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Coordinates: 33°29′40″N 105°31′35″W / 33.49444°N 105.52639°W / 33.49444; -105.52639
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{{About|the fort in New Mexico|the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]-era fort in Washington, D.C.|Fort Stanton (Washington, D.C.)}}
{{About|the fort in New Mexico|the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]-era fort in Washington, D.C.|Fort Stanton (Washington, D.C.)}}
{{Infobox NRHP
{{Infobox NRHP
| name = Fort Stanton Historic District and Boundary Increase
| name = Fort Stanton
| nrhp_type = hd
| nrhp_type = hd
| nocat = yes
⚫
| image = Officers Quarters Fort Stanton New Mexico.jpg
| designated_other1_name = New Mexico Historic Site
| caption = Officers Quarters at Fort Stanton
| designated_other1_abbr = NMHS
⚫
| location = [[Lincoln County, New Mexico]],<br>7 mi. SE of Capitan near U.S. 380
| designated_other1_color = #FFE978
| designated_other1_link = New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs#Divisions, museums, and historic sites
| designated_other1_date = August 9, 2007<ref name="NMHS date">{{cite web|title=Fort Stanton Historic Site History|url=http://www.nmmonuments.org/fort-stanton/history|publisher=[[New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs]]|access-date=December 22, 2016|archive-date=December 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222152851/http://www.nmmonuments.org/fort-stanton/history|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| designated_other2 = New Mexico
| designated_other2_date = May 23, 1969
| designated_other2_number = [https://web.archive.org/web/20141110122215/http://www.nmhistoricpreservation.org/assets/files/registers/2012%20Report_%20Section%203_%20Arranged%20by%20Number.pdf 60]
| designated_other2_num_position = bottom
⚫
| image = Adjutant Office Fort Stanton New Mexico.jpg
| caption = Adjutant Office in 2009
⚫
| location = 7 mi. SE of Capitan near U.S. 380
| nearest_city = [[Capitan, New Mexico]]
| nearest_city = [[Capitan, New Mexico]]
| coordinates = {{coord|33|29|40|N|105|31|35|W|display=inline,title}}
| lat_degrees = 33
| area = {{convert|195|acre}}
| lat_minutes = 29
| built = {{Start date|1855}}
| lat_seconds = 45.90
| architecture = [[Colonial Revival architecture|Colonial Revival]], [[Mission architecture|Mission/Spanish Revival]]
| lat_direction = N
| long_degrees = 105
| added = April 13, 1973
⚫
| increase = January 14, 2000
| long_minutes = 31
⚫
| refnum = 73001142
| long_seconds = 26.04
| increase_refnum = 99001679
| long_direction = W
| locmapin = New Mexico
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = blank
| area =
| built =
| architect =
| architecture =
⚫
| added = April 13, 1973; January 14, 2000
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
⚫
| refnum = 73001142; 99001679
| mpsub =
| governing_body =
}}
}}
'''Fort Stanton''' was a [[United States Army]] [[fort]] near [[Lincoln, New Mexico]].
[[File:Fort Stanton.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Early photograph of Fort Stanton.]]
⚫
'''Fort Stanton''' (built 1855) was a [[U.S. military]] [[fort]] built in [[New Mexico]] in the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Garland | first = John | authorlink = John Garland (general) | title = Reports From The Department Of New Mexico To The Secretary Of War (May 31, 1855, Jno Garland) | journal = Executive Documents Of The Senate Of The United States, First and Second Sessions, Thirty-Fourth Congress | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 70–71 | publisher = A.O.P. Nicholson | location = Washington DC | year = 1856 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=UogFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA69# | accessdate = May 2, 2012}}</ref> It was established to protect settlements along the [[List of New Mexico rivers#Rio Grande Watershed|Rio Bonito]] in the [[Apache Wars]]. [[Kit Carson]], [[John Pershing|John "Black Jack" Pershing]], [[Billy the Kid]], and [[Buffalo Soldiers]] of the [[9th Cavalry Regiment (United States)|9th Cavalry]] all lived here.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sabin|first=Edwin L.|authorlink=Edwin L. Sabin|title=Kit Carson Days (1809-1868)|publisher=A. C. McClurg & Co.|year=1914|location=Chicago IL|pages=413–417|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oyYUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA413#}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=MacAdam|first=George|title=The Life of General Pershing|journal=The World's Work|volume=XXXVII|issue=3|pages=281–293|publisher=Doubleday, Page & Co.|location=New York, NY|date=January 1919|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=r0RYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA292#|accessdate=May 2, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Garrett|first=Pat Floyd|authorlink=Pat Garrett|title = The Authentic Life Of Billy, The Kid|type=[[The Authentic Life of Billy, the Kid|on ''Wikipedia'']]|publisher=New Mexican Printing and Publishing Co.|year=1882|location=Santa Fe, NM|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vGVNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1#}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last = U.S. House of Representatives|first=Committee on Military Affairs|title=Proposed Reduction Of The Military Establishment|publisher=Government Printing Office|year=1874|location=Washington DC|pages=7–8|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0y1FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7#}}</ref>


