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{{Infobox rail service
{{Infobox rail service
| name = ''Kagayaki''
| name = ''Kagayaki''
| image = JNR kagayaki 485.jpg
| image = W7 series set W3 20150207.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| image_width = 300px
| caption = A JR West 485 series 6-car EMU on a ''Kagayaki'' service (date unknown)
| caption = A JR West W7 series train on the Hokuriku Shinkansen
| type = [[Limited express]]
| type = [[Shinkansen]]
| status = Discontinued
| status = Operational
| locale = Japan
| locale = Japan
| predecessor =
| predecessor =
| first = 13 March 1988
| first = 13 March 1988 (Limited express)<br>14 March 2015 (Shinkansen)
| last = 22 March 1997
| last =
| successor = ''[[Hakutaka]]''
| successor =
| operator =
| operator = [[JR East]]/[[JR West]]
| formeroperator = [[JR West]]
| formeroperator =
| start = {{Ja-stalink|Kanazawa}}
| start = {{Ja-stalink|Tokyo}}
| stops =
| stops = 3
| end = {{Ja-stalink|Nagaoka}}
| end = {{Ja-stalink|Kanazawa}}
| distance =
| distance =
| journeytime =
| journeytime = 2 hrs 28 mins
| frequency =
| frequency = 10 return services daily
| trainnumber =
| trainnumber =
| line_used =
| line_used = [[Hokuriku Shinkansen]]
| class = Green + Standard
| class = Gran Class + Green + Ordinary
| access =
| access =
| seating =
| seating =
| catering =
| catering =
| stock = [[485 series]] EMUs
| stock = [[E7 series]], [[W7 series]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1067mm|lk=on}}
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1435mm|lk=on}}
| el = 20 kV AC, 60 Hz overhead
| el = 25 kV AC, 50/60 Hz overhead
| speed = {{Convert|120|km/h|mph|disp=5|abbr=on}}
| speed = {{Convert|260|km/h|mph|disp=5|abbr=on}}
| owners =
| owners =
| routenumber =
| routenumber =
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}}
}}


The {{nihongo|'''''Kagayaki'''''|かがやき||"glitter" or "luster"}} was a limited express train service operated by [[West Japan Railway Company]] (JR West) in Japan from March 1988 until March 1997. The name is scheduled to be used for [[Hokuriku Shinkansen]] train services from March 2015.
The {{nihongo|'''''Kagayaki'''''|かがやき||lit. "glitter" or "luster"}} is a high-speed ''[[shinkansen]]'' train service jointly operated by [[East Japan Railway Company]] (JR East) and [[West Japan Railway Company]] (JR West) between {{ja-stalink|Tokyo}} and {{ja-stalink|Kanazawa}} on the [[Hokuriku Shinkansen]] line in Japan. The shinkansen service was introduced on 14 March 2015, but the name was first used for a [[limited express]] service operated by JR West from March 1988 until March 1997.


==Service outline==
==Service outline==
The ''Kagayaki'' services operated between {{Ja-stalink|Kanazawa}} and {{Ja-stalink|Nagaoka}}, stopping at {{Ja-stalink|Takaoka||Toyama}}, {{Ja-stalink|Toyama}}, and {{Ja-stalink|Naoetsu}} only.<ref name="meikan1995">{{cite book | title = {{noitalic|列車名鑑1995}} |trans_title= Train Name Directory 1995| publisher = Railway Journal| date = August 1995 | location = Japan| page = 62| isbn = }}</ref> Services operated at a maximum speed of {{Convert|120|km/h|mph|disp=5|abbr=on}}.<ref name="teramoto2001"/>
The ''Kagayaki'' services are the fastest services operating on the Hokuriku Shinkansen, with most services stopping at only {{Ja-stalink|Omiya||Saitama}}, {{ja-stalink|Nagano}}, and {{ja-stalink|Toyama}} en route (some services also stop at {{ja-stalink|Ueno}}).<ref name="dj371">{{cite journal|script-title=ja: 長野～金沢のあらまし|trans_title= Outline of Nagano to Kanazawa|journal = Tetsudō Daiya Jōhō Magazine |volume = 44|issue = 371 |page = p.12-14 |publisher = Kōtsū Shimbun |location = Japan |language= Japanese |date = March 2015}}</ref> Travelling at a maximum speed of {{Convert|260|km/h|mph|disp=5|abbr=on}}, the fastest services take 2 hours 28 minutes for the journey between Tokyo and Kanazawa.<ref name="dj371"/>

