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{{Short description|English actor and bodyguard (1943–1993)}}
{{Refimprove|date=September 2017}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = John Bindon
| image = John Bindon.png
| alt =
| image = John Bindon.png
| birth_name = John Dennis Bindon
| birth_name = John Dennis Arthur Bindon
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1943|10|04}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1943|10|04}}
| birth_place = [[Fulham]], [[London]], [[England]]
| birth_place = [[Fulham]], [[County of London|London]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1993|10|10|1943|10|04}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1993|10|10|1943|10|04}}
| death_place = [[Chelsea, London]], England
| death_place = [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]], [[London]], England
| restingplace = London, England
| restingplace = [[Putney Vale Cemetery]], London, England
| height = {{convert|1.88|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|6|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on}}
| other_names = Biffo, The Guv'nor, Big John
| other_names = Biffo, The Guv'nor, Big John
| occupation = Actor and bodyguard
| occupation = Actor and bodyguard
| years_active = 1966–1979
| years_active = 1966–1979
| parents = Dennis Bindon & Cicely Bindon (''née'' Monaghan)
}}
}}


'''John Dennis "Biffo" Bindon'''<ref>http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C13431200</ref><ref name="Independent obituary">{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-john-bindon-1502412.html|title= Independent obituary, 6 November 1993 | work=The Independent | location=London | first=Philip | last=Hoare | date=6 November 1993 | accessdate=6 May 2010}}</ref> (4 October 1943 – 10 October 1993) was an English actor and [[bodyguard]] who had close links with the London underworld. The son of a London [[cab driver]], Bindon was frequently in trouble as a youth for getting into fights, and spent two periods in [[Borstal]]. He was spotted in a London pub by [[Ken Loach]] who asked him to star in his film ''[[Poor Cow]]'' (1967). Other film and television productions followed, with Bindon sought after to play [[gangster]]s or tough police detectives. He played a violent mobster alongside [[Mick Jagger]] in ''[[Performance (film)|Performance]]'' (1970) and a London crime boss in ''[[Get Carter]]'' (1971). [[Philip Hoare]] described Bindon as "the archetypal actor-villain, and an all-round 'good geezer'".<ref name="Independent obituary"/>
'''John Dennis Arthur Bindon'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C13431200|title=The Discovery Service|work=The National Archives|access-date=26 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="Indy19931106">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-john-bindon-1502412.html|title=Obituary: John Bindon| work=The Independent | location=London | first=Philip | last=Hoare | date=6 November 1993 | access-date=6 May 2010}}</ref> (4 October 1943 – 10 October 1993) was an English actor and [[bodyguard]] who had close links with the London [[Organized crime|underworld]]. The son of a London [[Taxicab|cab driver]], Bindon was frequently in trouble as a youth for getting into fights, and spent two periods in [[borstal]]. He was spotted in a London pub by [[Ken Loach]], who asked him to appear in his film ''[[Poor Cow]]'' (1967).


Other film and television productions followed, with Bindon sought after to play [[gangster]]s or tough police detectives. He played a violent mobster alongside [[Mick Jagger]] in ''[[Performance (film)|Performance]]'' (1970), a London crime boss in ''[[Get Carter]]'' (1971), and a prisoner with [[Paul Newman]] in ''[[The Mackintosh Man]]'' (1973). [[Philip Hoare]] described Bindon as "the archetypal actor-villain, and an all-round 'good geezer{{'"}}.<ref name="Indy19931106" />
He was also known for having many socialite girlfriends,<ref name="big">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3645442/Aged-14-and-already-a-harder-man-than-most.html|title=Aged 14, and already a harder man than most|publisher=''[[Daily Telegraph]]''|date=1 August 2005|accessdate=19 November 2011}}</ref> such as [[Christine Keeler]], the former Playboy "Bunny Girl" Serena Williams and [[Vicki Hodge]], who had a 12-year abusive relationship with Bindon.<ref name="big"/><ref name=Leigh-26-05-2007>{{cite news|last=Leigh|first=Wendy|title=The moment a princess fell for a gangster|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-457756/The-moment-princess-fell-gangster.html|accessdate=19 March 2012|newspaper=The Daily Mail|date=26 May 2007}}</ref> Through Hodge, Bindon gained access to British aristocratic circles, which culminated with his meeting [[Princess Margaret]] in the late 1960s, at her home on [[Mustique]] in the [[Caribbean Sea|Caribbean]]. Bindon claimed he had sex with the princess, whilst Margaret later denied the meeting ever took place despite photographic evidence.<ref name=Leigh-26-05-2007/><ref name="Pierce">Andrew Pierce [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/2638324/Princess-Margaret-linked-to-gangster-lover-in-Channel-4-documentary.html "Princess Margaret linked to gangster lover in Channel 4 documentary"], ''Daily Telegraph'', 28 August 2008</ref>


He was also known for having many socialite girlfriends,<ref name="Teleg2005">{{cite news|last=Clements|first=Toby|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3645442/Aged-14-and-already-a-harder-man-than-most.html|title=Aged 14, and already a harder man than most|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=1 August 2005|access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref> such as [[Christine Keeler]], the former ''[[Playboy]]'' "Bunny Girl" Serena Williams, and [[Vicki Hodge]], who had a 12-year abusive relationship with Bindon, which ended in 1981.<ref name="Indy19931106" /> Through Hodge, the daughter of a [[baronet]], Bindon gained access to British aristocratic circles, which culminated with his meeting [[Princess Margaret]] in the late 1960s, at her home on [[Mustique]] in the [[Caribbean Sea|Caribbean]].<ref name="Pierce">{{cite news|last=Pierce|first=Andrew|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/2638324/Princess-Margaret-linked-to-gangster-lover-in-Channel-4-documentary.html|title=Princess Margaret linked to gangster lover in Channel 4 documentary|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=28 August 2008}}</ref>
Bindon lived his hard man persona on and off screen. He was believed to be running protection rackets in west London pubs and have alleged connections to the [[Kray twins]] and the [[Richardson Gang]]. In the late 1970s in addition to acting work he provided security for actors and musicians, most notoriously for [[Led Zeppelin]] on their 1977 US tour, where he was sacked for brawling backstage. In 1978 Bindon was tried for the murder of London gangster Johnny Darke. Bindon pleaded self-defence and was acquitted, but the case damaged his reputation, and this coupled with being seen as difficult to work with by directors meant his acting career declined. In the 1980s Bindon became reclusive and died in 1993 from an AIDS-related illness.


