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'''Homosexuals Anonymous''' ('''HA''') is an "[[ex-gay]]" group which practices [[conversion therapy]] to change the sexual orientation of [[homosexuality|homosexual]] clients<ref name = "Haldeman">{{cite book|title=Psychological Perspectives on on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Experiences|editor1=Garnets, L. D.|editor2=Kimmel, D. C.|year=2003|isbn=978-0-231-12413-3|edition=2nd|pages=681&ndash;698|author=Haldeman, Douglas C.|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=u9g7Eldl0CQC&pg=PA689|chapter=The Practice of Ethics and Conversion Therapy}}</ref> against the scientific view that there is no evidence that sexual orientation can be changed and that such attempts can be harmful.<ref name = "Admiral Satcher" />
'''Homosexuals Anonymous''' ('''HA''') is an [[ex-gay]] group which practices [[conversion therapy]] to change the sexual orientation of [[homosexuality|homosexual]] clients<ref name = "Haldeman">{{cite book|title=Psychological Perspectives on on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Experiences|editor1=Garnets, L. D.|editor2=Kimmel, D. C.|year=2003|isbn=978-0-231-12413-3|edition=2nd|pages=681&ndash;698|author=Haldeman, Douglas C.|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=u9g7Eldl0CQC&pg=PA689|chapter=The Practice of Ethics and Conversion Therapy}}</ref> against the scientific view that there is no evidence that sexual orientation can be changed and that such attempts can be harmful.<ref name = "Admiral Satcher" />
Its mission statement describes it as "a fellowship of men and women, who through their common emotional experience, have chosen to help each other live in freedom from homosexuality."<ref name = "Home">{{cite web|url = http://www.ha-fs.org/|title = Home|accessdate = November 10, 2010|date = September 12, 2009|work = ha-fs.org|publisher = Homosexuals Anonymous Fellowship Services}}</ref> In line with HA's view of Christian teaching, HA regards heterosexuality as "the universal creation-norm" against mainstream scientific evidence.<ref name = "Haldeman" /><ref name = "Cook" /><ref name=jsjones /> HA regards homosexual orientation as "sexual brokenness" that may be "healed" through faith in [[Jesus Christ]].<ref name="jsjones" /> This approach is characterized by pressuring a person to "renounce homosexuality" to be a heterosexual [[Christian]].<ref name = "Kell" />
Its mission statement describes it as "a fellowship of men and women, who through their common emotional experience, have chosen to help each other live in freedom from homosexuality."<ref name = "Home">{{cite web|url = http://www.ha-fs.org/|title = Home|accessdate = November 10, 2010|date = September 12, 2009|work = ha-fs.org|publisher = Homosexuals Anonymous Fellowship Services}}</ref> In line with HA's view of Christian teaching, HA regards heterosexuality as "the universal creation-norm" against mainstream scientific evidence.<ref name = "Haldeman" /><ref name = "Cook" /><ref name=jsjones /> HA regards homosexual orientation as sexual brokenness that may be healed through faith in [[Jesus Christ]].<ref name="jsjones" /> This approach is characterized by pressuring a person to "renounce homosexuality" to be a heterosexual [[Christian]].<ref name = "Kell" />


