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{{Short description|Loose political term introduced in the 2000s}}
{{Short description|Loose political term introduced in the 2000s}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{original research|date=January 2021}}
⚫
}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
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| image = Greater Middle East (orthographic projection).svg
| image = Greater Middle East (orthographic projection).svg
| caption = Variations on definitions of the Middle East and North Africa region
| caption = Variations on definitions of the Middle East and North Africa region
{{legend|#346733|Traditional definition of the [[:en:Middle East|Middle East]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Middle East {{!}} History, Map, Countries, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Middle-East|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>}}
{{legend|#346733|Traditional definition of the [[:en:Middle East|Middle East]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Middle East {{!}} History, Map, Countries, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Middle-East|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=7 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907171126/https://www.britannica.com/place/Middle-East|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{legend|#008000|Greater Middle East (2004 U.S. Government paper)<ref name=Perthes/><ref name="The Greater Middle East Initiative"/>}}
{{legend|#008000|Greater Middle East (2004 U.S. Government paper)<ref name=Perthes/><ref name="The Greater Middle East Initiative"/>}}
{{legend|#73ED73|Areas pundits sometimes associated with Middle East c. 2004<ref name=Perthes/>}}
{{legend|#73ED73|Areas pundits sometimes associated with Middle East c. 2004<ref name=Perthes/>}}
| countries = {{Collapsible list
| countries = {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
| title = [[Member states of the United Nations|UN members]] (36)
| title = [[Member states of the United Nations|UN members]] (36) and [[United Nations General Assembly observers#Present non-member observers|UN observer]] (1)
| '''Core area'''
| '''Core area'''
| ''Middle East''
| ''Middle East''
| {{flag|Bahrain}}
* {{flag|Bahrain}}
| {{flag|Cyprus}}
* {{flag|Cyprus}}
| {{flag|Egypt}}
* {{flag|Egypt}}
| {{flag|Iran}}
* {{flag|Iran}}
| {{flag|Iraq}}
* {{flag|Iraq}}
| {{flag|Israel}}
* {{flag|Israel}}
| {{flag|Jordan}}
* {{flag|Jordan}}
| {{flag|Kuwait}}
* {{flag|Kuwait}}
| {{flag|Lebanon}}
* {{flag|Lebanon}}
| {{flag|Oman}}
* {{flag|Oman}}
| {{flag|Qatar}}
* {{flag|Palestine}}
| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
* {{flag|Qatar}}
| {{flag|Syria}}
* {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| {{flag|Turkey}}
* {{flag|Syria}}
| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
* {{flag|Turkey}}
* {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| {{flag|Yemen}}
* {{flag|Yemen}}
| '''Marginal area'''
| '''Marginal area'''
| ''Eastern Africa''
| ''North Africa''
| {{flag|Comoros}}
* {{flag|Algeria}}
| {{flag|Djibouti}}
* {{flag|Libya}}
| {{flag|Somalia}}
* {{flag|Morocco}}
⚫
* {{flag|Sudan}}
⚫
| ''Northern Africa''
| {{flag|Algeria}}
* {{flag|Tunisia}}
⚫
| ''East Africa''
⚫
| {{flag|Libya}}
| {{flag|Morocco}}
* {{flag|Comoros}}
| {{flag|Sudan}}
* {{flag|Djibouti}}
| {{flag|Tunisia}}
* {{flag|Somalia}}
| ''Southern Asia''
| ''South Asia''
| {{flag|Afghanistan}}<!-- As defined by the UN geoscheme, please don't move Afghanistan to Central Asia or the Middle East without discussion. -->
* {{flag|Afghanistan}}<!-- As defined by the UN geoscheme, please do not move Afghanistan to Central Asia or the Middle East without discussion. -->
| {{flag|Maldives}}
* {{flag|Maldives}}
| {{flag|Pakistan}}
* {{flag|Pakistan}}
| ''Western Africa''
| ''West Africa''
| {{flag|Mauritania}}
* {{flag|Mauritania}}
| '''Peripheral area'''
| '''Peripheral area'''
⚫
| ''Caucasus''
⚫
* {{flag|Armenia}}
⚫
* {{flag|Azerbaijan}}
⚫
* {{flag|Georgia}}
| ''Central Asia''
| ''Central Asia''
| {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
* {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
| {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
* {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
| {{flag|Tajikistan}}
* {{flag|Tajikistan}}
| {{flag|Turkmenistan}}
* {{flag|Turkmenistan}}
| {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
* {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
⚫
| ''South Caucasus''
⚫
| {{flag|Armenia}}
⚫
| {{flag|Azerbaijan}}
⚫
| {{flag|Georgia}}
}}
⚫
{{Collapsible list
⚫
|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
|title = [[United Nations General Assembly observers#Present non-member observers|UN observer]] (1)
⚫
|{{flag|Palestine}}
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list
{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
| title = [[List of states with limited recognition|De facto]] (6)
| title = [[List of states with limited recognition|Other ''de facto'' countries]] (5)
| '''Core area'''
⚫
| {{flag|Abkhazia}}
| ''Middle East''
⚫
| {{flag|Artsakh}}
| {{flag|Northern Cyprus}}
* {{flag|Northern Cyprus}}
| '''Marginal area'''
⚫
| {{flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}
| ''East Africa''
| {{flag|Somaliland}}
| {{flag|South Ossetia}}
* {{flag|Somaliland}}
| ''North Africa''
⚫
* {{flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}
| '''Peripheral area'''
| ''Caucasus''
⚫
* {{flag|Abkhazia}}
⚫
* {{flag|South Ossetia}}
}}
}}
| dependencies = {{Collapsible list
| dependencies = {{Collapsible list
|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
|title = [[Dependent territory|External]] (1)
| title = [[Dependent territory|External]] (1)
| '''Core area'''
⚫
| {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}
| ''Middle East''
⚫
* {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} ([[The Crown|United Kingdom]])
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list
{{Collapsible list
|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
|title = [[List of administrative divisions by country|Internal]] (5)
| title = [[List of administrative divisions by country|Internal]] (6)
| '''Core area'''
| {{flag|Adjara}}
| ''Middle East''
⚫
| {{flag|Karakalpakstan}}
| {{flag|Kurdistan}}
* {{flag|Kurdistan}} ([[Iraq]])
| {{flag|Nakhchivan}}
* {{flag|Rojava}} ([[Syria]])
| '''Peripheral area'''
| {{flag|Rojava}}
| ''Caucasus''
* {{flag|Adjara}} ([[Georgia (country)|Georgia]])
* {{flag|Nakhchivan}} ([[Azerbaijan]])
| ''Central Asia''
* [[Gorno-Badakhshan]] ([[Tajikistan]])
⚫
* {{flag|Karakalpakstan}} ([[Uzbekistan]])
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list
{{Collapsible list
|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
|title = [[List of territorial disputes|Disputed]] (1)
| title = [[List of military occupations|Occupied]] (5)
| '''Core area'''
| {{flagicon image|Flag.svg}} [[Western Sahara]]
| ''Middle East''
}}
⚫
* {{flagdeco|Palestine}} [[East Jerusalem]]
{{Collapsible list
⚫
* {{flag|Gaza Strip}}
|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
⚫
* {{flagdeco|Syria}} [[Golan Heights]]
|title = [[List of military occupations|Occupied]] (4)
| {{flag|Gaza Strip}}
* {{flag|West Bank}}
| '''Marginal area'''
⚫
| {{flagdeco|Syria}} [[Golan Heights]]
| ''North Africa''
⚫
| {{flagdeco|United Nations}} [[Jerusalem]]
| {{flag|West Bank}}
* {{flag|Western Sahara}}
}}
}}
{{Collapsible list
{{Collapsible list
|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
|title = [[List of territories governed by the United Nations|UN buffers]] (2)
| title = [[List of territories governed by the United Nations|UN buffers]] (2)
| '''Core area'''
⚫
| {{flagdeco|United Nations}} [[United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus|UNBZC]]
| ''Middle East''
⚫
| {{flagdeco|United Nations}} [[United Nations Disengagement Observer Force#UNDOF Zone|UNDOF Zone]]
⚫
* {{flagdeco|United Nations}} [[United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus|UNBZC]]
⚫
* {{flagdeco|United Nations}} [[United Nations Disengagement Observer Force#UNDOF Zone|UNDOF Zone]]
⚫
}}
⚫
| cities = {{Collapsible list
⚫
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
| title = [[List of largest cities|11 largest cities in the Greater Middle East]] (2022)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities|title=World City Populations 2022|website=worldpopulationreview.com|access-date=8 July 2022|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220194018/http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
# {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Cairo]]
# {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Karachi]]
# {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]]
# {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Lahore]]
# {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]]
# {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]]
# {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Baghdad]]
# {{flagicon|Sudan}} [[Khartoum]]
# {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Alexandria]]
# {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]]
}}
}}
}}
}}