Bindon lived his hard man persona on and off screen. He was believed to be running [[protection racket]]s in west London pubs and was alleged to have connections to the [[Kray twins]] and the [[Richardson Gang]]. In the late 1970s, in addition to acting work, he provided security for actors and musicians, most notoriously for [[Led Zeppelin]] on their 1977 US tour, where he was sacked for brawling backstage.
==Early career==


In 1978, Bindon was tried for the murder of London gangster Johnny Darke. Bindon pleaded self-defence and was acquitted, but the case damaged his reputation, and that, coupled with being seen by directors as difficult to work with, meant his acting career declined. In the 1980s, Bindon became reclusive; he died in 1993.
John Bindon was born in Fulham, London, and was the son of Dennis Bindon, a merchant seaman and engineer, turned cab driver.<ref name="Independent obituary"/> The second eldest in a working-class family of three children, Bindon went to St Mark's Church School in Fulham where he became a noted [[rugby union]] junior, but left at the age of 15. He was given the nickname "Biffo" for starting or getting into fights.


==Early life==
As a teenager, he served time in a [[borstal]] for possessing live ammunition. After jobs ranging from laying asphalt to dealing in antiques (his best friend for several years was the glamorous and now-infamous international antiques dealer John Hobbs) Bindon pursued a career in acting. Director [[Ken Loach]], spotting him in a London pub in 1966, considered him perfect for the role of a rough husband in the film, ''[[Poor Cow]]'' (1967). His next big break came the following year with a role in ''[[Performance (film)|Performance]]'' (not released until 1970) alongside [[Mick Jagger]], where he played a violent mobster. His portrayal earned him critical praise and typecast him for future roles.


John Bindon was born in [[Fulham]], London, and was the son of Dennis Bindon, a merchant seaman and engineer turned cab driver.<ref name="Indy19931106" /> The second eldest in a working-class family of three children, Bindon attended Henry Compton School in Fulham, but left at the age of 15. He was given the nickname "Biffo" for starting or getting into fights.
In 1968, he met [[Vicki Hodge]], a baronet's daughter turned model and actress, who introduced him to British aristocracy. However, he had been previously invited to the Caribbean island resort of [[Mustique]], where Bindon claimed to have had sex with [[Princess Margaret]].<ref name="Daily Mail - Mustique">{{cite news |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-457756/The-moment-princess-fell-gangster.html|title= Daily Mail, 26 May 2007 | location=London | first=Wendy | last=Leigh | date=26 May 2007}}</ref> The biographer of the Princess, [[Noel Botham]], was also of the opinion that Bindon had an affair with her.<ref name="Pierce"/> During this time Bindon gained the nickname "Big John", due to the reported size of his penis.<ref>Clarkson, Wensley (2005). ''Bindon: Fighter, Gangster, Actor, Lover – the True Story of John Bindon, a Modern Legend''. London: John Blake. p. 123. ISBN 1-84454-116-9</ref> He went back to Mustique for a second time in 1969 and took girlfriend Hodge with him.<ref>[http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOI&BaseHref=TOIH/2008/08/29&PageLabel=18&EntityId=Ar01803&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T Times of India, Princess Margaret's 'relationship', 29 August 2008]</ref> The princess later publicly denied meeting Bindon (despite pictures of them next to one another) and was reportedly unimpressed to hear stories of their sexual encounters in the press. Bindon's name was also linked with a succession of models, including [[Christine Keeler]],<ref name="Independent obituary"/> the former Playboy "Bunny Girl" Serena Williams,<ref name="Independent obituary"/> and also [[Angela Bowie|Angela Barnett]], then girlfriend and future wife of pop star [[David Bowie]].<ref name="Independent obituary"/><ref>[http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Woods/6322/Infamous/actor.htm&date=2009-10-25+07:54:06 Daily Telegraph, 15 October 1993]</ref>


As a teenager, he served time in a [[borstal]] for possessing live ammunition. After jobs ranging from laying asphalt to dealing in antiques (his best friend for several years was the antiques dealer John Hobbs),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/8454738/John-Hobbs.html|title=John Hobbs|work=The Telegraph|date=15 April 2011|access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref> Bindon pursued a career in acting.
Bindon was awarded the Queen's Award for Bravery, a police bravery medal, for diving off [[Putney Bridge]] into the [[River Thames]] to rescue a drowning man, in 1968, although some said he had pushed the man in and only rescued him when a policeman appeared.<ref name="Independent obituary"/>


==Acting and associations==
Bindon had a violent temper and a natural intimidating personality, and he was accused of running a [[protection racket]] in west London, targeting pubs, restaurants and cafés. There were also suggestions of connections to the [[Richardson Gang]] and the [[Kray twins]], who supported his control of west London, as well as rivalries with gangs from south London. The south London rivalries were suggested to have contributed to his bankruptcy, when he accrued drug debts. The extent of his involvement in the English underworld has never been reliably established.
Director [[Ken Loach]], spotting him in a London pub in 1966, considered him perfect for the role of a rough husband in the film, ''[[Poor Cow]]'' (1967). His next big break came the following year with a role in ''[[Performance (film)|Performance]]'' (not released until 1970) alongside [[Mick Jagger]], where he played a violent mobster. His portrayal earned him critical praise and typecast him for future roles. Bindon was awarded the Queen's Award for Bravery, a police bravery medal, for diving off [[Putney Bridge]] into the [[River Thames]] to rescue a drowning man, in 1968, although some said he had pushed the man in and only rescued him when a policeman appeared.<ref name="Indy19931106" />