== Army Fort ==
⚫
Confederate forces occupied the outpost in the beginning of the [[American Civil War]] after the post was abandoned with the withdrawal of U.S. forces in the region.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Confederate Invasion Of New Mexico: 1861-62|journal=Old Santa Fe|volume=III|issue=9|pages=5–43|publisher=Old Santa Fe Press|location=Santa Fe NM|date=January 1916|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CrwUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5#|accessdate = May 2, 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Officers Quarters Fort Stanton New Mexico.jpg|left|thumb|Officers Quarters in 2009]]
⚫
It was built in 1855 by the 1st Dragoon and the 3rd and 8th Infantry Regiments to serve as a base of military operations against the Mescalero Apaches. Numerous campaigns were fought from 1855 until the 1880s.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Garland | first = John | author-link = John Garland (general) | title = Reports From The Department Of New Mexico To The Secretary Of War (May 31, 1855, Jno Garland) | journal = Executive Documents of the Senate of the United States, First and Second Sessions, Thirty-Fourth Congress | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 70–71 | publisher = A.O.P. Nicholson | location = Washington DC | year = 1856 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UogFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA69 | access-date = May 2, 2012}}</ref> It was established to protect Hispano and White settlements along the [[List of New Mexico rivers#Rio Grande Watershed|Rio Bonito]] in the [[Apache Wars]]. [[Kit Carson]], [[John Pershing|John "Black Jack" Pershing]], [[Billy the Kid]], [[Pat Garrett]], and [[Buffalo Soldiers]] of the [[9th Cavalry Regiment (United States)|9th Cavalry]] all lived here.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sabin|first=Edwin L.|author-link=Edwin L. Sabin|title=Kit Carson Days (1809-1868)|publisher=A. C. McClurg & Co.|year=1914|location=Chicago IL|pages=[https://archive.org/details/kitcarsondays18000sabirich/page/413 413]–417|url=https://archive.org/details/kitcarsondays18000sabirich}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=MacAdam|first=George|title=The Life of General Pershing|journal=The World's Work|volume=XXXVII|issue=3|pages=281–293|publisher=Doubleday, Page & Co.|location=New York, NY|date=January 1919|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r0RYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA292|access-date=May 2, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Garrett|first=Pat Floyd|author-link=Pat Garrett|title = The Authentic Life Of Billy, The Kid|type=[[The Authentic Life of Billy, the Kid|on ''Wikipedia'']]|publisher=New Mexican Printing and Publishing Co.|year=1882|location=Santa Fe, NM|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vGVNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last = U.S. House of Representatives|first=Committee on Military Affairs|title=Proposed Reduction Of The Military Establishment|publisher=Government Printing Office|year=1874|location=Washington DC|pages=7–8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0y1FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7}}</ref>


⚫
Confederate forces occupied the outpost in 1861, at the beginning of the [[American Civil War]]. This U.S. military fortification was abandoned with the withdrawal of U.S. forces in 1896.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Confederate Invasion Of New Mexico: 1861-62|journal=Old Santa Fe|volume=III|issue=9|pages=5–43|publisher=Old Santa Fe Press|location=Santa Fe NM|date=January 1916|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CrwUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5|access-date = May 2, 2012}}</ref>
⚫
The fort was originally established in part as the Mescalero Apache reservation. In 1873 the reservation was moved 30 miles southwest to its current location. In 1899, President [[William McKinley]] transferred Fort Stanton property from the War Department to the Marine Hospital Service, converting the military reservation to America's first federal tuberculosis sanatorium.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=National Care of Consumptives|journal=Medical Review of Reviews|volume=V|issue=4|pages=294–295|date=April 25, 1899|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=ayKgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA294#|accessdate=May 2, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Government Sanatoria In New Mexico|journal=The Medical Dial|volume=1|issue=13|pages=377|location=Minneapolis MN|date=December 1899|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BxkCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA377|accessdate=April 29, 2012 }}</ref>