The '''Greater Middle East''', is a [[political geography|political]] term, introduced in March 2004 in a paper by the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] as part of the U.S. administration's preparatory work for the [[Group of Eight]] summit of June 2004, denoting a vaguely defined region called the "[[Arab world]]" together with [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]], [[Israel]], [[Turkey]], and several other countries.<ref name="The Greater Middle East Initiative">{{Cite web|title=The Greater Middle East Initiative|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2004/5/20/the-greater-middle-east-initiative|access-date=2021-05-31|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> The paper presented a proposal for sweeping change in the way [[Western world|the West]] deals with the [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]].<ref name=Perthes>Perthes, V., 2004, [http://www.mepc.org/journal_vol11/0409_perthes.asp America's "Greater Middle East" and Europe: Key Issues for Dialogue] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081115112943/http://www.mepc.org//journal_vol11/0409_perthes.asp |date=15 November 2008 }}, ''[[Middle East Policy]]'', Volume XI, No.3, Pages 85–97.</ref><ref>Ottaway, Marina & Carothers, Thomas (2004-03-29), [http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=1480 The Greater Middle East Initiative: Off to a False Start] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708030632/http://carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=1480 |date=8 July 2018 }}, Policy Brief, ''Carnegie Endowment for International Peace'', 29, Pages 1–7</ref> Previously, by [[Adam Garfinkle]] of the [[Foreign Policy Research Institute]], the Greater Middle East had been defined as the [[MENA]] region together with [[Central Asia]] and the [[Caucasus]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Greater Middle East 2025|first=Adam|last=Garfinkle|work=[[Foreign Policy Research Institute]]|date=December 1, 1999|url=https://www.fpri.org/article/1999/12/the-greater-middle-east-2025/}}</ref>
The '''Greater Middle East''' is a [[political geography|geopolitical]] term introduced in March 2004 in a paper published by the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] as part of the U.S. administration's preparatory work for the [[G8|Group of Eight]] summit of June 2004. The area denotes a vaguely defined region encompassing the [[Arab world]], along with [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]], [[Turkey]], and sometimes the [[Caucasus]] and [[Central Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Greater Middle East 2025 - Foreign Policy Research Institute |url=https://www.fpri.org/article/1999/12/the-greater-middle-east-2025/ |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=www.fpri.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="The Greater Middle East Initiative">{{Cite web|title=The Greater Middle East Initiative|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2004/5/20/the-greater-middle-east-initiative|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Al Jazeera|language=en|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407060811/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2004/5/20/the-greater-middle-east-initiative|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stewart |first=Dona J. |date=2005 |title=The Greater Middle East and Reform in the Bush Administration's Ideological Imagination |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30034245 |journal=Geographical Review |volume=95 |issue=3 |pages=400–424 |issn=0016-7428}}</ref> The paper presented a proposal for sweeping change in the way [[Western world|the West]] deals with the [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]].<ref name=Perthes>Perthes, V., 2004, [http://www.mepc.org/journal_vol11/0409_perthes.asp America's "Greater Middle East" and Europe: Key Issues for Dialogue] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081115112943/http://www.mepc.org//journal_vol11/0409_perthes.asp |date=15 November 2008 }}, ''[[Middle East Policy]]'', Volume XI, No.3, Pages 85–97.</ref><ref>Ottaway, Marina & Carothers, Thomas (2004-03-29), [http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=1480 The Greater Middle East Initiative: Off to a False Start] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708030632/http://carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=1480 |date=8 July 2018 }}, Policy Brief, ''Carnegie Endowment for International Peace'', 29, Pages 1–7</ref>
[[Adam Garfinkle]] of the [[Foreign Policy Research Institute]] defined the Greater Middle East as the [[Middle East and North Africa|MENA]] region together with the Caucasus and Central Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Greater Middle East 2025|first=Adam|last=Garfinkle|work=[[Foreign Policy Research Institute]]|date=December 1, 1999|url=https://www.fpri.org/article/1999/12/the-greater-middle-east-2025/|access-date=22 January 2021|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407060811/https://www.fpri.org/article/1999/12/the-greater-middle-east-2025/|url-status=live}}</ref>