==Rolling stock==
* [[E7 series]] 12-car sets based at Nagano Depot, since 14 March 2015
* [[W7 series]] 12-car sets based at Hakusan Depot, since 14 March 2015

''Kagayaki'' services are operated using JR East [[E7 series]] and JR West [[W7 series]] 12-car train sets based at Nagano and Hakusan depots respectively.<ref name="dj371"/>

<gallery>
⚫
File:E7 F4 Asama 522 Omiya 20140419.jpg|A JR East E7 series train
</gallery>

===Pre-shinkansen===
* [[485 series]] 4/6-car EMU sets (March 1988 - March 1997)


==Formations==
==Formations==
⚫
''Kagayaki'' shinkansen services use 12-car JR East [[E7 series]] and JR West [[W7 series]] trainsets, formed as follows, with car 1 at the Tokyo (southern) end. Cars 1 to 10 are ordinary-class cars with 2+3 seating, car 11 is a "Green" car with 2+2 seating, and car 12 is a "Gran Class" car with 2+1 seating. All cars are reserved and no-smoking.<ref name="tt201502">{{cite book | title=JR Timetable | publisher=Kotsu Shimbunsha | date=February 2015 | location=Japan | page=| isbn=4910053110259 |ignore-isbn-error=true}}</ref>

⚫
{| class="wikitable"
⚫
|-
⚫
! Car No.
⚫
! 1 style="background: #FFF2E6"| !! style="background: #FFF2E6"| 2 !! style="background: #FFF2E6"| 3 !! style="background: #FFF2E6"| 4 !! style="background: #FFF2E6"| 5 !! style="background: #FFF2E6"| 6 !! style="background: #FFF2E6"| 7 !! style="background: #FFF2E6"| 8 !! style="background: #FFF2E6"| 9 !! style="background: #FFF2E6"| 10 !! style="background:#E6FFE6" | 11 !! style="background: #FFFBE6" | 12
⚫
|-
⚫
! Accommodation
⚫
| style="background: #FFFAF5"| Reserved || style="background: #FFFAF5"| Reserved || style="background: #FFFAF5"| Reserved || style="background: #FFFAF5"| Reserved || style="background: #FFFAF5"| Reserved || style="background: #FFFAF5"| Reserved || style="background: #FFFAF5"| Reserved || style="background: #FFFAF5"| Reserved || style="background: #FFFAF5"| Reserved || style="background: #FFFAF5"| Reserved || style="background: #F5FFF5" | Green || style="background: #FFFDF5" | Gran Class

⚫
|-
⚫
! Facilities
⚫
| style="background: #FFFAF5"| Toilets || style="background: #FFFAF5"| &nbsp; || style="background: #FFFAF5"| Toilets, phone || style="background: #FFFAF5"| &nbsp; || style="background: #FFFAF5"| Toilets || style="background: #FFFAF5"| &nbsp; || style="background: #FFFAF5"| Wheelchair space, accessible toilet, phone || style="background: #FFFAF5"| &nbsp; || style="background: #FFFAF5"| Toilets || style="background: #FFFAF5"| &nbsp; || style="background: #F5FFF5" | Wheelchair space, accessible toilet || style="background: #FFFDF5" | Toilets
⚫
|}

⚫
==History==
[[File:JNR kagayaki 485.jpg|thumb|A JR West 485 series 6-car EMU on a ''Kagayaki'' service (date unknown)]]
⚫
The ''Kagayaki'' service was introduced on 13 March 1988 as a [[limited express]] service operating between {{Ja-stalink|Kanazawa}} and {{Ja-stalink|Nagaoka}}, to provide a connection travelling to and from Tokyo via the [[Joetsu Shinkansen]].<ref name="teramoto2001">{{cite book| last = Teramoto | first = Mitsuteru | title = {{noitalic|国鉄・ＪＲ列車名大辞典}} |trans_title= JNR & JR Train Name Encyclopedia| publisher = Chuoshoin Publishing Co., Ltd. | date = July 2001 | location = Tokyo, Japan | pages = 164-165| isbn = 4-88732-093-0}}</ref> Services operated at a maximum speed of {{Convert|120|km/h|mph|disp=5|abbr=on}},<ref name="teramoto2001"/> and stopped at {{Ja-stalink|Takaoka||Toyama}}, {{Ja-stalink|Toyama}}, and {{Ja-stalink|Naoetsu}} only.<ref name="meikan1995">{{cite book | title = {{noitalic|列車名鑑1995}} |trans_title= Train Name Directory 1995| publisher = Railway Journal| date = August 1995 | location = Japan| page = 62| isbn = }}</ref>