In 1968, he met [[Vicki Hodge]], a baronet's daughter turned model and actress, who introduced him to British aristocracy. However, he had been previously invited to the Caribbean island resort of [[Mustique]], where Bindon claimed to have had sex with [[Princess Margaret]].<ref name="Teleg2005" /> A biographer of the Princess, [[Noel Botham]], firmly believed Bindon had an affair with her.<ref name="Pierce" /> Returning to Mustique for a second time in 1969, he took girlfriend Hodge with him.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOI&BaseHref=TOIH/2008/08/29&PageLabel=18&EntityId=Ar01803&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213232404/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOI&BaseHref=TOIH/2008/08/29&PageLabel=18&EntityId=Ar01803&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 February 2009|title=Article Window|access-date=26 April 2017}}</ref> The princess later publicly denied meeting Bindon (despite pictures of them next to one another) and was reportedly unimpressed to hear stories of their sexual encounters in the press.{{fact|date=June 2021}} During this time Bindon gained the nickname "Big John", due to the reported size of his penis.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clarkson|first=Wensley|title=Bindon: Fighter, Gangster, Actor, Lover – the True Story of John Bindon, a Modern Legend|location=London|publisher=John Blake|year=2005|page=123|isbn=1-84454-116-9}}</ref> Apparently demonstrated on multiple occasions over decades, when inebriated, Bindon was able to hang five half-pint beer glasses from his manhood.<ref name="Teleg2005" />
Bindon's best known film roles were his appearance in ''[[Get Carter]]'' (1971) and [[The Who]]'s film ''[[Quadrophenia]]'' (1979) as a drug dealer. He also appeared in television series such as ''[[Public Eye (TV series)|Public Eye]]'', ''The Gold Robbers'', ''[[Department S (TV series)|Department S]]'', ''[[Dixon of Dock Green]]'', ''[[Z-Cars]]'', ''[[Paul Temple]]'', ''[[Special Branch]]'', ''[[Softly, Softly: Taskforce]]'' and ''[[Hazell (TV series)|Hazell]]'' playing out his usual tough-guy roles. Despite a productive film and television career, Bindon felt he needed a break from acting, and went into organising security. It was to be a move which would have disastrous personal and financial consequences.

Bindon's name was also linked with a succession of models, including [[Christine Keeler]],<ref name="Indy19931106" /> the former ''[[Playboy]]'' "Bunny Girl" Serena Williams,<ref name="Indy19931106" /> and also [[Angela Bowie|Angela Barnett]], then girlfriend and future wife of pop star [[David Bowie]].<ref name="Indy19931106" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081019215007/http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Woods/6322/Infamous/actor.htm "Obituary of John Bindon"], ''The Daily Telegraph'', 15 October 1993.</ref>

Bindon had a violent temper and a naturally intimidating personality. He was accused of running a [[protection racket]] in west London, targeting pubs, restaurants and cafés. There were also suggestions of connections to the [[Richardson Gang]] and the [[Kray twins]], who supported his control of west London, as well as rivalries with gangs from south London. The south London rivalries were suggested to have contributed to his bankruptcy, when he accrued drug debts. The extent of his involvement in the English underworld has not been reliably established.

Bindon's best known film roles were his appearance in ''[[Get Carter]]'' (1971) and [[the Who]]'s film ''[[Quadrophenia (film)|Quadrophenia]]'' (1979) as a drug dealer. He also appeared in television series such as ''[[Public Eye (TV series)|Public Eye]]'', ''The Gold Robbers'', ''[[Department S (TV series)|Department S]]'', ''[[Dixon of Dock Green]]'', ''[[Z-Cars]]'', ''[[Paul Temple (TV series)|Paul Temple]]'', ''[[Special Branch (TV series)|Special Branch]]'', ''[[Softly, Softly: Taskforce]]'' and ''[[Hazell (TV series)|Hazell]]'' playing out his usual tough-guy roles. Despite a productive film and television career, Bindon felt he needed a break from acting, and went into organising security. It was to be a move which would have disastrous personal and financial consequences.