The future of this Greater Middle East has sometimes been referred to as the "new Middle East", first so by U.S. Secretary of State [[Condoleezza Rice]], who in Dubai in June 2006 presented the second-term Bush administration's vision for the region's future. Rice said would be achieved through 'constructive chaos', a phrase she repeated a few weeks later during a joint press conference with Israeli Prime Minister [[Ehud Olmert]] when the [[2006 Lebanon War]] had broken out; the meaning of this phrase and the Bush administration's vision have been much debated since.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2019-08-30|title=Silence, Please! A New Middle East Is in the Making|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2015/12/silence-please-a-new-middle-east-is-in-the-making|website=[[Inter Press Service]]|first=Baher|last=Kamal|date=December 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830090424/http://www.ipsnews.net/2015/12/silence-please-a-new-middle-east-is-in-the-making/|archive-date=30 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yadgar |first1=Yaacov |title=A Myth of Peace: 'The Vision of the New Middle East' and Its Transformations in the Israeli Political and Public Spheres |journal=[[Journal of Peace Research]] |date=July 2016 |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=297–312 |doi=10.1177/0022343306063933 |s2cid=144802783 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/americas/the-new-middle-east-and-its-constructive-chaos-1.1218872 |title=The ‘New Middle East’ and its ‘constructive chaos’ |author=Jumana Al Tamimi |work=Gulf News |date=10 August 2013 |access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref> The efforts to achieve this new Middle East are sometimes called "The Great Middle East Project".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sakarya.edu.tr/en/?nid=237 |title="Great Middle East Project" Conference by Prof. Dr. Mahir Kaynak and Ast.Prof. Dr. Emin Gürses in SAU |access-date=3 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122071832/http://www.sakarya.edu.tr/en/?nid=237 |archive-date=22 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.emep.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=155:-the-greater-middle-east-project-the-new-name-for-occupation-and-re-division&catid=47:articles&Itemid=98 |title=Turkish Emek Political Parties |access-date=3 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502230715/http://www.emep.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=155:-the-greater-middle-east-project-the-new-name-for-occupation-and-re-division&catid=47:articles&Itemid=98 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The future of the Greater Middle East has sometimes been referred to as the "new Middle East", first so by U.S. Secretary of State [[Condoleezza Rice]], who presented the second-term Bush administration's vision for the region's future in June 2006 in Dubai. Rice said would be achieved through "constructive chaos", a phrase she repeated a few weeks later during a joint press conference with Israeli Prime Minister [[Ehud Olmert]] when the [[2006 Lebanon War]] had broken out; the meaning of this phrase and the Bush administration's vision have been much debated since.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2019-08-30|title=Silence, Please! A New Middle East Is in the Making|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2015/12/silence-please-a-new-middle-east-is-in-the-making|website=[[Inter Press Service]]|first=Baher|last=Kamal|date=December 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830090424/http://www.ipsnews.net/2015/12/silence-please-a-new-middle-east-is-in-the-making/|archive-date=30 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yadgar |first1=Yaacov |title=A Myth of Peace: 'The Vision of the New Middle East' and Its Transformations in the Israeli Political and Public Spheres |journal=[[Journal of Peace Research]] |date=July 2016 |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=297–312 |doi=10.1177/0022343306063933 |s2cid=144802783 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/americas/the-new-middle-east-and-its-constructive-chaos-1.1218872 |title=The 'New Middle East' and its 'constructive chaos' |author=Jumana Al Tamimi |work=Gulf News |date=10 August 2013 |access-date=20 January 2021 |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213215345/https://gulfnews.com/world/americas/the-new-middle-east-and-its-constructive-chaos-1.1218872 |url-status=live }}</ref> The efforts to achieve this new Middle East are sometimes called "The Great Middle East Project".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sakarya.edu.tr/en/?nid=237 |title="Great Middle East Project" Conference by Prof. Dr. Mahir Kaynak and Ast.Prof. Dr. Emin Gürses in SAU |access-date=3 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122071832/http://www.sakarya.edu.tr/en/?nid=237 |archive-date=22 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.emep.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=155:-the-greater-middle-east-project-the-new-name-for-occupation-and-re-division&catid=47:articles&Itemid=98 |title=Turkish Emek Political Parties |access-date=3 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502230715/http://www.emep.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=155:-the-greater-middle-east-project-the-new-name-for-occupation-and-re-division&catid=47:articles&Itemid=98 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>