The fort was originally established in part as the Mescalero Apache reservation. In 1873 the reservation was moved 30 miles southwest to its current location.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
⚫
During [[World War II]], Fort Sill was used as a detention center for German and Japanese Americans arrested as "enemy aliens," and 411 German nationals taken from the luxury liner ''Columbus'' in 1939 (officially recorded as "distressed seamen paroled from the German Embassy" since the U.S. was still technically neutral at the time of their capture).<ref>{{Citation|title=Interns At New Camp|newspaper=St. Joseph News-Press|pages=8|date=March 18, 1941|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OKVWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=s0ENAAAAIBAJ&pg=2684%2C6106799|accessdate=May 4, 2012}}</ref><ref>J. Burton, M. Farrell, F. Lord, R. Lord. ''Confinement and Ethnicity: An Overview of World War II Japanese American Relocation Sites'', [http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/anthropology74/ce17h.htm "Department of Justice Internment Camps: Fort Stanton, New Mexico"] (National Park Service) Retrieved 13 Jun 2014.</ref> The "enemy aliens" were mostly immigrant residents of the U.S. who had been taken into custody as suspected saboteurs shortly after the U.S. entered the war, despite a lack of supporting evidence or access to due process for most internees. The 31 [[Internment of German Americans|German American internees]], labeled "troublemakers" by the Department of Justice, were kept separate from the 17 [[Internment of Japanese Americans|Japanese Americans]] (also deemed "troublesome" by authorities) who were transferred to Fort Sill on March 10, 1945. These new arrivals were deported to Japan later that year.<ref>[http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Fort%20Stanton%20%28detention%20facility%29/ "Fort Sill"] ''Densho Encyclopedia''. Retrieved 13 Jun 2014.</ref>


== Marine Hospital ==
⚫
In 2008, New Mexico governor [[Bill Richardson]] announced plans to establish Fort Stanton as a living history venue, Fort Stanton State Monument, and funds to renovate headquarters, officers quarters, and stables.<ref>[http://www.governor.state.nm.us/press/2008/may/050908_01.pdf "Governor Richardson Announces Fort Stanton Renovations"] ([[PDF]]). Press Release, May 9, 2008.</ref>
[[File:PSM V82 D365 Summer housing at fort stanton.png|left|thumb|Fort Stanton around 1913]]
⚫
In 1899, President [[William McKinley]] transferred Fort Stanton property from the War Department to the Marine Hospital Service, converting the military reservation to America's first federal tuberculosis sanatorium.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=National Care of Consumptives|journal=Medical Review of Reviews|volume=V|issue=4|pages=294–295|date=April 25, 1899|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ayKgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA294|access-date=May 2, 2012}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Government Sanatoria In New Mexico|journal=The Medical Dial|volume=1|issue=13|pages=377|location=Minneapolis MN|date=December 1899|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BxkCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA377|access-date=April 29, 2012 }}</ref>


⚫
During [[World War II]], Fort Stanton was used as a detention center for German and Japanese Americans arrested as "enemy aliens," and 411 German nationals taken from the luxury liner ''[[SS Columbus (1922)|Columbus]]'' in 1939 (officially recorded as "distressed seamen paroled from the German Embassy" since the U.S. was still technically neutral at the time of their capture).<ref>{{Citation|title=Interns At New Camp|newspaper=St. Joseph News-Press|pages=8|date=March 18, 1941|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OKVWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=s0ENAAAAIBAJ&pg=2684%2C6106799|access-date=May 4, 2012}}</ref><ref>J. Burton, M. Farrell, F. Lord, R. Lord. ''Confinement and Ethnicity: An Overview of World War II Japanese American Relocation Sites'', [http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/anthropology74/ce17h.htm "Department of Justice Internment Camps: Fort Stanton, New Mexico"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414023056/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/anthropology74/ce17h.htm |date=2015-04-14 }} (National Park Service) Retrieved 13 Jun 2014.</ref> The "enemy aliens" were mostly immigrant residents of the U.S. who had been taken into custody as suspected saboteurs shortly after the U.S. entered the war, despite a lack of supporting evidence or access to due process for most internees. The 31 [[Internment of German Americans|German American internees]], labeled "troublemakers" by the Department of Justice, were kept separate from the 17 [[Internment of Japanese Americans|Japanese Americans]] (also deemed "troublesome" by authorities) who were transferred to Fort Stanton on March 10, 1945. These new arrivals were deported to Japan later that year.<ref>[http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Fort%20Stanton%20%28detention%20facility%29/ "Fort Stanton"] ''Densho Encyclopedia''. Retrieved 13 Jun 2014.</ref>
⚫
In 2009, the area around Fort Stanton and Fort Stanton Cave was designated by the U.S. Congress as a National Conservation Area (NCA), with more than 25,000 acres in order to protect a unique cave resource, Snowy River Passage in Fort Stanton Cave National Natural Landmark. Snowy River was discovered in 2001 by members of the Fort Stanton Cave Study Project. The new NCA, called [[Fort Stanton – Snowy River Cave National Conservation Area|Fort Stanton – Snowy River Cave]], is managed by the Bureau of Land Management, Roswell Field Office. The NCA has over 90 miles of multi-use trails for horseback riding, mountain bike riding and hiking. It is the venue of an annual [[endurance riding]] event that has grown to be 6 days long. The NCA is joined on its south and northeast boundaries by the Smokey Bear Ranger District of the [[Lincoln National Forest]].

