680797cae |title=Summary of applications for the Europe Prize and the Plaque of Honour for 2006 |access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref>


== Climate ==
== Climate ==
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==Sport==
==Sport==
[[File:PL Leszno Kamieniczka Wieniawa.JPG|thumb|220x220px|Historic tenements on the main square]]
[[File:PL Leszno Kamieniczka Wieniawa.JPG|thumb|220x220px|Historic tenements on the main square]]
⚫
[[File:Leszno, Stary Rynek-pierzeja wschodnia.jpg|thumb|''Stary Rynek'' ("Old Market Square") filled with colourful historic houses]]
[[File:SM Leszno Kościół NMP Wniebowziętej 2018 (0).jpg|thumb|right|220px|Saint Mary Church, former [[Calvinist]] church dating back to the 17th century]]
[[File:SM Leszno Kościół NMP Wniebowziętej 2018 (0).jpg|thumb|right|220px|Saint Mary Church, former [[Calvinist]] church dating back to the 17th century]]
[[File:Leszno,ulica Słowiańska.jpg|thumb|220px|Słowiańska Street]]
[[File:Leszno,ulica Słowiańska.jpg|thumb|220px|Słowiańska Street]]
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==Notable people==
==Notable people==
[[File:Salomon, Haym (bust) - NARA - 532941.jpg|thumb|right|185px|[[Haym Solomon]]]]
[[File:Salomon, Haym (bust) - NARA - 532941.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Haym Solomon]]]]
<!-- These individuals should be put and kept in alphabetical order by surnames; only people with Wikipedia articles and cited connection to Leszno should be included -->
<!-- These individuals should be put and kept in alphabetical order by surnames; only people with Wikipedia articles and cited connection to Leszno should be included -->
{{div col}}
{{div col}}
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Leszno is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
Leszno is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Montluçon]], [[France]]<ref>{{cite web
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Montluçon]], [[France]]<ref>{{cite web
| title = Cooperation with Montluçon (France)
| title = Cooperation with Montluçon (France)
| url = https://www.leszno.pl/440_fr.html
| url = https://www.leszno.pl/440_fr.html
| website = Leszno - Rozwiń Skrzydła.
| website = Leszno - Rozwiń Skrzydła.
| date = 21 February 2019
| date = 21 February 2019
| access-date = 4 April 2019}}</ref>
| access-date = 4 April 2019}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|NLD}} [[Deurne, Netherlands|Deurne]], [[Netherlands]]<ref>{{cite web
* {{flagicon|NLD}} [[Deurne, Netherlands|Deurne]], [[Netherlands]]<ref>{{cite web
| title = Cooperation with Deurne (The Netherlands)
| title = Cooperation with Deurne (The Netherlands)
| url = https://www.leszno.pl/439_fr.html
| url = https://www.leszno.pl/439_fr.html
| website = Leszno - Rozwiń Skrzydła.
| website = Leszno - Rozwiń Skrzydła.
| date = 22 December 2015
| date = 22 December 2015
| access-date = 4 April 2019}}</ref>
| access-date = 4 April 2019}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Suhl]], [[Germany]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leszno.pl/438_fr.html|title=Suhl|last=Urbaniak|first=Magdalena|website=www.leszno.pl|language=pl|access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Suhl]], [[Germany]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leszno.pl/438_fr.html|title=Suhl|last=Urbaniak|first=Magdalena|website=www.leszno.pl|language=pl|access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Dunaújváros]], [[Hungary]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leszno.pl/47492_en.html|title=Dunaújváros|last=Urbaniak|first=Magdalena|website=www.leszno.pl|language=pl|access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Dunaújváros]], [[Hungary]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leszno.pl/47492_en.html|title=Dunaújváros|last=Urbaniak|first=Magdalena|website=www.leszno.pl|language=pl|access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}


==References==
==References==
Line 447: Line 459:


{{Greater Poland Voivodeship}}
{{Greater Poland Voivodeship}}
{{Cities of Poland}}
{{Leszno County}}
{{Leszno County}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:City counties of Poland]]
[[Category:City counties of Poland]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Poland]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Poland]]
[[Category:Nazi war crimes in Poland]]
[[Category:Intelligenzaktion massacre locations]]