===March 1988 &ndash; March 1990===
===March 1988 &ndash; March 1990===
From their introduction in March 1988, services were normally formed of 4-car [[485 series]] dual-voltage (AC/DC) [[electric multiple unit]]s (EMUs) based at Kanazawa Depot, as shown below, with car 1 at the Kanazawa end.<ref name="jrr1987-2012">{{cite book |title = {{noitalic|JR特急電車編成表 1987～2012}} |trans_title= JR Limited Express EMU Formations - 1987-2012| publisher = Kotsu Shimbunsha | date = February 2012 | location = Japan | page = 126-139| isbn = 978-4-330-27012-8}}</ref>
From their introduction in March 1988, services were normally formed of 4-car [[485 series]] dual-voltage (AC/DC) [[electric multiple unit]]s (EMUs) based at Kanazawa Depot, as shown below, with car 1 at the Kanazawa end.<ref name="jrr1987-2012">{{cite book |title = {{noitalic|JR特急電車編成表 1987～2012}} |trans_title= JR Limited Express EMU Formations - 1987-2012| publisher = Kotsu Shimbunsha | date = February 2012 | location = Japan | page = 126-139| isbn = 978-4-330-27012-8}}</ref>
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===March 1990 &ndash; March 1991===
===March 1990 &ndash; March 1991===
From March 1990, services were normally formed of 6-car Kanazawa-based 485 series EMUs, as shown below, with car 1 at the Kanazawa end.<ref name="jrr1987-2012"/>
From March 1990, services were normally formed of 6-car Kanazawa-based 485 series EMUs, as shown below, with car 1 at the Kanazawa end.<ref name="jrr1987-2012"/> From January 1991, a "Green" (first class) car was added to the formations.<ref name="teramoto2001"/>


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 92: Line 124:


===March 1992 &ndash; March 1997===
===March 1992 &ndash; March 1997===
From March 1992, services were normally formed of 6-car Kanazawa-based 485 series EMUs, as shown below, with car 1 at the Kanazawa end and car 6 designated as a non-reserved seating car.<ref name="meikan1995"/><ref name="jrr1987-2012"/> Car 1 was divided into smoking and no-smoking sections.<ref name="jrr1987-2012"/>
From March 1992, services were normally formed of 6-car Kanazawa-based 485 series EMUs, as shown below, with car 1 at the Kanazawa end and car 6 designated as a non-reserved seating car.<ref name="meikan1995"/><ref name="jrr1987-2012"/> Car 1 was divided into smoking and no-smoking sections.<ref name="jrr1987-2012"/> At busy periods, trains often ran as 8-car formations.<ref name="teramoto2001"/>


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 108: Line 140:
|}
|}


⚫
''Kagayaki'' limited express services were discontinued from 23 March 1997, with the opening of the [[Hokuhoku Line]] and the introduction of new ''[[Hakutaka]]'' services connecting with the Joetsu Shinkansen at {{ja-stalink|Echigo-Yuzawa}}.<ref name="teramoto2001"/>
⚫
==History==
⚫
The ''Kagayaki'' service was introduced on 13 March 1988 as a [[limited express]] service operating between {{Ja-stalink|Kanazawa}} and {{Ja-stalink|Nagaoka}}, to provide a connection travelling to and from Tokyo via the [[Joetsu Shinkansen]].<ref name="teramoto2001">{{cite book| last = Teramoto | first = Mitsuteru | title = {{noitalic|国鉄・ＪＲ列車名大辞典}} |trans_title= JNR & JR Train Name Encyclopedia| publisher = Chuoshoin Publishing Co., Ltd. | date = July 2001 | location = Tokyo, Japan | pages = 164-165| isbn = 4-88732-093-0}}</ref> Services were initially formed of 4-car 485 series EMUs, with all cars reserved.<ref name="teramoto2001"/> From March 1990, the trains used on these services were extended to 6-car sets, and from January 1991, a "Green" (first class) car was added to the formations.<ref name="teramoto2001"/> One non-reserved seating car was included in the formations from March 1992, and at busy periods, trains often ran as 8-car formations.<ref name="teramoto2001"/>