==Oakland incident==
==Oakland incident==


In early 1977, Bindon was hired by [[Peter Grant (music manager)|Peter Grant]] on advice from tour manager [[Richard Cole]] as security co-ordinator for the rock group [[Led Zeppelin]] during their [[Led Zeppelin North American Tour 1977|concert tour of the United States]]. He had previously provided security for actors [[Ryan O'Neal|Ryan]] and [[Tatum O'Neal]]. Bindon took his job to the extreme, developing an addiction to [[cocaine]] and heroin during the tour and much violence occurred behind the scenes directed mostly at journalists, bouncers and concert staff. The band did not realise the extent of what was happening until their concert at the [[Oakland Coliseum]] on 23 July 1977, near the end of their US tour. Upon arrival at the stadium, it is alleged that Bindon pushed a member of promoter [[Bill Graham (promoter)|Bill Graham]]'s stage crew out of the way as the band entered via a backstage ramp. As a result, tension had been simmering between Graham's staff and Led Zeppelin's security team during the day, and as Grant and Bindon were walking down the ramp near the end of the concert, words were exchanged with stage crew chief Jim Downey, which resulted in Bindon knocking Downey out cold.<ref>{{cite book|last=Welch|first=Chris|year=2002|title=Peter Grant: The Man Who Led Zeppelin|page=201|isbn=0-7119-9195-2}}</ref> Bindon maintained that he was goaded into the fight after Graham's crew referred to him as "a weak limey fuck".<ref>Turner, Lloyd (29 December 1979) "Bindon aiming for return to acting", ''[[Daily Star (United Kingdom)|The Daily Star]]'', p. 23</ref>
In early 1977, Bindon was hired by [[Peter Grant (music manager)|Peter Grant]] on advice from tour manager [[Richard Cole]] as security coordinator for the rock group [[Led Zeppelin]] during their [[Led Zeppelin North American Tour 1977|concert tour of the United States]]. He had previously provided security for actors [[Ryan O'Neal|Ryan]] and [[Tatum O'Neal]] (he had appeared in Barry Lyndon in a scene with Ryan). An incident involving Bindon occurred at the band's concert at the Oakland Coliseum on 23 July 1977, near the end of their US tour. Upon arrival at the stadium, it is alleged that Bindon pushed a member of promoter [[Bill Graham (promoter)|Bill Graham]]'s stage crew out of the way as the band entered via a backstage ramp. As a result, tension had been simmering between Graham's staff and Led Zeppelin's security team during the day, and as Grant and Bindon were walking down the ramp near the end of the concert, words were exchanged with stage crew chief Jim Downey, which resulted in Bindon knocking Downey unconscious.<ref>{{cite book|last=Welch|first=Chris|title=Peter Grant: The Man Who Led Zeppelin|year=2002|page=201|publisher=Omnibus |isbn=0-7119-9195-2}}</ref> Bindon maintained that he was goaded into the fight after Graham's crew referred to him as "a weak limey fuck".<ref>Turner, Lloyd (29 December 1979) "Bindon aiming for return to acting", ''[[Daily Star (United Kingdom)|The Daily Star]]'', p. 23</ref>


Just minutes later a separate off-stage incident occurred. Bill Graham's security man Jim Matzorkis was accused of slapping Peter Grant's 11-year-old son Warren for taking a dressing room sign, and the ensuing argument escalated into an all-out brawl. Led Zeppelin's second Oakland show took place only after Bill Graham signed a letter of [[indemnification]], absolving Led Zeppelin from responsibility for the previous night's incident. However, Graham refused to honour the letter and assault charges were laid against Grant, Cole, Bindon and John Bonham when the band arrived back at their hotel. The four received bail and later pleaded no contest, receiving suspended sentences. Bindon was dismissed by the band and returned to England. Grant later said that allowing Bindon to be hired was the biggest mistake he ever made as manager.<ref>{{cite book|last=Williamson|first=Nigel|year=2007|title=The Rough Guide to Led Zeppelin|page=248|isbn=978-1-84353-841-7}}</ref>
Just minutes later a separate off-stage incident occurred. Bill Graham's security man Jim Matzorkis was accused of slapping Peter Grant's 11-year-old son Warren for taking a dressing room sign, and was savagely beaten up. Led Zeppelin's second Oakland show took place only after Bill Graham signed a letter of [[indemnification]], absolving Led Zeppelin from responsibility for the previous night's incident. However, Graham refused to honour the letter and assault charges were laid against Grant, Cole, Bindon and John Bonham when the band arrived back at their hotel. The four received bail and later pleaded [[Nolo contendere|no contest]], receiving suspended sentences. Bindon was dismissed by the band and returned to England. Grant later said that allowing Bindon to be hired was the biggest mistake he made as manager.<ref>{{cite book|last=Williamson|first=Nigel|author-link=Nigel Williamson|year=2007|title=The Rough Guide to Led Zeppelin|page=[https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoledz0000will/page/248 248]|publisher=Rough Guides Limited |isbn=978-1-84353-841-7|url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoledz0000will/page/248}}</ref>


==Darke murder trial==
==Darke murder trial==


In 1978, Bindon became involved in a fight with John Darke, a London gangster,<ref name="Independent obituary"/> outside the Ranelagh Yacht Club, in [[Fulham]], London. Darke was stabbed nine times, resulting in his death, and Bindon managed to flee to [[Dublin]] with his own knife wounds covered up. He gave himself up to police and in the subsequent trial at the [[Old Bailey]] in October 1979. The prosecution claimed that this was a £10,000 [[contract killing]]<ref name="Independent obituary"/> over drugs, with the fight as a cover for the death. However, the defence argued that Darke's death was in [[self-defence]], saying Bindon was in fear of his life as he was being [[blackmail]]ed about losing drug money and cocaine worth thousands of pounds (though his defence might have been hindered amid allegations of bragging to a cellmate that he was a [[hitman]] while on remand awaiting trial, referring to Darke as "an old man's cunt"<ref>Court transcript, Regina -v- John Dennis Arthur Bindon, Central Criminal Court of England and Wales, 29 October 1979</ref>). Bindon was acquitted of Darke's murder in November 1979. It was reported that the "substantial appearance" of actor [[Bob Hoskins]] as a character witness at the trial helped sway the jury's verdict<ref name="Independent obituary"/> and that the judge Sir William Mars-Jones "had been sympathetic towards Bindon in his summing-up and unhappy with the ragbag of witnesses produced by the prosecution".<ref name="Independent">{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-sir-william-marsjones-1076161.html|title= The Independent, 25 January 1999 | location=London | first=James | last=Morton | date=25 January 1999 | accessdate=6 May 2010}}</ref>
In 1978, Bindon became involved in a fight with John Darke, a London [[Organized crime|gangster]],<ref name="Indy19931106" /> outside the Ranelagh Yacht Club, in [[Fulham]], London. Darke was stabbed nine times, resulting in his death, and Bindon managed to flee to [[Dublin]] with his own knife wounds covered up. He gave himself up to police and was subsequently tried at the [[Old Bailey]] in October 1979. The prosecution claimed that this was a £10,000 [[contract killing]]<ref name="Indy19931106" /> over drugs, with the fight as a cover for the death. However, the defence argued that Darke's death was in [[self-defence]], saying Bindon was in fear of his life as he was being [[blackmail]]ed about losing drug money and cocaine worth thousands of pounds.<ref>Court transcript, Regina -v- John Dennis Arthur Bindon, Central Criminal Court of England and Wales, 29 October 1979</ref>{{Better source|date=September 2017}}