The hospital was closed in 1953.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=United States. Public Health Service. Division of Hospitals|url=https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61p43pr|access-date=2020-08-31|website=SNAC}}</ref>

== Later history ==
⚫
In 2008, New Mexico governor [[Bill Richardson]] announced plans to establish Fort Stanton as a living history venue, Fort Stanton State Monument, and funds to renovate headquarters, officers quarters, and stables.<ref>[http://www.governor.state.nm.us/press/2008/may/050908_01.pdf "Governor Richardson Announces Fort Stanton Renovations"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203111954/http://www.governor.state.nm.us/press/2008/may/050908_01.pdf |date=2008-12-03 }} ([[PDF]]). Press Release, May 9, 2008.</ref>

⚫
In 2009, the area around Fort Stanton and Fort Stanton Cave was designated by the U.S. Congress as a National Conservation Area (NCA), with more than 25,000 acres in order to protect a unique cave resource, Snowy River Passage in Fort Stanton Cave National Natural Landmark. Snowy River was discovered in 2001 by members of the Fort Stanton Cave Study Project. The new NCA, called [[Fort Stanton – Snowy River Cave National Conservation Area|Fort Stanton – Snowy River Cave]], is managed by the Bureau of Land Management, Roswell Field Office. The NCA has over 90 miles of multi-use trails for horseback riding, mountain bike riding and hiking. It is the venue of an annual [[endurance riding]] event that has grown to be 6 days long. The NCA is joined on its south and northeast boundaries by the Smokey Bear Ranger District of the [[Lincoln National Forest]].


In 2012, members of the Southwestern Region of the National Speleological Society completed a restoration project on the second floor balcony of Building #9, located on the Fort Stanton Quadrangle.
In 2012, members of the Southwestern Region of the National Speleological Society completed a restoration project on the second floor balcony of Building #9, located on the Fort Stanton Quadrangle.

In 2019, a team from AmeriCorps National Civilian Community Corps along with Fort Stanton Staff renovated and restored Fort Stanton's Hidalgo Building into a volunteer dormitory, began restoration on the historic school house, restored an original [[tuberculosis hut|TB Hut]], and expanded the hospital's current exhibit to include two new exhibits.


==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|National Register of Historic Places|American Civil War}}
*[[Escape from Fort Stanton]]
*[[Escape from Fort Stanton]]
*[[Ruidoso, New Mexico]]
*[[Ruidoso, New Mexico]]
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*[[Battle of Mesilla (disambiguation)]]
*[[Battle of Mesilla (disambiguation)]]
*[[Gallinas Massacre]]
*[[Gallinas Massacre]]
*[[National Register of Historic Places listings in Lincoln County, New Mexico]]