===Shinkansen ''Kagayaki'' (March 2015 &ndash; )===
⚫
''Kagayaki'' services were discontinued from 23 March 1997, with the opening of the [[Hokuhoku Line]] and the introduction of new ''[[Hakutaka]]'' services connecting with the Joetsu Shinkansen at {{ja-stalink|Echigo-Yuzawa}}.<ref name="teramoto2001"/>
From 14 March 2015, the name ''Kagayaki'' was reinstated for use on limited-stop services operating between Tokyo and Kanazawa following the opening of the Hokuriku Shinkansen beyond Nagano.<ref name="news20131010">{{cite web |url= http://www.jreast.co.jp/press/2013/20131008.pdf|script-title=ja:北陸新幹線の列車名の決定について|trans_title= Hokuriku Shinkansen train names decided|date= 10 October 2013 |work= News release|publisher= JR East & JR West|location= Japan|language= Japanese|format= pdf|archiveurl= |archivedate= |accessdate= 10 October 2013}}</ref>

==Future developments==
⚫
[[File:E7 F4 Asama 522 Omiya 20140419.jpg|thumbnail|A JR East E7 series shinkansen train]]
With the opening of the [[Hokuriku Shinkansen]] extension beyond {{Ja-stalink|Nagano}} to Kanazawa on 14 March 2015,<ref name="tokyoshimbun20140827">{{cite web |url= http://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/s/article/2014082701001134.html|script-title=ja:北陸新幹線、来年３月１４日開業　東京―金沢２時間半 |trans_title= Hokuriku Shinkansen to open 14 March next year: Tokyo - Kanazawa in two and a half hours|date=27 August 2014 |work= Tokyo Shimbun Web|publisher= Chunichi Shimbun|location= Japan|language= Japanese|archiveurl= |archivedate= |accessdate=27 August 2014 }}</ref> the ''Kagayaki'' name will be used for limited-stop services operating between Tokyo and Kanazawa.<ref name="news20131010">{{cite web |url= http://www.jreast.co.jp/press/2013/20131008.pdf|script-title=ja:北陸新幹線の列車名の決定について|trans_title= Hokuriku Shinkansen train names decided|date= 10 October 2013 |work= News release|publisher= JR East & JR West|location= Japan|language= Japanese|format= pdf|archiveurl= |archivedate= |accessdate= 10 October 2013}}</ref> 10 return workings daily are planned using 12-car JR East [[E7 series]] and JR West [[W7 series]] trainsets, with most trains stopping only at {{ja-stalink|Omiya||Saitama}}, {{ja-stalink|Nagano}}, and {{ja-stalink|Toyama}} en route.<ref name="jreast20140827">{{cite web |url= http://www.jreast.co.jp/press/2014/20140814.pdf|script-title=ja:北陸新幹線 長野～金沢間開業に伴う運行計画の概要について |trans_title= Outline of service plans for opening of Hokuriku Shinkansen from Nagano to Kanazawa|date= 27 August 2014 |work= News release|publisher= JR East & JR West|location= Japan|language= Japanese|format= PDF|archiveurl= |archivedate= |accessdate= 27 August 2014}}</ref>

===Formations===
⚫
''Kagayaki'' shinkansen services operating from 14 March 2015, will use 12-car JR East [[E7 series]] and JR West [[W7 series]] trainsets, formed as follows, with car 1 at the Tokyo (southern) end. Cars 1 to 10 are ordinary-class cars with 2+3 seating, car 11 is a "Green" car with 2+2 seating, and car 12 is a "Gran Class" car with 2+1 seating. All cars are no-smoking.<ref name="tt201502">{{cite book | title=JR Timetable | publisher=Kotsu Shimbunsha | date=February 2015 | location=Japan | page=| isbn=4910053110259 |ignore-isbn-error=true}}</ref>