Bindon was acquitted of Darke's murder in November 1979. It was reported that the "substantial appearance" of actor [[Bob Hoskins]] as a character witness at the trial helped sway the jury's verdict<ref name="Indy19931106" /> and that the judge, [[William Mars-Jones|Sir William Mars-Jones]], "had been sympathetic towards Bindon in his summing-up and unhappy with the ragbag of witnesses produced by the prosecution".<ref name="Independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-sir-william-marsjones-1076161.html |title=Obituary: Sir William Mars-Jones|work= The Independent|location=London | first=James | last=Morton | date=25 January 1999 | access-date=6 May 2010}}</ref>
Media reports of the trial, along with the Oakland incident, seriously damaged Bindon's reputation (there were other various allegations of a similar violent nature against Bindon) and he found it increasingly difficult to find work in the entertainment industry. This was partly attributable also to his reputation for being difficult to work with on set, as much as his alleged connections to [[organised crime]].

Media reports of the trial, along with the Oakland incident, seriously damaged Bindon's reputation and he found it increasingly difficult to find work in the entertainment industry.{{cn|date=October 2019}}


==Later years and death==
==Later years and death==


During the 1980s, Bindon became a more reclusive figure, spending more of his time at his [[Belgravia]] flat. He died in London at the [[Chelsea and Westminster Hospital]]. His death appears to be the subject of some debate. Some sources (including the 2005 ITV ''Real Crime: Starring John Bindon'' documentary) say Bindon died from an AIDS-related illness, while others (including Wensley Clarkson's biography (citing the now defunct UK newspaper ''[[Today (UK newspaper)|Today]]'') claim he was suffering from [[liver cancer]]. Bindon's funeral was attended by more than 200 people,<ref name="Independent obituary"/> including his friend and neighbour [[Matthew Freud]].<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20050704/ai_n14682881 The Independent, 4 July 2005]</ref>
During the 1980s, Bindon became a reclusive figure, spending more of his time at his [[Belgravia]] flat. He died on 10 October 1993, aged 50. According to Philip Hoare's obituary in ''[[The Independent]]'', he died from cancer.<!-- The assertion Bindon died from AIDS was not present in reliable sources as of June 2021. --><ref name="Indy19931106" />


==References in popular culture==
==References in popular culture==


In 2002, a Carlton Television documentary of John Bindon's life entitled ''Real Crime: Starring John Bindon'' was screened in the UK on ITV. It featured archival footage of Bindon behind the scenes and interviews with [[Angela Bowie]], [[Vicki Hodge]], [[Billy Murray (actor)|Billy Murray]], [[George Sewell]] and [[James Whitaker]]. Bindon also featured in the Carlton documentary for ITV, ''The Secret Life of Princess Margaret'', broadcast in 2005. Bindon's relationship with Princess Margaret was the subject of [[Channel 4]]'s documentary ''The Princess and the Gangster'' which was broadcast on 9 February 2009.<ref>Brian Viner [http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/last-nights-television--whitechapel-itv1-the-princess-and-the-gangster-channel-4-1605278.html ""Last Night's Television – Whitechapel, ITV1; The Princess and the Gangster, Channel 4], ''The Independent'', 10 February 2009</ref>
In 2002, a [[Carlton Television]] documentary of Bindon's life entitled ''Real Crime: Starring John Bindon'' was screened in the UK on [[ITV (TV channel)|ITV]]. It featured archival footage of Bindon behind the scenes and interviews with [[Angie Bowie]], [[Vicki Hodge]], [[Billy Murray (actor)|Billy Murray]], [[George Sewell]] and [[James Whitaker (journalist)|James Whitaker]]. Bindon also featured in the Carlton documentary for ITV, ''The Secret Life of Princess Margaret'', broadcast in 2005. Bindon's relationship with Princess Margaret was the subject of [[Channel 4]]'s documentary ''The Princess and the Gangster'', which was broadcast on 9 February 2009.<ref>Brian Viner [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/last-nights-television--whitechapel-itv1-the-princess-and-the-gangster-channel-4-1605278.html ""Last Night's Television – Whitechapel, ITV1; The Princess and the Gangster, Channel 4], ''The Independent'', 10 February 2009.</ref>


In 2010, Bindon was the subject of ''Ten Men: The Lives of John Bindon'', a one-man verse play written and directed by Franklyn McCabe, with Matthew Houghton playing Bindon. The play was performed at the Open House pub theatre as part of the [[Brighton Fringe|Brighton Fringe Festival]] in 2010.<ref>Dominic Smith, [http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/8383882.Ten_men_____The_Lives_Of_John_Bindon__Open_House__Springfield_Road__Brighton__Sep_15_25/?ref=arc "Ten Men – The Lives of John Bindon"], ''The Argus'', 10 September 2010.</ref>
In 2005, Wensley Clarkson published a biography of Bindon entitled ''Bindon: Fighter, Gangster, Actor, Lover – the True Story of John Bindon, a Modern Legend'' (London: John Blake. ISBN 1-84454-116-9).