Colin Cook and Douglas McIntyre, who had both struggled with same-sex attractions,<ref>{{cite journal|url = http://www.ha-fs.org/newsletter-aug-09.pdf|title = Treasures: The Official Newsletter of Homosexuals Anonymous Fellowship Services|date = August 2009|volume = 1|issue = 3|accessdate = November 20, 2010|publisher = Homosexuals Anonymous Fellowship Services|page = 5}}</ref> founded HA in 1980 with financial support from the [[Seventh-day Adventist]] denomination.<ref name = "Besen_Ch4" /> HA uses a "14 Step" program<ref name = "Jones" /> developed by Colin Cook based on his own experiences.<ref name = "Cook 9 steps" /> Cook resigned from HA in 1986 following a scandal involving him allegedly having sex with 12 out of the 14 interviewed male clients from 1980-1986.<ref name = "Lawson" />
Colin Cook and Douglas McIntyre, who had both struggled with same-sex attractions,<ref>{{cite journal|url = http://www.ha-fs.org/newsletter-aug-09.pdf|title = Treasures: The Official Newsletter of Homosexuals Anonymous Fellowship Services|date = August 2009|volume = 1|issue = 3|accessdate = November 20, 2010|publisher = Homosexuals Anonymous Fellowship Services|page = 5}}</ref> founded HA in 1980 with financial support from the [[Seventh-day Adventist]] denomination.<ref name = "Besen_Ch4" /> HA uses a 14 Step program<ref name = "Jones" /> developed by Colin Cook based on his own experiences.<ref name = "Cook 9 steps" /> Cook resigned from HA in 1986 following a scandal involving him allegedly having sex with 12 out of the 14 interviewed male clients from 1980-1986.<ref name = "Lawson" />


==Conversion therapy and the ex-gay movement==
==Conversion therapy and the ex-gay movement==

Revision as of 14:20, 10 July 2012

Homosexuals Anonymous
Founded1980
FounderColin Cook, Douglas McIntyre
Location
Key people
Douglas McIntyre, National Director[1]
Websitewww.ha-fs.org

Homosexuals Anonymous (HA) is an ex-gay group which practices conversion therapy to change the sexual orientation of homosexual clients[2] against the scientific view that there is no evidence that sexual orientation can be changed and that such attempts can be harmful.[3] Its mission statement describes it as "a fellowship of men and women, who through their common emotional experience, have chosen to help each other live in freedom from homosexuality."[4] In line with HA's view of Christian teaching, HA regards heterosexuality as "the universal creation-norm" against mainstream scientific evidence.[2][5][6] HA regards homosexual orientation as sexual brokenness that may be healed through faith in Jesus Christ.[6] This approach is characterized by pressuring a person to "renounce homosexuality" to be a heterosexual Christian.[7]

Colin Cook and Douglas McIntyre, who had both struggled with same-sex attractions,[8] founded HA in 1980 with financial support from the Seventh-day Adventist denomination.[9] HA uses a 14 Step program[10] developed by Colin Cook based on his own experiences.[11] Cook resigned from HA in 1986 following a scandal involving him allegedly having sex with 12 out of the 14 interviewed male clients from 1980-1986.[12]

Conversion therapy and the ex-gay movement

Main articles: Conversion therapy and Ex-gay

Conversion therapy is defined by the American Psychological Association as therapy aimed at changing sexual orientation,[13] whilst the American Psychiatric Association defines it as a type of psychiatric treatment "based upon the assumption that homosexuality per se is a mental disorder or based upon the a priori assumption that a patient should change his/her sexual homosexual orientation."[14] The scientific consensus expressed by these two associations is that homosexuality is not a mental disorder.[13][14] Conversion therapy techniques include aversive treatments, masturbatory reconditioning (a form of covert sensitization), visualization, social skills training, psychoanalytic therapy, and spiritual interventions, such as "prayer and group support and pressure."[15] HA practices are based on the last of these techniques.[16] Several scientific and professional bodies, including the American Medical Association and American Counseling Association, openly oppose this kind of therapy as potentially harmful. The American Psychiatric Association lists "depression, anxiety and self-destructive behavior" as potential ill effects.[14] United States Surgeon General David Satcher in 2001 issued a report quoting Haldeman: "there is no valid scientific evidence that sexual orientation can be changed".[3] Alan Chambers, president of Exodus International, the world's largest Ex-Gay organisation has also since confirmed that it is not possible to change sexual orientation, only suppression of homosexual attractions is sometimes possible[17] and many cases of suicide have been attributed directly to the use of conversion therapy.[18][19]