Revision as of 21:35, 2 June 2024

For other places with the same name, see Leszno (disambiguation).
Leszno
  • From top, left to right: St. Nicholas' Church
  • City hall
  • Stary Rynek (Old Market Square)
Flag of Leszno
Flag
Coat of arms of Leszno
Coat of arms
Official logo of Leszno
Brandmark
Motto(s): 
"Leszno — rozwiń skrzydła"
"Leszno — spread your wings"
Leszno is located in Poland
Leszno
Leszno
Coordinates: 51°50′45″N 16°34′50″E / 51.84583°N 16.58056°E / 51.84583; 16.58056
Country Poland
Voivodeship Greater Poland
Countycity county
First mentioned1393
City rights1547
Government
 • City mayorGrzegorz Rusiecki (PO)
Area
 • Total31.9 km2 (12.3 sq mi)
Population
 (31 December 2021)
 • Total62,200 Decrease[1]
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
64-100 to 64-110
Area code+48 065
Car platesPL
Websitewww.leszno.pl

Leszno (Polish pronunciation: [ˈlɛʂnɔ], ‹See Tfd›German: Lissa,[a] [ˈlɪsa]) is a historic city in western Poland, seat of Leszno County within the Greater Poland Voivodeship. It is the seventh-largest city in the province with an estimated population of 62,200, as of 2021.[1]

History

Early history

The city's unrecorded history dates to the 13th century. It was first mentioned in historical documents in 1393, when the estate was the property of a noble named Stefan Karnin-Wieniawa. The family eventually adopted the name Leszczyński (literal meaning "of Leszno"), derived from the name of their estate, as was the custom among the Polish nobility.[2]

16th–18th centuries

Sułkowski Palace

In around 1516, a community of Protestants known as the Unity of the Brethren (Unitas fratrum) were expelled from the Bohemian lands by King Vladislaus II and settled in Leszno. They were invited by the Leszczyński family, imperial counts since 1473 and who had converted to Calvinism. The arrival of the Bohemian Protestants, in addition to weavers from nearby Silesia, helped the settlement to grow.

In 1547 it became a town by a privilege according to Magdeburg Law granted by King Sigismund I of Poland. Leszno was a private town, administratively located in the Wschowa County in the Poznań Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province.[3] Leszno became the largest printing center in Greater Poland thanks to the activity of the Protestant community. Their numbers grew with the inflow of refugees from Silesia, Bohemia, and Moravia during the Thirty Years War.

In 1631, Leszno was vested with further privileges by King Sigismund III Vasa, who made it equal with the most important cities of Poland such as Kraków, Gdańsk and Warsaw. By the 17th century, the town had a renowned Gymnasium (school), which was headed by Jan Amos Komenský (known in English as Comenius), an educator and the last bishop of the Unity of the Brethren.[4] Johann Heermann, a German-speaking poet, lived in Leszno from 1638 until his death in 1647. Between 1636 and 1639, the town became fortified and its area increased.[4]

The era of Leszno's prosperity and cultural prominence ended during the Second Northern War, when the town was burnt down on 28 April 1656 by Swedish forces. Quickly rebuilt afterwards, it was set on fire again during the Great Northern War by Russian forces in 1707 and was ravaged by plague in 1709.

The Leszczyński family owned the city until 1738, when King Stanislaus I Leszczynski sold it to Aleksander Józef Sułkowski following his abdication.[2] One of two main routes connecting Warsaw and Dresden ran through Leszno in the 18th century and Kings Augustus II the Strong and Augustus III of Poland often traveled that route.[5]

19th–20th centuries

Przyjaciel Ludu, 19th-century Polish press from Leszno

In the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, Leszno was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia, within which it was referred to as Lissa. In 1807 it was taken by Napoleon's Grand Armee and included within the newly established but short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw.

Following Napoleon's defeat in the Napoleonic Wars, in 1815 the town was reannexed by Prussia, initially as part of the semi-autonomous Grand Duchy of Posen. The town was subjected to Germanisation policies. Nevertheless, Polish press was issued in the town (Przyjaciel Ludu) and in the 1840s, Polish historian, geographer and former officer Stanisław Plater published the Mała Encyklopedia Polska [pl] ("Little Polish Encyclopedia"), one of the pioneering 19th-century Polish encyclopedias, in the town. In 1871 it became part of Germany, and in 1887, it became the administrative seat of the Prussian Kreis Lissa.