Bindon appeared as a character played by the actor [[Jason Merrells]] in the stage play ''A Princess Undone'' which opened at the [[Cambridge Arts Theatre]] in October 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Stephanie Beacham to play Princess Margaret on stage |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/07/15/stephanie-beacham-to-play-princess-margaret-on-stage/ |access-date=14 January 2019 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=15 July 2016}}</ref>
Bindon and his alleged relationship with Princess Margaret is a major plot element in the 2008 [[crime film]] ''[[The Bank Job]]''. The movie is based on an actual 1971 robbery of a Lloyds Bank in London when numerous [[safe deposit box]]es were opened and ransacked.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodtoday.net/2008/03/07/jason-statham-strikes-gold-in-%E2%80%9Cthe-bank-job%E2%80%9D/|publisher= Hollywood Today|title= Jason Statham Strikes Gold in "The Bank Job"|date=7 March 2008}}</ref> The film alludes to the unsubstantiated claim that among the items taken were compromising photographs showing Margaret on a Caribbean beach with Bindon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-mi5-raided-a-bank-to-get-pictures-of-princess-margaret-6584054.html|title=How MI5 raided a bank to get pictures of Princess Margaret |newspaper=Evening Standard|date=20 May 2007}}</ref>


==Filmography==
==Filmography==
* ''[[From Russia with Love (film)|From Russia with Love]]'' (1963) – Airport Passerby (uncredited)

* ''[[Poor Cow]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Poor Cow]]'' (1967) – Tom
* ''[[Inspector Clouseau (1968 film)|Inspector Clouseau]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Inspector Clouseau (film)|Inspector Clouseau]]'' (1968) – Bull Parker
* ''[[Performance (film)|Performance]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Performance (film)|Performance]]'' (1970) – Moody
* ''[[Man in the Wilderness]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Get Carter]]'' (10 March 1971) – Sid Fletcher
* ''[[Get Carter]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Man in the Wilderness]]'' (1971) – Coulter
* ''[[The Mackintosh Man]]'' (1973) – Buster
* ''[[No Sex Please, We're British (film)|No Sex Please, We're British]]'' (1973)
* ''[[No Sex Please, We're British (film)|No Sex Please, We're British]]'' (1973) – Pete
* ''[[The Mackintosh Man]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Love Thy Neighbour (1973 film)|Love Thy Neighbour]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Love Thy Neighbour (1973 film)|Love Thy Neighbour]]'' (1973) – White Groom
* ''[[Juggernaut (1974 film)|Juggernaut]]'' (1974) (US title: ''Terror On the Britannic'')
* ''[[Dead Cert (1974 film)|Dead Cert]]'' (1974) Walter
* ''[[Dead Cert (1974 film)|Dead Cert]]'' (1974)
* ''[[11 Harrowhouse]]'' (1974) (US title: ''Anything for Love'') – Second Guard
* ''[[11 Harrowhouse]]'' (1974) (US title: ''Anything for Love'')
* ''[[Juggernaut (1974 film)|Juggernaut]]'' (1974) (US title: ''Terror On the Britannic'') – Driscoll
* ''[[Barry Lyndon]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Barry Lyndon]]'' (1975) – Recruiting soldier
* ''[[Trial by Combat (film)|Trial by Combat]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Trial by Combat (film)|Trial by Combat]]'' (1976) – 2nd Reagan Brother
* ''[[Quadrophenia (film)|Quadrophenia]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Quadrophenia (film)|Quadrophenia]]'' (14 May 1979) – Harry


==Television appearances==
==Television appearances==
* ''The Gold Robbers'' (1969) – Terry Lardner
* ''[[Department S (TV series)|Department S]]'' (1969) – Greer
* ''[[Z-Cars]]'' (1969) – Buzz Bentley
* ''Special Branch: Intercept'' (1974) – Harry Beauchamp
* ''[[Softly, Softly: Taskforce]]'' (1976) – Edward Dinsdale
* ''[[Hazell (TV series)|Hazell]]'' (1979) – Jack Horner
* ''The Racing Game'' (1979) Terry Flynn


==Notes==
* ''[[Department S (TV series)|Department S]]'' (1969)
{{reflist|35em}}
* ''The Gold Robbers'' (1969)
* ''[[Z-Cars]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Softly, Softly: Taskforce]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Hazell (TV series)|Hazell]]'' (1978)
* ''The Racing Game'' (1979) (mini) TV series

==Sources==


==Further reading==
* Clarkson, Wensley (2005). ''Bindon: Fighter, Gangster, Actor, Lover – the True Story of John Bindon, a Modern Legend''. London: John Blake. ISBN 1-84454-116-9
* Clarkson, Wensley (2005). ''Bindon: Fighter, Gangster, Actor, Lover – the True Story of John Bindon, a Modern Legend''. London: John Blake. {{ISBN|1-84454-116-9}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.rulerfilms.com John Bindon film – "Mugs" by Christopher Brand]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101005034114/http://www.rulerfilms.com/ John Bindon film – "Mugs" by Christopher Brand]
* [http://www.christopherbrand.co.uk/page7.htm John Bindon film – "Mugs" by Christopher Brand]
* [http://www.christopherbrand.co.uk/page7.htm John Bindon film – "Mugs" by Christopher Brand]
* [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Woods/6322/Infamous/actor.htm&date=2009-10-25+07:54:06 John Bindon – Daily Telegraph obituary]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081019215007/http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Woods/6322/Infamous/actor.htm John Bindon – Daily Telegraph obituary]
* {{IMDb name|id=0082843}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0082843}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
{{Persondata
|NAME = Bindon, John
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Bindon, John Dennis
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = English actor and bodyguard
|DATE OF BIRTH = 4 October 1943
|PLACE OF BIRTH = Fulham, London, England
|DATE OF DEATH = 10 October 1993
|PLACE OF DEATH = Chelsea, London, England
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bindon, John}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bindon, John}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:Disease-related deaths in England]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in England]]
[[Category:English criminals]]
[[Category:English male film actors]]
[[Category:English male film actors]]
[[Category:English male television actors]]
[[Category:English male television actors]]
[[Category:English outlaws]]
[[Category:English outlaws]]
[[Category:People acquitted of murder]]
[[Category:British people acquitted of murder]]
[[Category:20th-century English criminals]]
[[Category:20th-century English criminals]]
[[Category:Bodyguards]]
[[Category:Bodyguards]]
[[Category:People from Fulham]]
[[Category:Actors from the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham]]
[[Category:20th-century English male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century English male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from London]]
[[Category:People from Fulham]]

Latest revision as of 07:32, 21 September 2024

John Bindon
Born
John Dennis Arthur Bindon

(1943-10-04)4 October 1943
Fulham, London, England
Died10 October 1993(1993-10-10) (aged 50)
Chelsea, London, England
Resting placePutney Vale Cemetery, London, England
Other namesBiffo, The Guv'nor, Big John
Occupation(s)Actor and bodyguard
Years active1966–1979
Height6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)

John Dennis Arthur Bindon[1][2] (4 October 1943 – 10 October 1993) was an English actor and bodyguard who had close links with the London underworld. The son of a London cab driver, Bindon was frequently in trouble as a youth for getting into fights, and spent two periods in borstal. He was spotted in a London pub by Ken Loach, who asked him to appear in his film Poor Cow (1967).