⚫
{| class="wikitable"
⚫
|-
⚫
! Car No.
⚫
! 1 style="background: #FFF2E6"| !! style="background: #FFF2E6"| 2 !! style="background: #FFF2E6"| 3 !! style="background: #FFF2E6"| 4 !! style="background: #FFF2E6"| 5 !! style="background: #FFF2E6"| 6 !! style="background: #FFF2E6"| 7 !! style="background: #FFF2E6"| 8 !! style="background: #FFF2E6"| 9 !! style="background: #FFF2E6"| 10 !! style="background:#E6FFE6" | 11 !! style="background: #FFFBE6" | 12
⚫
|-
⚫
! Accommodation
⚫
| style="background: #FFFAF5"| Reserved || style="background: #FFFAF5"| Reserved || style="background: #FFFAF5"| Reserved || style="background: #FFFAF5"| Reserved || style="background: #FFFAF5"| Reserved || style="background: #FFFAF5"| Reserved || style="background: #FFFAF5"| Reserved || style="background: #FFFAF5"| Reserved || style="background: #FFFAF5"| Reserved || style="background: #FFFAF5"| Reserved || style="background: #F5FFF5" | Green || style="background: #FFFDF5" | Gran Class

⚫
|-
⚫
! Facilities
⚫
| style="background: #FFFAF5"| Toilets || style="background: #FFFAF5"| &nbsp; || style="background: #FFFAF5"| Toilets, phone || style="background: #FFFAF5"| &nbsp; || style="background: #FFFAF5"| Toilets || style="background: #FFFAF5"| &nbsp; || style="background: #FFFAF5"| Wheelchair space, accessible toilet, phone || style="background: #FFFAF5"| &nbsp; || style="background: #FFFAF5"| Toilets || style="background: #FFFAF5"| &nbsp; || style="background: #F5FFF5" | Wheelchair space, accessible toilet || style="background: #FFFDF5" | Toilets
⚫
|}


==See also==
==See also==
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{{Shinkansen}}
{{Shinkansen}}
{{JR West trains}}
{{JR West trains}}
{{JR East trains}}


[[Category:Named passenger trains of Japan]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of Japan]]
[[Category:East Japan Railway Company]]
[[Category:West Japan Railway Company]]
[[Category:West Japan Railway Company]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1988]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1988]]
[[Category:Railway services discontinued in 1997]]
[[Category:Railway services discontinued in 1997]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2015]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Japan]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Japan]]

Revision as of 07:09, 14 March 2015

Kagayaki
A JR West W7 series train on the Hokuriku Shinkansen
Overview
Service typeShinkansen
StatusOperational
LocaleJapan
First service13 March 1988 (Limited express)
14 March 2015 (Shinkansen)
Current operator(s)JR East/JR West
Route
TerminiTokyo
Kanazawa
Stops3
Average journey time2 hrs 28 mins
Service frequency10 return services daily
Line(s) usedHokuriku Shinkansen
On-board services
Class(es)Gran Class + Green + Ordinary
Technical
Rolling stockE7 series, W7 series
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
Electrification25 kV AC, 50/60 Hz overhead
Operating speed260 km/h (160 mph)*

The Kagayaki (かがやき, lit. "glitter" or "luster") is a high-speed shinkansen train service jointly operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and West Japan Railway Company (JR West) between Tokyo and Kanazawa on the Hokuriku Shinkansen line in Japan. The shinkansen service was introduced on 14 March 2015, but the name was first used for a limited express service operated by JR West from March 1988 until March 1997.

Service outline

The Kagayaki services are the fastest services operating on the Hokuriku Shinkansen, with most services stopping at only Saitama, Nagano, and Toyama en route (some services also stop at Ueno).[1] Travelling at a maximum speed of 260 km/h (160 mph)*, the fastest services take 2 hours 28 minutes for the journey between Tokyo and Kanazawa.[1]

Rolling stock

  • E7 series 12-car sets based at Nagano Depot, since 14 March 2015
  • W7 series 12-car sets based at Hakusan Depot, since 14 March 2015

Kagayaki services are operated using JR East E7 series and JR West W7 series 12-car train sets based at Nagano and Hakusan depots respectively.[1]

  • A JR East E7 series train
    A JR East E7 series train

Pre-shinkansen

  • 485 series 4/6-car EMU sets (March 1988 - March 1997)

Formations

Kagayaki shinkansen services use 12-car JR East E7 series and JR West W7 series trainsets, formed as follows, with car 1 at the Tokyo (southern) end. Cars 1 to 10 are ordinary-class cars with 2+3 seating, car 11 is a "Green" car with 2+2 seating, and car 12 is a "Gran Class" car with 2+1 seating. All cars are reserved and no-smoking.[2]