Former [[National Security Advisor (United States)|U.S. National Security Advisor]] [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]] stated that a "political awakening" is taking place in this region which may be an indicator of the [[Polarity (international relations)|multi-polar]] world that is now developing. He alluded to the Greater Middle East as the "Global [[Balkans]]", and as a control lever on an area he refers to as [[Eurasia]].<ref>[[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], "The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geo-strategic Imperatives" Cited in (Nazemroaya, 2006).</ref>{{Page needed|date=September 2010}} According to [[Andrew Bacevich]]'s book ''America's War for the Greater Middle East'' (2016), this region is the [[Theater (warfare)|theater]] for a series of conflicts dating back to 1980, which heralded the start of the [[Iran–Iraq War]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} Since then, the U.S. has been involved in balancing conflicts amongst these culturally interconnected nations in order to further its interests in the region.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
Former U.S. National Security Advisor [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]] stated that a "political awakening" is taking place in this region which may be an indicator of the [[Polarity (international relations)|multipolar]] world that is now developing. He alluded to the Greater Middle East as the "Global [[Balkans]]", and as a control lever on an area he refers to as [[Eurasia]].<ref>[[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], "The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geo-strategic Imperatives" Cited in (Nazemroaya, 2006).</ref>{{Page needed|date=September 2010}} According to [[Andrew Bacevich]]'s book ''America's War for the Greater Middle East'' (2016), this region is the [[Theater (warfare)|theater]] for a series of conflicts dating back to 1980, which heralded the start of the [[Iran–Iraq War]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}