Other film and television productions followed, with Bindon sought after to play gangsters or tough police detectives. He played a violent mobster alongside Mick Jagger in Performance (1970), a London crime boss in Get Carter (1971), and a prisoner with Paul Newman in The Mackintosh Man (1973). Philip Hoare described Bindon as "the archetypal actor-villain, and an all-round 'good geezer'".[2]

He was also known for having many socialite girlfriends,[3] such as Christine Keeler, the former Playboy "Bunny Girl" Serena Williams, and Vicki Hodge, who had a 12-year abusive relationship with Bindon, which ended in 1981.[2] Through Hodge, the daughter of a baronet, Bindon gained access to British aristocratic circles, which culminated with his meeting Princess Margaret in the late 1960s, at her home on Mustique in the Caribbean.[4]

Bindon lived his hard man persona on and off screen. He was believed to be running protection rackets in west London pubs and was alleged to have connections to the Kray twins and the Richardson Gang. In the late 1970s, in addition to acting work, he provided security for actors and musicians, most notoriously for Led Zeppelin on their 1977 US tour, where he was sacked for brawling backstage.

In 1978, Bindon was tried for the murder of London gangster Johnny Darke. Bindon pleaded self-defence and was acquitted, but the case damaged his reputation, and that, coupled with being seen by directors as difficult to work with, meant his acting career declined. In the 1980s, Bindon became reclusive; he died in 1993.

Early life

[edit]

John Bindon was born in Fulham, London, and was the son of Dennis Bindon, a merchant seaman and engineer turned cab driver.[2] The second eldest in a working-class family of three children, Bindon attended Henry Compton School in Fulham, but left at the age of 15. He was given the nickname "Biffo" for starting or getting into fights.

As a teenager, he served time in a borstal for possessing live ammunition. After jobs ranging from laying asphalt to dealing in antiques (his best friend for several years was the antiques dealer John Hobbs),[5] Bindon pursued a career in acting.

Acting and associations

[edit]

Director Ken Loach, spotting him in a London pub in 1966, considered him perfect for the role of a rough husband in the film, Poor Cow (1967). His next big break came the following year with a role in Performance (not released until 1970) alongside Mick Jagger, where he played a violent mobster. His portrayal earned him critical praise and typecast him for future roles. Bindon was awarded the Queen's Award for Bravery, a police bravery medal, for diving off Putney Bridge into the River Thames to rescue a drowning man, in 1968, although some said he had pushed the man in and only rescued him when a policeman appeared.[2]

In 1968, he met Vicki Hodge, a baronet's daughter turned model and actress, who introduced him to British aristocracy. However, he had been previously invited to the Caribbean island resort of Mustique, where Bindon claimed to have had sex with Princess Margaret.[3] A biographer of the Princess, Noel Botham, firmly believed Bindon had an affair with her.[4] Returning to Mustique for a second time in 1969, he took girlfriend Hodge with him.[6] The princess later publicly denied meeting Bindon (despite pictures of them next to one another) and was reportedly unimpressed to hear stories of their sexual encounters in the press.[citation needed] During this time Bindon gained the nickname "Big John", due to the reported size of his penis.[7] Apparently demonstrated on multiple occasions over decades, when inebriated, Bindon was able to hang five half-pint beer glasses from his manhood.[3]

Bindon's name was also linked with a succession of models, including Christine Keeler,[2] the former Playboy "Bunny Girl" Serena Williams,[2] and also Angela Barnett, then girlfriend and future wife of pop star David Bowie.[2][8]

Bindon had a violent temper and a naturally intimidating personality. He was accused of running a protection racket in west London, targeting pubs, restaurants and cafés. There were also suggestions of connections to the Richardson Gang and the Kray twins, who supported his control of west London, as well as rivalries with gangs from south London. The south London rivalries were suggested to have contributed to his bankruptcy, when he accrued drug debts. The extent of his involvement in the English underworld has not been reliably established.

Bindon's best known film roles were his appearance in Get Carter (1971) and the Who's film Quadrophenia (1979) as a drug dealer. He also appeared in television series such as Public Eye, The Gold Robbers, Department S, Dixon of Dock Green, Z-Cars, Paul Temple, Special Branch, Softly, Softly: Taskforce and Hazell playing out his usual tough-guy roles. Despite a productive film and television career, Bindon felt he needed a break from acting, and went into organising security. It was to be a move which would have disastrous personal and financial consequences.