History

HA was founded in 1980 by Colin Cook (a Seventh-day Adventist pastor who was defrocked in 1974 for having sex with a man in his church)[9][20] and ex-gay Douglas McIntyre.[1] Cook founded the Quest Learning Center in Reading, Pennsylvania as a ministry of the Seventh-day Adventist Church to "help people find freedom from homosexuality." HA was one of seven programs offered by Quest,[5] and people came from around the US seeking assistance from Cook.[21] Cook developed the 14-step program used by HA, modifying five of the standard twelve steps from the Alcoholics Anonymous program and basing the other nine on his personal experience.[11] HA was supported by $47,000 in annual support from the Adventist Church, plus fees paid for treatment.[21] McIntyre (who, when growing up, identified as gay) said he founded HA based on his belief that "homosexuality is not something you're born with, that it's a spin-off of a trauma that occurs during childhood."[22] He attributes abuse at the ages of three and four, and molestation at the age of five, as having contributed to his homosexual attraction.[1]

Rumours of sexual misconduct by Cook came to light in 1986 when Ron Lawson, a gay Adventist and Professor of Sociology at Queens College, New York, began an investigation by interviewing former Cook's former clients and writing a letter to church officials outlining his indiscretions.[9] Lawson interviewed 14 individuals counselled by Cook as part of the HA program; none reported any change in sexual orientation as a consequence of HA, and all but two reported having sex with Cook.[12] Cook resigned from HA and shut down Quest; the Adventists withdrew their funding support.[9][23] With Cook's departure, McIntyre took over as executive director of HA.

Counseling sessions with Cook included giving his clients nude massages, ostensibly to desensitize them to male–male contact[24] and homosexual desires;[23] however, this was counter-productive since counselees began having sexual encounters with each other.[21] Cook admitted in a 1987 interview that he had fallen into the "delusion" that such actions were a legitimate part of his HA counseling activities, stating: "I allowed myself to hug and hold my counselees thinking I was helping them...But I needed it more than they did."[21] Psychiatrist Ralph Blair in his 1981 monograph Ex-Gay describes practitioners of sexual orientation conversion through religion as often being "individuals deeply troubled about their own sexual orientation, or whose own sexual conversion is incomplete. Blair reports a host of problems with such counselors, including the sexual abuse of clients"; Haldeman describes Cook as "the most notable of such ministers".[25] Cook himself also admitted to "occasional falls" before (and throughout) his marriage.[21]

Despite his 1974 defrocking and the 1986 revelations of his client abuse, Cook remains dedicated to the belief that homosexuality can be changed. In 1993 he moved to Colorado and returned to counseling, which ended in 1995 when The Denver Post reported Cook was engaging in phone sex and asking "patients to bring homosexual pornography to sessions so that he could help desensitize them against it".[23] As recently as 2007, Cook has still been promoting the ability to "heal homosexuals".[26] Under McIntyre, HA has also taken on more political advocacy. In 2009 he led a conference held in Kenya promoting the ex-gay movement,[27] controversial to homosexuals as an example of ex-gay advocacy events held in Africa which are followed by incidents of homophobic violence.[28][29]

Organization

The headquarters of Homosexuals Anonymous is in Houston, Texas. As of June 2009, the organization has chapters in the United States, Germany, New Zealand and El Salvador.[29][30] HA is a member of the Positive Alternatives to Homosexuality (PATH) group.[31] HA is affiliated with JASON Ministries, headquartered in Germany.[32] It publishes a newsletter and web site and organizes a "Homosexuals Anonymous Annual Conference".[4]