==See also==
==See also==
* [[West Asia]]
* [[Arab world]]
* [[Arab world]]
* [[Demographics of the Middle East and North Africa]]
* [[Demographics of the Middle East and North Africa]]
* [[Great Game]]
* [[Great Game]]
* [[MENA]] (Middle East and North Africa)
* [[Middle East and North Africa]] (MENA)
* [[MENASA]] (Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia)
* [[Muslim world]]
* [[Muslim world]]
* [[Project for the New American Century]]
* [[Project for the New American Century]]
Line 146: Line 171:
[[Category:Middle East]]
[[Category:Middle East]]
[[Category:Geographical neologisms]]
[[Category:Geographical neologisms]]
[[Category:Regions of Eurasia]]
[[Category:Geography of the Middle East]]
[[Category:Regions of Africa]]

Revision as of 23:45, 1 June 2024

Greater Middle East
Countries
UN members (36) and UN observer (1)
Dependencies
Largest cities

The Greater Middle East is a geopolitical term introduced in March 2004 in a paper published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace as part of the U.S. administration's preparatory work for the Group of Eight summit of June 2004. The area denotes a vaguely defined region encompassing the Arab world, along with Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey, and sometimes the Caucasus and Central Asia.[2][3][4] The paper presented a proposal for sweeping change in the way the West deals with the Middle East and North Africa.[5][6]

Adam Garfinkle of the Foreign Policy Research Institute defined the Greater Middle East as the MENA region together with the Caucasus and Central Asia.[7]

The future of the Greater Middle East has sometimes been referred to as the "new Middle East", first so by U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, who presented the second-term Bush administration's vision for the region's future in June 2006 in Dubai. Rice said would be achieved through "constructive chaos", a phrase she repeated a few weeks later during a joint press conference with Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert when the 2006 Lebanon War had broken out; the meaning of this phrase and the Bush administration's vision have been much debated since.[8][9][10] The efforts to achieve this new Middle East are sometimes called "The Great Middle East Project".[11][12]

Former U.S. National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski stated that a "political awakening" is taking place in this region which may be an indicator of the multipolar world that is now developing. He alluded to the Greater Middle East as the "Global Balkans", and as a control lever on an area he refers to as Eurasia.[13][page needed] According to Andrew Bacevich's book America's War for the Greater Middle East (2016), this region is the theater for a series of conflicts dating back to 1980, which heralded the start of the Iran–Iraq War.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ "World City Populations 2022". worldpopulationreview.com. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  2. ^ "The Greater Middle East 2025 - Foreign Policy Research Institute". www.fpri.org. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  3. ^ "The Greater Middle East Initiative". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  4. ^ Stewart, Dona J. (2005). "The Greater Middle East and Reform in the Bush Administration's Ideological Imagination". Geographical Review. 95 (3): 400–424. ISSN 0016-7428.
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  9. ^ Yadgar, Yaacov (July 2016). "A Myth of Peace: 'The Vision of the New Middle East' and Its Transformations in the Israeli Political and Public Spheres". Journal of Peace Research. 43 (3): 297–312. doi:10.1177/0022343306063933. S2CID 144802783.
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  13. ^ Zbigniew Brzezinski, "The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geo-strategic Imperatives" Cited in (Nazemroaya, 2006).
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