German armored train in the station during Grenzschutz in 1919.

After World War I, in November 1918, Poland regained independence. Shortly after the Greater Poland Uprising of 1918–19 broke out, attempting to reintegrate Greater Poland and Leszno with Poland. The first local battles of the uprising took place in the area on December 28, 1918.[6] Afterward the city became part of the newly established Second Polish Republic under the Treaty of Versailles, with effect from 17 January 1920. The local populace had to acquire Polish citizenship. In the interbellum, Leszno was a county seat within the Polish Poznań Voivodeship. In 1924, a monument dedicated to the Polish insurgents of 1918–19 was erected.[6]

World War II

German execution of Poles in Leszno in October 1939

During the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, the town was annexed by Nazi Germany and incorporated into Reichsgau Wartheland. The Germans carried out mass arrests of Poles accused of "anti-German activities". Attending church services and having private meetings in Polish households were considered suspect activities.[7] A prison for Poles was established in the local monastery, where more than 200 people had already been imprisoned in September 1939 during the Intelligenzaktion.[8] The Polish population was expelled to the General Government (German-occupied central Poland).

Most of the town's Jewish population (which had included such notable rabbis as Leo Baeck and Jacob of Lissa, as well as the writer Ludwig Kalisch) and the remaining Poles were massacred by the Nazi Einsatzgruppen, which entered the town in September 1939.[9] A notable public execution of 20 Poles, members of the "Sokół" Polish Gymnastic Society, former Polish insurgents of 1918–19, a local teacher, and a lawyer, was carried out in Leszno by the Einsatzgruppe VI on October 21, 1939.[10] Poles who were initially imprisoned in Leszno were also murdered in nearby towns and villages of Poniec, Osieczna, Włoszakowice and Rydzyna.[11] Poles from Leszno were also among the victims of the large Katyn massacre committed by the Russians in April–May 1940.[12]

Memorial to the members of the Polish Scouting Association, killed and murdered in World War II

Already in late 1939, the Germans expelled over 1,000 Poles, including families of Poles murdered in various massacres, in addition teachers, local officials, activists, former insurgents, and owners of shops and workshops, which were then handed over to German colonists as part of the Lebensraum policy.[13] A transit camp for Poles expelled from various nearby settlements was established in the local school.[13] Poles were held there several days, their money, valuables and food were confiscated, and then they were either deported to Tomaszów Mazowiecki or Łódź in German-occupied central Poland or sent to local German colonists or to Germany as slave labour.[14]

Despite such circumstances, local Poles organized an underground resistance movement, which included the Ogniwo and Świt organizations, the secret youth organization Tajna Siódemka and structures of the Polish Underground State.[15] Polish underground press was printed in Leszno.[16] The German occupation ended in 1945, and the town returned to Poland.

Post-war history

The pre-war monument of the Greater Poland insurgents was restored in 1957.[6] The town underwent a period of fast development especially between 1975 and 1998 when it was a seat of a voivodeship administrative area.[17] In 1991, a monument to the Constitution of 3 May 1791 and the heroes of the fights for Poland's independence was unveiled,[6] and in 1995, a memorial to the victims of the Katyn massacre was unveiled.[18] From 1975 to 1998, it was the capital of the Leszno Voivodeship. In 2000, the city was awarded "The Golden Star of Town Twinning" prize by the European Commission.[19]

Climate

Leszno has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb) although notably with warm summer continental characteristics (Dfb), typical of inland west and south polish.[20][21]

