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The '''Greater Middle East''' is a [[political geography|political]] term introduced in March 2004 in a paper published by the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] as part of the U.S. administration's preparatory work for the [[G8|Group of Eight]] summit of June, 2004. The area denotes a vaguely defined region called the "[[Arab world]]" together with [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]], [[Israel]], [[Turkey]], and several other neighboring countries that have cultural or religious ties.<ref name="The Greater Middle East Initiative">{{Cite web|title=The Greater Middle East Initiative|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2004/5/20/the-greater-middle-east-initiative|access-date=2021-05-31|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> The paper presented a proposal for sweeping change in the way [[Western world|the West]] deals with the [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]].<ref name=Perthes>Perthes, V., 2004, [http://www.mepc.org/journal_vol11/0409_perthes.asp America's "Greater Middle East" and Europe: Key Issues for Dialogue] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081115112943/http://www.mepc.org//journal_vol11/0409_perthes.asp |date=15 November 2008 }}, ''[[Middle East Policy]]'', Volume XI, No.3, Pages 85–97.</ref><ref>Ottaway, Marina & Carothers, Thomas (2004-03-29), [http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=1480 The Greater Middle East Initiative: Off to a False Start] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708030632/http://carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=1480 |date=8 July 2018 }}, Policy Brief, ''Carnegie Endowment for International Peace'', 29, Pages 1–7</ref>
The '''Greater Middle East''' is a [[political geography|political]] term introduced in March 2004 in a paper published by the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] as part of the U.S. administration's preparatory work for the [[G8|Group of Eight]] summit of June, 2004. The area denotes a vaguely defined region called the "[[Arab world]]" together with [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]], [[Israel]], [[Turkey]], and several other neighboring countries that have cultural or religious ties.<ref name="The Greater Middle East Initiative">{{Cite web|title=The Greater Middle East Initiative|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2004/5/20/the-greater-middle-east-initiative|access-date=2021-05-31|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> The paper presented a proposal for sweeping change in the way [[Western world|the West]] deals with the [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]].<ref name=Perthes>Perthes, V., 2004, [http://www.mepc.org/journal_vol11/0409_perthes.asp America's "Greater Middle East" and Europe: Key Issues for Dialogue] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081115112943/http://www.mepc.org//journal_vol11/0409_perthes.asp |date=15 November 2008 }}, ''[[Middle East Policy]]'', Volume XI, No.3, Pages 85–97.</ref><ref>Ottaway, Marina & Carothers, Thomas (2004-03-29), [http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=1480 The Greater Middle East Initiative: Off to a False Start] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708030632/http://carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=1480 |date=8 July 2018 }}, Policy Brief, ''Carnegie Endowment for International Peace'', 29, Pages 1–7</ref>


[[Adam Garfinkle]] of the [[Foreign Policy Research Institute]] defined the Greater Middle East as the [[MENA]] region together with the [[Caucasus]] and [[Central Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Greater Middle East 2025|first=Adam|last=Garfinkle|work=[[Foreign Policy Research Institute]]|date=December 1, 1999|url=https://www.fpri.org/article/1999/12/the-greater-middle-east-2025/}}</ref> As well, other sources have named this world region as '''Middle (East) Crescent''' (which includes North Africa, the Middle East, Pakistan, and the Central Asian republics of the former Soviet Union),<ref>{{cite journal| last1 = Sethi| first1 = Dinesh| last2 = Zwi| first2 = Anthony| title = Challenge of drowning prevention in low and middle income countries| journal = Injury Prevention| volume = 4| issue = 2| pages = 162| date = 1998| url = https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/4/2/162.1| doi = 10.1136/ip.4.2.162| access-date = 30 September 2023}}</ref> since this area resembles a ''[[crescent]]''<ref>{{cite web| title =Middle East Crescent &ndash; Norwegian translation: det større Midtøsten (det nye Midtøsten)| language =no| url =https://www2.proz.com/kudoz/english-to-norwegian/geography/2947060-middle-east-crescent.html?phpv_redirected=1| quote =dette området minner om en "crescent"| date =28 November 2008| website =proz.com| access-date =30 September 2023}}</ref>
[[Adam Garfinkle]] of the [[Foreign Policy Research Institute]] defined the Greater Middle East as the [[MENA]] region together with the [[Caucasus]] and [[Central Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Greater Middle East 2025|first=Adam|last=Garfinkle|work=[[Foreign Policy Research Institute]]|date=December 1, 1999|url=https://www.fpri.org/article/1999/12/the-greater-middle-east-2025/}}</ref> Other sources have named this world region as '''Middle (East) Crescent''' (which includes North Africa, the Middle East, Pakistan, and the Central Asian republics of the former Soviet Union),<ref>{{cite journal| last1 = Sethi| first1 = Dinesh| last2 = Zwi| first2 = Anthony| title = Challenge of drowning prevention in low and middle income countries| journal = Injury Prevention| volume = 4| issue = 2| pages = 162| date = 1998| url = https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/4/2/162.1| doi = 10.1136/ip.4.2.162| access-date = 30 September 2023}}</ref> since this area resembles a ''[[crescent]]''<ref>{{cite web| title =Middle East Crescent &ndash; Norwegian translation: det større Midtøsten (det nye Midtøsten)| language =no| url =https://www2.proz.com/kudoz/english-to-norwegian/geography/2947060-middle-east-crescent.html?phpv_redirected=1| quote =dette området minner om en "crescent"| date =28 November 2008| website =proz.com| access-date =30 September 2023}}</ref>
<ref>{{Citation |title= Draw a circle - Create a circle on a google map using a point and a radius|url= https://www.mapdevelopers.com/draw-circle-tool.php?circles=%5B%5B4380000%2C50.4334578%2C30.5449992%2C%22%23AAAAAA%22%2C%22%23009000%22%2C0%5D%2C%5B4080000%2C70.9931471%2C-8.3520659%2C%22%23AAAAAA%22%2C%22%23009000%22%2C0%5D%5D|access-date=30 September 2023}}</ref> straddling in the ''middle'' of Europe, Africa and Asia.
<ref>{{Citation |title= Draw a circle - Create a circle on a google map using a point and a radius|url= https://www.mapdevelopers.com/draw-circle-tool.php?circles=%5B%5B4380000%2C50.4334578%2C30.5449992%2C%22%23AAAAAA%22%2C%22%23009000%22%2C0%5D%2C%5B4080000%2C70.9931471%2C-8.3520659%2C%22%23AAAAAA%22%2C%22%23009000%22%2C0%5D%5D|access-date=30 September 2023}}</ref> straddling in the ''middle'' of Europe, Africa, and Asia.