Program

The HA program relies on belief in Jesus Christ to effect sexual orientation change.[33] Similar to Alcoholics Anonymous, the change takes place over a lifetime, according to HA. Local chapters conduct meetings at regular intervals where members provide fellowship and support to one another. Unlike AA's 12-step program, HA has 14 steps[34] which are used by about 50 chapters of HA throughout North America.[10] Nine of the steps were based on the experiences of founder Cook, while the other five are adaptations of AA steps.[11] One analysis of the 14 steps commented on the "alleged generosity" of the HA approach, noting that while both approaches emphasize avoidance of undesired behaviors, "AA groups accept the person along with their problems, [whereas] Homosexuals Anonymous stresses that the person is guilty of the sin of homosexuality, must admit it, renounce it, and then accept heterosexuality as a necessary condition to becoming a Christian."[7] According to gay affirmative psychotherapists Kathleen Ritter and Anthony Terndrup, ex-gay organizations like Exodus International and Parents and Friends of Ex-Gays and Gays (PFOX) use this adapted model developed by HA.[35]

Effectiveness

As with twelve-step programs in general, and with AA in particular, it is difficult to determine the success rate of the program due to the high attrition rate. However, the organization cites several cases where people have changed their sexual orientation.[10] Reporting on Lawson's 1986 findings, the Los Angeles Times reported that counselees' reactions to the Cook revelations followed a common pattern: "a loss of faith, loss of trust in other human beings, and a lack of motivation to get on with their lives". In addition, many of the counselees stayed in Reading, "unwilling or unable to go home to families who expected them to be changed".[21] Despite these reports of harm from involvement with HA, such reports are not universal. A longitudinal study by Stanton Jones and Mark Yarhouse reported "that on average participants experienced no harm from the attempt to change [but the authors] cannot conclude that specific individuals are not harmed by an attempt to change".[36]

Wayne Besen claims that former HA clients have reported that the program is ineffective. Besen quotes one former client "One thing that really clued me in was [meeting] with my sponsor every week and hearing him talk about his struggles and talking to other people in the group, and there were people in that group who had been going to HA for four, five, six, seven years and they seemed to be at the exact same spot I was. I didn't see any graduates. I saw people that were still there, that hadn't changed. They were still struggling. ... I don't know anybody from my ex-gay group ... who claims to be ex-gay now."[37]

Criticism

Criticism of HA comes in two forms: those leveled at the ex-gay movement and conversion therapy practitioners in general, and those made against HA specifically. The former category includes the two principal ethical objections to conversion therapy, "first, that it constitutes a cure for a condition that has been judged not to be an illness, and second, that it reinforces a prejudicial and unjustified devaluation of homosexuality".[25] Aside from this, general criticisms note the futility of attempting to change sexual orientation when the scientific consensus has concluded that there is no evidence that such a change is possible.[3] One critic of HA is Cindi Love, the executive director of Soulforce, who states that "the message that homosexuality can be 'repaired' doesn't just ruin lives – it ends them".[29] She describes the expansion of ex-gay organizations around the world as "rearing [their] ugly heads," specifically citing HA's expansion into El Salvador, New Zealand, and Germany, and criticising HA executive director McIntyre's Kenyan conference.[29]