Climate data for Leszno (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1958–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.9
(62.4) 		20.4
(68.7) 		24.0
(75.2) 		30.0
(86.0) 		31.6
(88.9) 		37.6
(99.7) 		37.0
(98.6) 		37.8
(100.0) 		34.9
(94.8) 		27.5
(81.5) 		20.1
(68.2) 		16.6
(61.9) 		37.8
(100.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.5
(36.5) 		4.2
(39.6) 		8.5
(47.3) 		15.1
(59.2) 		19.7
(67.5) 		23.1
(73.6) 		25.4
(77.7) 		25.1
(77.2) 		19.8
(67.6) 		13.8
(56.8) 		7.6
(45.7) 		3.6
(38.5) 		14.0
(57.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.3
(31.5) 		0.6
(33.1) 		3.9
(39.0) 		9.2
(48.6) 		13.8
(56.8) 		17.2
(63.0) 		19.3
(66.7) 		18.9
(66.0) 		14.2
(57.6) 		9.1
(48.4) 		4.3
(39.7) 		0.9
(33.6) 		9.3
(48.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.2
(26.2) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		3.4
(38.1) 		7.8
(46.0) 		11.1
(52.0) 		13.2
(55.8) 		13.1
(55.6) 		9.2
(48.6) 		5.1
(41.2) 		1.4
(34.5) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		4.7
(40.5)
Record low °C (°F) −28.8
(−19.8) 		−26.9
(−16.4) 		−24.4
(−11.9) 		−7.4
(18.7) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		2.2
(36.0) 		0.8
(33.4) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−8.0
(17.6) 		−15.8
(3.6) 		−25.5
(−13.9) 		−28.8
(−19.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 35.5
(1.40) 		31.3
(1.23) 		39.8
(1.57) 		28.8
(1.13) 		53.6
(2.11) 		57.6
(2.27) 		77.5
(3.05) 		70.4
(2.77) 		46.5
(1.83) 		38.2
(1.50) 		34.4
(1.35) 		35.7
(1.41) 		549.2
(21.62)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 4.0
(1.6) 		4.6
(1.8) 		2.5
(1.0) 		0.6
(0.2) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.1) 		1.5
(0.6) 		3.6
(1.4) 		4.6
(1.8)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 17.13 14.60 14.03 10.83 13.23 13.00 14.17 13.10 11.60 13.83 14.73 17.63 167.90
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) 12.7 11.8 4.9 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.3 8.2 40.7
Average relative humidity (%) 86.7 83.3 78.0 69.6 70.8 71.3 70.8 71.4 78.3 83.7 88.7 88.2 78.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours 53.9 76.2 123.9 204.1 245.0 246.9 255.1 244.0 165.1 113.3 58.5 43.2 1,829.4
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)[30][31][32]

Sport

Historic tenements on the main square
Saint Mary Church, former Calvinist church dating back to the 17th century
Słowiańska Street
Main Post Office
Tombs and epitaphs around the Holy Cross Church

The Leszno motorcycle club was founded on May 8, 1938. The club was re-established May 2, 1946 after World War II. On July 28, 1949 the Leszno motorcycle club changed its name to Unia Leszno Speedway Club. Some rules and regulations were revised as well. The Unia Leszno has been a very successful club that has won many awards and medals throughout the years. The Unia Leszno Speedway Club has won over 78 different medals since the formation of the club.

The Leszno Aero Club is the largest airfield in the Wielkopolska area. The Aero Club belongs to the Polish Aero Club central gliding school. The Aero Club in Leszno hosted the world gliding championship in 1958, 1969, and 2003. It is the only place that has done so. The Aero Club also has a pilot school called the Central Gliding school. The school has been around for over 50 years and was managed by pilot Irena Kempówna in the 1950s and 1960s.[33]

The Klub Sportowy Polonia Leszno was formed in 1912 in Leszno. It is an indoor soccer field. The first President of the club was Marcin Giera. The club did not gain much popularity until after World War II when official teams started playing there. Prior to World War I most of the people that played there were locals.

Education

Primary schools

  • Szkoła Podstawowa Nr 1
  • Szkoła Podstawowa Nr 2
  • Szkoła Podstawowa Nr 3
  • Szkoła Podstawowa Nr 4
  • Szkoła Podstawowa Nr 5
  • Zespół Szkół Specjalnych Nr 6
  • Szkoła Podstawowa Nr 7
  • Szkoła Podstawowa Nr 8
  • Szkoła Podstawowa Nr 9
  • Szkoła Podstawowa Nr 10
  • Szkoła Podstawowa Nr 12
  • Szkoła Podstawowa Nr 13