The future of the Greater Middle East has sometimes been referred to as the "new Middle East", first so by U.S. Secretary of State [[Condoleezza Rice]], who presented the second-term Bush administration's vision for the region's future in June, 2006 in Dubai. Rice said would be achieved through 'constructive chaos', a phrase she repeated a few weeks later during a joint press conference with Israeli Prime Minister [[Ehud Olmert]] when the [[2006 Lebanon War]] had broken out; the meaning of this phrase and the Bush administration's vision have been much debated since.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2019-08-30|title=Silence, Please! A New Middle East Is in the Making|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2015/12/silence-please-a-new-middle-east-is-in-the-making|website=[[Inter Press Service]]|first=Baher|last=Kamal|date=December 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830090424/http://www.ipsnews.net/2015/12/silence-please-a-new-middle-east-is-in-the-making/|archive-date=30 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yadgar |first1=Yaacov |title=A Myth of Peace: 'The Vision of the New Middle East' and Its Transformations in the Israeli Political and Public Spheres |journal=[[Journal of Peace Research]] |date=July 2016 |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=297–312 |doi=10.1177/0022343306063933 |s2cid=144802783 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/americas/the-new-middle-east-and-its-constructive-chaos-1.1218872 |title=The 'New Middle East' and its 'constructive chaos' |author=Jumana Al Tamimi |work=Gulf News |date=10 August 2013 |access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref> The efforts to achieve this new Middle East are sometimes called "The Great Middle East Project".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sakarya.edu.tr/en/?nid=237 |title="Great Middle East Project" Conference by Prof. Dr. Mahir Kaynak and Ast.Prof. Dr. Emin Gürses in SAU |access-date=3 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122071832/http://www.sakarya.edu.tr/en/?nid=237 |archive-date=22 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.emep.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=155:-the-greater-middle-east-project-the-new-name-for-occupation-and-re-division&catid=47:articles&Itemid=98 |title=Turkish Emek Political Parties |access-date=3 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502230715/http://www.emep.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=155:-the-greater-middle-east-project-the-new-name-for-occupation-and-re-division&catid=47:articles&Itemid=98 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The future of the Greater Middle East has sometimes been referred to as the "new Middle East", first so by U.S. Secretary of State [[Condoleezza Rice]], who presented the second-term Bush administration's vision for the region's future in June, 2006 in Dubai. Rice said would be achieved through 'constructive chaos', a phrase she repeated a few weeks later during a joint press conference with Israeli Prime Minister [[Ehud Olmert]] when the [[2006 Lebanon War]] had broken out; the meaning of this phrase and the Bush administration's vision have been much debated since.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2019-08-30|title=Silence, Please! A New Middle East Is in the Making|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2015/12/silence-please-a-new-middle-east-is-in-the-making|website=[[Inter Press Service]]|first=Baher|last=Kamal|date=December 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830090424/http://www.ipsnews.net/2015/12/silence-please-a-new-middle-east-is-in-the-making/|archive-date=30 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yadgar |first1=Yaacov |title=A Myth of Peace: 'The Vision of the New Middle East' and Its Transformations in the Israeli Political and Public Spheres |journal=[[Journal of Peace Research]] |date=July 2016 |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=297–312 |doi=10.1177/0022343306063933 |s2cid=144802783 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/americas/the-new-middle-east-and-its-constructive-chaos-1.1218872 |title=The 'New Middle East' and its 'constructive chaos' |author=Jumana Al Tamimi |work=Gulf News |date=10 August 2013 |access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref> The efforts to achieve this new Middle East are sometimes called "The Great Middle East Project".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sakarya.edu.tr/en/?nid=237 |title="Great Middle East Project" Conference by Prof. Dr. Mahir Kaynak and Ast.Prof. Dr. Emin Gürses in SAU |access-date=3 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122071832/http://www.sakarya.edu.tr/en/?nid=237 |archive-date=22 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.emep.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=155:-the-greater-middle-east-project-the-new-name-for-occupation-and-re-division&catid=47:articles&Itemid=98 |title=Turkish Emek Political Parties |access-date=3 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502230715/http://www.emep.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=155:-the-greater-middle-east-project-the-new-name-for-occupation-and-re-division&catid=47:articles&Itemid=98 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Revision as of 16:31, 5 October 2023