Wayne Besen, former spokesman for the Human Rights Campaign and founder of Truth Wins Out, has argued that the GLBT community needs to challenge the propaganda presented at ex-gay events including those run by HA.[38] He also advocates covert operations against HA and other ex-gay ministries in an attempt to "catch ex-gay leaders engaging in not so ex-gay behavior", though such attempts to discredit the industry are controversial even within the GLBT community.[38] Besen has accused HA of re-writing history, omitting details of Cook's past from its web site. "[R]eading the group's Web page, one would think that Cook was a smashing success and paragon of heterosexuality," he writes.[39] Haldeman has described the response of the Seventh Day Adventist Church to the 1986 Cook revelations as a cover-up whilst Lawson titled his 1987 presentation to the annual convention of the American Sociological Association: Scandal in the Adventist-funded program to 'heal' homosexuals: Failure, sexual eploitation, official silence, and attempts to rehabilitate the exploiter and his methods.[25] In Julie Scott Jones' study of Christian fundamentalism, Being the Chosen, HA, Exodus International and NARTH are described as organizations that "particularly target teenagers' burgeoning sexuality, and feed into a wider fundamentalist view that all forms of 'sexual immorality' are destroying the moral fabric of the nation".[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "From CPAC: Gay converter says "Change is possible"". TalkRadioNews.com. Talk Radio News Service. February 26, 2009. Retrieved November 10, 2010.
  2. ^ a b Haldeman, Douglas C. (2003). "The Practice of Ethics and Conversion Therapy". In Garnets, L. D.; Kimmel, D. C. (eds.). Psychological Perspectives on on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Experiences (2nd ed.). Columbia University Press. pp. 681–698. ISBN 978-0-231-12413-3.
  3. ^ a b c Satcher, David (July 9, 2001). ""The Surgeon General's call to Action to Promote Sexual Health and Responsible Sexual Behavior", A Letter from the Surgeon General". surgeongeneral.gov. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
  4. ^ a b "Home". ha-fs.org. Homosexuals Anonymous Fellowship Services. September 12, 2009. Retrieved November 10, 2010.
  5. ^ a b Cook, Colin D. (1982). "Church Funds Program For Homosexuals" (PDF). Spectrum. 12 (3): 46–48. Retrieved November 10, 2010.
  6. ^ a b c Jones, Julie S. (2010). Being the Chosen: Exploring a Christian Fundamentalist Worldview. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-7546-7741-3.
  7. ^ a b Kell, Carl (1999). In the Name of the Father: the Rhetoric of the New Southern Baptist Convention. Southern Illinois University Press. p. 99. ISBN 0-8093-2220-X. Retrieved November 18, 2010. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "Treasures: The Official Newsletter of Homosexuals Anonymous Fellowship Services" (PDF). 1 (3). Homosexuals Anonymous Fellowship Services. August 2009: 5. Retrieved November 20, 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ^ a b c d Besen, Wayne R. (2003). "Founding Follies". Anything but Straight: Unmasking the Scandals and Lies Behind the Ex-Gay Myth. Routledge. pp. 93–94. ISBN 978-1-56023-446-3.
  10. ^ a b c Jones, Stanton; Yarhouse, Mark A. (2000). Homosexuality: the Use of Scientific Research in the Church's Moral Debate. InterVarsity Press. pp. 135–136. ISBN 978-0-8308-1567-8. Retrieved November 10, 2010.
  11. ^ a b c Jones, Stanton L.; Yarhouse, Mark A. (2007). Ex-gays? A Longitudinal Study of Religiously Mediated Change in Sexual Orientation. InterVarsity Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-8308-2846-3.
  12. ^ a b Haldeman, Douglas C. (2003). "The Practice of Ethics and Conversion Therapy". In Garnets, L. D.; Kimmel, D. C. (eds.). Psychological Perspectives on on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Experiences (2nd ed.). Columbia University Press. pp. 681–698. ISBN 978-0-231-12413-3.
  13. ^ a b "Answers to Your Questions: For a Better Understanding of Sexual Orientation and Homosexuality" (PDF). apa.org. American Psychological Association. 2008. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
  14. ^ a b c "Position Statement on Therapies Focused on Attempts to Change Sexual Orientation (Reparative or Conversion Therapies)". psych.org. American Psychiatric Association. May 2000. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