Oakland incident

[edit]

In early 1977, Bindon was hired by Peter Grant on advice from tour manager Richard Cole as security coordinator for the rock group Led Zeppelin during their concert tour of the United States. He had previously provided security for actors Ryan and Tatum O'Neal (he had appeared in Barry Lyndon in a scene with Ryan). An incident involving Bindon occurred at the band's concert at the Oakland Coliseum on 23 July 1977, near the end of their US tour. Upon arrival at the stadium, it is alleged that Bindon pushed a member of promoter Bill Graham's stage crew out of the way as the band entered via a backstage ramp. As a result, tension had been simmering between Graham's staff and Led Zeppelin's security team during the day, and as Grant and Bindon were walking down the ramp near the end of the concert, words were exchanged with stage crew chief Jim Downey, which resulted in Bindon knocking Downey unconscious.[9] Bindon maintained that he was goaded into the fight after Graham's crew referred to him as "a weak limey fuck".[10]

Just minutes later a separate off-stage incident occurred. Bill Graham's security man Jim Matzorkis was accused of slapping Peter Grant's 11-year-old son Warren for taking a dressing room sign, and was savagely beaten up. Led Zeppelin's second Oakland show took place only after Bill Graham signed a letter of indemnification, absolving Led Zeppelin from responsibility for the previous night's incident. However, Graham refused to honour the letter and assault charges were laid against Grant, Cole, Bindon and John Bonham when the band arrived back at their hotel. The four received bail and later pleaded no contest, receiving suspended sentences. Bindon was dismissed by the band and returned to England. Grant later said that allowing Bindon to be hired was the biggest mistake he made as manager.[11]

Darke murder trial

[edit]

In 1978, Bindon became involved in a fight with John Darke, a London gangster,[2] outside the Ranelagh Yacht Club, in Fulham, London. Darke was stabbed nine times, resulting in his death, and Bindon managed to flee to Dublin with his own knife wounds covered up. He gave himself up to police and was subsequently tried at the Old Bailey in October 1979. The prosecution claimed that this was a £10,000 contract killing[2] over drugs, with the fight as a cover for the death. However, the defence argued that Darke's death was in self-defence, saying Bindon was in fear of his life as he was being blackmailed about losing drug money and cocaine worth thousands of pounds.[12][better source needed]

Bindon was acquitted of Darke's murder in November 1979. It was reported that the "substantial appearance" of actor Bob Hoskins as a character witness at the trial helped sway the jury's verdict[2] and that the judge, Sir William Mars-Jones, "had been sympathetic towards Bindon in his summing-up and unhappy with the ragbag of witnesses produced by the prosecution".[13]

Media reports of the trial, along with the Oakland incident, seriously damaged Bindon's reputation and he found it increasingly difficult to find work in the entertainment industry.[citation needed]

Later years and death

[edit]

During the 1980s, Bindon became a reclusive figure, spending more of his time at his Belgravia flat. He died on 10 October 1993, aged 50. According to Philip Hoare's obituary in The Independent, he died from cancer.[2]

[edit]

In 2002, a Carlton Television documentary of Bindon's life entitled Real Crime: Starring John Bindon was screened in the UK on ITV. It featured archival footage of Bindon behind the scenes and interviews with Angie Bowie, Vicki Hodge, Billy Murray, George Sewell and James Whitaker. Bindon also featured in the Carlton documentary for ITV, The Secret Life of Princess Margaret, broadcast in 2005. Bindon's relationship with Princess Margaret was the subject of Channel 4's documentary The Princess and the Gangster, which was broadcast on 9 February 2009.[14]

In 2010, Bindon was the subject of Ten Men: The Lives of John Bindon, a one-man verse play written and directed by Franklyn McCabe, with Matthew Houghton playing Bindon. The play was performed at the Open House pub theatre as part of the Brighton Fringe Festival in 2010.[15]

Bindon appeared as a character played by the actor Jason Merrells in the stage play A Princess Undone which opened at the Cambridge Arts Theatre in October 2016.[16]

Filmography

[edit]

Television appearances

[edit]
  • The Gold Robbers (1969) – Terry Lardner
  • Department S (1969) – Greer
  • Z-Cars (1969) – Buzz Bentley
  • Special Branch: Intercept (1974) – Harry Beauchamp
  • Softly, Softly: Taskforce (1976) – Edward Dinsdale
  • Hazell (1979) – Jack Horner
  • The Racing Game (1979) – Terry Flynn

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "The Discovery Service". The National Archives. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Hoare, Philip (6 November 1993). "Obituary: John Bindon". The Independent. London. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  3. ^ a b c Clements, Toby (1 August 2005). "Aged 14, and already a harder man than most". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  4. ^ a b Pierce, Andrew (28 August 2008). "Princess Margaret linked to gangster lover in Channel 4 documentary". The Daily Telegraph.
  5. ^ "John Hobbs". The Telegraph. 15 April 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  6. ^ "Article Window". Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  7. ^ Clarkson, Wensley (2005). Bindon: Fighter, Gangster, Actor, Lover – the True Story of John Bindon, a Modern Legend. London: John Blake. p. 123. ISBN 1-84454-116-9.
  8. ^ "Obituary of John Bindon", The Daily Telegraph, 15 October 1993.
  9. ^ Welch, Chris (2002). Peter Grant: The Man Who Led Zeppelin. Omnibus. p. 201. ISBN 0-7119-9195-2.
  10. ^ Turner, Lloyd (29 December 1979) "Bindon aiming for return to acting", The Daily Star, p. 23
  11. ^ Williamson, Nigel (2007). The Rough Guide to Led Zeppelin. Rough Guides Limited. p. 248. ISBN 978-1-84353-841-7.
  12. ^ Court transcript, Regina -v- John Dennis Arthur Bindon, Central Criminal Court of England and Wales, 29 October 1979
  13. ^ Morton, James (25 January 1999). "Obituary: Sir William Mars-Jones". The Independent. London. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  14. ^ Brian Viner ""Last Night's Television – Whitechapel, ITV1; The Princess and the Gangster, Channel 4, The Independent, 10 February 2009.
  15. ^ Dominic Smith, "Ten Men – The Lives of John Bindon", The Argus, 10 September 2010.
  16. ^ "Stephanie Beacham to play Princess Margaret on stage". The Daily Telegraph. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2019.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Clarkson, Wensley (2005). Bindon: Fighter, Gangster, Actor, Lover – the True Story of John Bindon, a Modern Legend. London: John Blake. ISBN 1-84454-116-9
[edit]