Car No. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Accommodation Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Green Gran Class
Facilities Toilets   Toilets, phone   Toilets   Wheelchair space, accessible toilet, phone   Toilets   Wheelchair space, accessible toilet Toilets

History

A JR West 485 series 6-car EMU on a Kagayaki service (date unknown)

The Kagayaki service was introduced on 13 March 1988 as a limited express service operating between Kanazawa and Nagaoka, to provide a connection travelling to and from Tokyo via the Joetsu Shinkansen.[3] Services operated at a maximum speed of 120 km/h (75 mph)*,[3] and stopped at Toyama, Toyama, and Naoetsu only.[4]

March 1988 – March 1990

From their introduction in March 1988, services were normally formed of 4-car 485 series dual-voltage (AC/DC) electric multiple units (EMUs) based at Kanazawa Depot, as shown below, with car 1 at the Kanazawa end.[5]

Car No. 1 2 3 4
Numbering KuHa 481 MoHa 484 MoHa 485 KuHa 481
Accommodation Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved

March 1990 – March 1991

From March 1990, services were normally formed of 6-car Kanazawa-based 485 series EMUs, as shown below, with car 1 at the Kanazawa end.[5] From January 1991, a "Green" (first class) car was added to the formations.[3]

Car No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Numbering KuHa 481 MoHa 484 MoHa 485 MoHa 484 MoHa 485 KuHa 481
Accommodation Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved
Facilities Toilet Vending machine Toilet Toilet Toilet Phone

March 1991 – March 1992

From March 1991, services were normally formed of 6-car Kanazawa-based 485 series EMUs with a Green (first class) car, as shown below, with car 1 at the Kanazawa end.[5]

Car No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Numbering KuRo 481 MoHa 484 MoHa 485 MoHa 484 MoHa 485 KuHa 481
Accommodation Green Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved
Facilities Toilet Vending machine Toilet Toilet Toilet Phone

March 1992 – March 1997

From March 1992, services were normally formed of 6-car Kanazawa-based 485 series EMUs, as shown below, with car 1 at the Kanazawa end and car 6 designated as a non-reserved seating car.[4][5] Car 1 was divided into smoking and no-smoking sections.[5] At busy periods, trains often ran as 8-car formations.[3]

Car No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Numbering KuRo 481 MoHa 484 MoHa 485 MoHa 484 MoHa 485 KuHa 481
Accommodation Green Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Non-reserved
Facilities Toilet, phone Vending machine Toilet Toilet Toilet  

Kagayaki limited express services were discontinued from 23 March 1997, with the opening of the Hokuhoku Line and the introduction of new Hakutaka services connecting with the Joetsu Shinkansen at Echigo-Yuzawa.[3]

Shinkansen Kagayaki (March 2015 – )

From 14 March 2015, the name Kagayaki was reinstated for use on limited-stop services operating between Tokyo and Kanazawa following the opening of the Hokuriku Shinkansen beyond Nagano.[6]

See also

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kagayaki (Shinkansen).
  1. ^ a b c 長野～金沢のあらまし. Tetsudō Daiya Jōhō Magazine (in Japanese). 44 (371). Japan: Kōtsū Shimbun: p.12-14. March 2015. {{cite journal}}: |page= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ JR Timetable. Japan: Kotsu Shimbunsha. February 2015. ISBN 4910053110259. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid prefix (help); Unknown parameter |ignore-isbn-error= ignored (|isbn= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e Teramoto, Mitsuteru (July 2001). 国鉄・ＪＲ列車名大辞典. Tokyo, Japan: Chuoshoin Publishing Co., Ltd. pp. 164–165. ISBN 4-88732-093-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |title= at position 1 (help)
  4. ^ a b 列車名鑑1995. Japan: Railway Journal. August 1995. p. 62. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |title= at position 1 (help)
  5. ^ a b c d e JR特急電車編成表 1987～2012. Japan: Kotsu Shimbunsha. February 2012. p. 126-139. ISBN 978-4-330-27012-8. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |title= at position 1 (help)
  6. ^ 北陸新幹線の列車名の決定について (pdf). News release (in Japanese). Japan: JR East & JR West. 10 October 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
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