  15. ^ Haldeman, Douglas C. (2002). "Gay Rights, Patient Rights: The Implications of Sexual Orientation Conversion Therapy". Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 33 (3): 260–264. doi:10.1037//0735-7028.33.3.260. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  16. ^ LaSala, Michael (16 July 2011). "Making Gay People Straight: Is it Possible to Pray/Counsel the Gay Away?". Psychology Today. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  17. ^ "World's Top "Ex-Gay" Leader Finally Confesses That Conversion Therapy Doesn't Work!". Instinct Magazine. 10 January 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  18. ^ Luo, Michael (February 12, 2007). "Some Tormented by Homosexuality Look to a Controversial Therapy". The New York Times.
  19. ^ http://whatstheharm.net/reparativetherapy.html
  20. ^ Imperiale, Nancy (November 24, 2002). "Both Sides Now; One Of The Christian Activists Debating Orlando's Gay-Rights Law Brings A Unique Perspective To The Fight. `I'm Not Gay Anymore,' Says Alan Chambers". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
  21. ^ a b c d e f Japenga, Ann (December 6, 1987). "It's Called Change Counseling: Troubled Pioneer Maintains His Faith in Program". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
  22. ^ Schupp, Kimberly (November 20, 2010). "Programs claim to convert homosexual feelings". Fox19.com. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
  23. ^ a b c Culver, V. (October 27, 1995). "Sessions with gays criticized: Former minister's counseling methods brought reprimands". Denver Post.
  24. ^ Besen, Wayne R. (2003). "Radical Richard". Anything but Straight: Unmasking the Scandals and Lies Behind the Ex-Gay Myth. Routledge. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-56023-446-3.
  25. ^ a b c Haldeman, Douglas, C. (1994). "The Practice and Ethics of Sexual Orientation Conversion Therapy" (PDF). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 62 (2): 221–227.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ Rix, Jallen (2010). Ex-Gay No Way: Survival and Recovery from Religious Abuse. Findhorn Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-84409-187-4.
  27. ^ Besen, Wayne (February 24, 2010). "Homosexuals Anonymous Had Kenya Event In 2009; Anti-Gay Persecution Campaign Now Underway". truthwinsout.org. Truth Wins Out. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
  28. ^ Besen, Wayne (March 3, 2010). "Globetrotting Anti-Gay Characters With Character Issues". truthwinsout.org. Truth Wins Out. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
  29. ^ a b c d Love, Cindi (November 6, 2010). "Destroying Lives Around the World". The Advocate. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
  30. ^ "Chapters". ha-fs.org. Homosexuals Anonymous Fellowship Services. October 16, 2009. Retrieved November 10, 2010.
  31. ^ Stafford, Tim (October 2007). "An Older, Wiser Ex-Gay Movement". Christianity Today. Vol. 51, no. 10. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
  32. ^ "Homosexuals Anonymous – JASON Ministries". jason-online.webs.com. Robert Gollwitzer. Retrieved November 21, 2010.
  33. ^ Djupe, Paul A.; Olson, Laura R. (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religion and Politics. Infobase Publishing. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-8160-4582-2. Retrieved November 10, 2010.
  34. ^ "The 14 Steps". ha-fs.org. Homosexuals Anonymous Fellowship Services. September 12, 2009. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
  35. ^ Ritter, Kathleen; Terndrup, Anthony I. (2002). Handbook of Affirmative Psychotherapy with Lesbians and Gay Men. Guilford Press. p. 279. ISBN 978-1-57230-714-8.
  36. ^ Jones, Stanton L.; Yarhouse, Mark A. (2007). Ex-gays? A Longitudinal Study of Religiously Mediated Change in Sexual Orientation. InterVarsity Press. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-8308-2846-3.
  37. ^ Besen, Wayne R. (2003). "Undercover". Anything but Straight: Unmasking the Scandals and Lies Behind the Ex-Gay Myth. Routledge. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-56023-446-3.
  38. ^ a b Besen, Wayne R. (2003). "Future Follies and Failures". Anything but Straight: Unmasking the Scandals and Lies Behind the Ex-Gay Myth. Routledge. pp. 262–265. ISBN 978-1-56023-446-3.
  39. ^ Besen, Wayne R. (2003). "Founding Follies". Anything but Straight: Unmasking the Scandals and Lies Behind the Ex-Gay Myth. Routledge. pp. 97–98. ISBN 978-1-56023-446-3.

External links

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