Secondary schools

  • Liceum Ogólnokształcące Nr 1 (http://lo1.leszno.edu.pl/)
  • Liceum Ogólnokształcące Nr 2 (http://www.iilo.leszno.pl/)
  • Liceum Ogólnokształcące Nr 3
  • Liceum Ogólnokształcące Nr 4
  • Prywatne Liceum Ogólnokształcące
  • Pierwsze Prywatne Liceum Ogólnokształcące w Lesznie

Technical schools

  • Zespół Szkół Rolniczo-Budowlanych im. Synów Pułku
  • Zespół Szkół Ekonomicznych im. Jana Amosa Komeńskiego (http://www.zse.leszno.pl)
  • Zespół Szkół Technicznych im. 55 Poznańskiego Pułku Piechoty (http://www.zst-leszno.pl)
  • Zespół Szkół Elektroniczno-Telekomunikacyjnych
  • Zespół Szkół Ochrony Środowiska
  • Zespół Szkół Specjalnych

Colleges

Notable people

Haym Solomon

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Twin towns – Sister cities

Leszno is twinned with:

Notes

  1. ^ Also called Polnisch Lissa as opposed to Deutsch Lissa.

References

  1. ^ a b "Local Data Bank". Statistics Poland. Retrieved 16 August 2022. Data for territorial unit 3063000.
  2. ^ a b "Historia miejscowości". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  3. ^ Atlas historyczny Polski. Wielkopolska w drugiej połowie XVI wieku. Część I. Mapy, plany (in Polish). Warszawa: Instytut Historii Polskiej Akademii Nauk. 2017. p. 1a.
  4. ^ a b c "Leszno - miasto niebanalne". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  5. ^ "Informacja historyczna". Dresden-Warszawa (in Polish). Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d "Leszno (miasto powiatowe i powiat grodzki)". Instytut Pamięci Narodowej (in Polish). Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  7. ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. pp. 116–117.
  8. ^ Wardzyńska (2009), p. 117
  9. ^ Wardzyńska (2009), pp. 57, 60
  10. ^ Wardzyńska (2009), pp. 196-197
  11. ^ Wardzyńska (2009), pp. 198, 201
  12. ^ Wojciech Bininda. "77 rocznica Zbrodni Katyńskiej". Służba Więzienna (in Polish). Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  13. ^ a b Wardzyńska, Maria (2017). Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945 (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 164. ISBN 978-83-8098-174-4.
  14. ^ Wardzyńska (2017), pp. 164, 210-211, 276
  15. ^ Pietrowicz, Aleksandra (2011). "Konspiracja wielkopolska 1939–1945". Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (in Polish). No. 5–6 (126–127). IPN. pp. 33, 36. ISSN 1641-9561.
  16. ^ Encyklopedia konspiracji Wielkopolskiej 1939–1945 (in Polish). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. 1998. p. 96. ISBN 83-85003-97-5.
  17. ^ "Ustawa z dnia 28 maja 1975 r. o dwustopniowym podziale administracyjnym Państwa oraz o zmianie ustawy o radach narodowych". prawo.sejm.gov.pl. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
  18. ^ "Leszno - Pomnik Ofiar Katynia". PolskaNiezwykla.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  19. ^ "Summary of applications for the Europe Prize and the Plaque of Honour for 2006". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  20. ^ "Leszno, Poland Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  21. ^ "Leszno Climate". Climate-data.org. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
  22. ^ "Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  23. ^ "Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  24. ^ "Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  25. ^ "Miesięczna suma opadu". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  26. ^ "Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  27. ^ "Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  28. ^ "Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  29. ^ "Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  30. ^ "Leszno Absolutna temperatura maksymalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  31. ^ "Leszno Absolutna temperatura minimalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  32. ^ "Leszno Średnia wilgotność" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  33. ^ "Ś". www.nasza-gazetka.com. Retrieved 2022-11-12.
  34. ^ "Cooperation with Montluçon (France)". Leszno - Rozwiń Skrzydła. 21 February 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  35. ^ "Cooperation with Deurne (The Netherlands)". Leszno - Rozwiń Skrzydła. 22 December 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  36. ^ Urbaniak, Magdalena. "Suhl". www.leszno.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  37. ^ Urbaniak, Magdalena. "Dunaújváros". www.leszno.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-04-23.
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