Greater Middle East
Countries
UN members (36) and UN observer (1)
Dependencies
Largest cities

The Greater Middle East is a political term introduced in March 2004 in a paper published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace as part of the U.S. administration's preparatory work for the Group of Eight summit of June, 2004. The area denotes a vaguely defined region called the "Arab world" together with Afghanistan, Iran, Israel, Turkey, and several other neighboring countries that have cultural or religious ties.[2] The paper presented a proposal for sweeping change in the way the West deals with the Middle East and North Africa.[3][4]

Adam Garfinkle of the Foreign Policy Research Institute defined the Greater Middle East as the MENA region together with the Caucasus and Central Asia.[5] Other sources have named this world region as Middle (East) Crescent (which includes North Africa, the Middle East, Pakistan, and the Central Asian republics of the former Soviet Union),[6] since this area resembles a crescent[7] [8] straddling in the middle of Europe, Africa, and Asia.

The future of the Greater Middle East has sometimes been referred to as the "new Middle East", first so by U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, who presented the second-term Bush administration's vision for the region's future in June, 2006 in Dubai. Rice said would be achieved through 'constructive chaos', a phrase she repeated a few weeks later during a joint press conference with Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert when the 2006 Lebanon War had broken out; the meaning of this phrase and the Bush administration's vision have been much debated since.[9][10][11] The efforts to achieve this new Middle East are sometimes called "The Great Middle East Project".[12][13]

Former U.S. National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski stated that a "political awakening" is taking place in this region which may be an indicator of the multipolar world that is now developing. He alluded to the Greater Middle East as the "Global Balkans", and as a control lever on an area he refers to as Eurasia.[14][page needed] According to Andrew Bacevich's book America's War for the Greater Middle East (2016), this region is the theater for a series of conflicts dating back to 1980, which heralded the start of the Iran–Iraq War.[citation needed] Since then, the U.S. has been involved in balancing conflicts amongst these culturally interconnected nations in order to further its interests in the region.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ "World City Populations 2022". worldpopulationreview.com.
  2. ^ "The Greater Middle East Initiative". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  3. ^ Perthes, V., 2004, America's "Greater Middle East" and Europe: Key Issues for Dialogue Archived 15 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Middle East Policy, Volume XI, No.3, Pages 85–97.
  4. ^ Ottaway, Marina & Carothers, Thomas (2004-03-29), The Greater Middle East Initiative: Off to a False Start Archived 8 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Policy Brief, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 29, Pages 1–7
  5. ^ Garfinkle, Adam (1 December 1999). "The Greater Middle East 2025". Foreign Policy Research Institute.
  6. ^ Sethi, Dinesh; Zwi, Anthony (1998). "Challenge of drowning prevention in low and middle income countries". Injury Prevention. 4 (2): 162. doi:10.1136/ip.4.2.162. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  7. ^ "Middle East Crescent – Norwegian translation: det større Midtøsten (det nye Midtøsten)". proz.com (in Norwegian). 28 November 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2023. dette området minner om en "crescent"
  8. ^ Draw a circle - Create a circle on a google map using a point and a radius, retrieved 30 September 2023
  9. ^ Kamal, Baher (14 December 2015). "Silence, Please! A New Middle East Is in the Making". Inter Press Service. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
  10. ^ Yadgar, Yaacov (July 2016). "A Myth of Peace: 'The Vision of the New Middle East' and Its Transformations in the Israeli Political and Public Spheres". Journal of Peace Research. 43 (3): 297–312. doi:10.1177/0022343306063933. S2CID 144802783.
  11. ^ Jumana Al Tamimi (10 August 2013). "The 'New Middle East' and its 'constructive chaos'". Gulf News. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  12. ^ ""Great Middle East Project" Conference by Prof. Dr. Mahir Kaynak and Ast.Prof. Dr. Emin Gürses in SAU". Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  13. ^ "Turkish Emek Political Parties". Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  14. ^ Zbigniew Brzezinski, "The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geo-strategic Imperatives" Cited in (Nazemroaya, 2006).
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