==References==
==References==
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===Sanitarium===
===Sanitarium===
{{refbegin}}
<div><div style="font-size:88%">
*{{Cite journal|last=Cobb|first=J. O.|title=The Arid Region Of The United States For Consumptives|journal=The Sanitarian|volume=43|issue=361|pages=501–511|publisher=The Medico-Legal Society Of New York|location=New York NY|date=December 1899|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=O4YCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA501#|accessdate=May 2, 2012}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Cobb|first=J. O.|title=The Arid Region Of The United States For Consumptives|journal=The Sanitarian|volume=43|issue=361|pages=501–511|publisher=The Medico-Legal Society Of New York|location=New York NY|date=December 1899|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4YCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA501|access-date=May 2, 2012}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Cobb|first=J. O.|title = The Sanitarium for Consumptive Sailors Established: The U.S. Marine Hospital Service At Fort Stanton, N.M.|journal=Gaillard's Medical Journal|volume=LXXIII|issue=6|pages=290–296|date=December 1900|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ga9XAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA290#|accessdate=May 2, 2012}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Cobb|first=J. O.|title = The Sanitarium for Consumptive Sailors Established: The U.S. Marine Hospital Service At Fort Stanton, N.M.|journal=Gaillard's Medical Journal|volume=LXXIII|issue=6|pages=290–296|date=December 1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ga9XAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA290|access-date=May 2, 2012}}
*{{Cite book|last=Huber|first=John Bessner|title=Consumption: Its Relation To Man And His Civilization|publisher=J. B. Lippincott|year=1906|location=Philadelphia PA|pages=265–274|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=yKRYx2NWEF8C&pg=PA265#|accessdate=May 2, 2012}}
*{{Cite book|last=Huber|first=John Bessner|title=Consumption: Its Relation To Man And His Civilization|publisher=J. B. Lippincott|year=1906|location=Philadelphia PA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/consumptionitsr00hubegoog/page/n279 265]–274|url = https://archive.org/details/consumptionitsr00hubegoog|access-date=May 2, 2012}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Newman|first=Oliver P.|title=Government Care Of Consumptives|journal=The American Monthly Review of Reviews|volume=XXX|issue=1|pages=59–64|date=July 1904|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=PDIzi0NYqucC&pg=PA59#|accessdate=May 2, 2012}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Newman|first=Oliver P.|title=Government Care Of Consumptives|journal=The American Monthly Review of Reviews|volume=XXX|issue=1|pages=59–64|date=July 1904|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PDIzi0NYqucC&pg=PA59|access-date=May 2, 2012}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Reed|first=Alfred C.|title=United States Public Health Service|journal=Popular Science Monthly|volume=LXXXII|issue=4|pages=353–375|publisher=The Science Press|location=New York NY|date=April 1913|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LK8VAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA359#|accessdate=May 2, 2012 }}
*{{Cite journal|last=Reed|first=Alfred C.|title=United States Public Health Service|journal=Popular Science Monthly|volume=LXXXII|issue=4|pages=353–375|publisher=The Science Press|location=New York NY|date=April 1913|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LK8VAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA359|access-date=May 2, 2012 }}
*{{Cite journal|last=Rosenau|first=R. J.|title=Report on the Work of the Marine Hospital Service at Fort Stanton, New Mexico|journal=The Medico-Legal Journal|volume=XVII|issue=4|pages=504–508|publisher=The Medico-Legal Society Of New York|location=New York NY|year=1900|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2RcCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA504#|accessdate=May 2, 2012}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Rosenau|first=R. J.|title=Report on the Work of the Marine Hospital Service at Fort Stanton, New Mexico|journal=The Medico-Legal Journal|volume=XVII|issue=4|pages=504–508|publisher=The Medico-Legal Society Of New York|location=New York NY|year=1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RcCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA504|access-date=May 2, 2012}}
*{{Cite journal|title=Marine Hospital Sanatorium, Fort Stanton, New Mexico|journal=The Modern Hospital|volume=X|issue=1|pages=7–9|date=January 1918|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=_FAhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA7#|accessdate=May 2, 2012}}
*{{Cite journal|title=Marine Hospital Sanatorium, Fort Stanton, New Mexico|journal=The Modern Hospital|volume=X|issue=1|pages=7–9|date=January 1918|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_FAhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA7|access-date=May 2, 2012}}
{{refend}}
</div>


===World War II Internment Center===
===World War II Internment Center===
{{refbegin}}
<div><div style="font-size:88%">
*{{Cite book|last=Anderson|first=William E.|title =Guests for the Duration, World War II and the Crew of the S.S. Columbus: Historical Archaeological Investigation of the Fort Stanton Internment Camp (1941-1945)|publisher=Eastern New Mexico University|year=1993}}
*{{Cite book|last=Anderson|first=William E.|title =Guests for the Duration, World War II and the Crew of the S.S. Columbus: Historical Archaeological Investigation of the Fort Stanton Internment Camp (1941-1945)|publisher=Eastern New Mexico University|year=1993}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Fiset|first=Louis|title=Return to Sender: U.S. Censorship of Enemy Alien Mail in World War II|journal=Prologue Magazine|volume=33|issue=1|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|location=Washington DC|date=Spring 2001|url=http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2001/spring/mail-censorship-in-world-war-two-1.html|accessdate=May 2, 2012}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Fiset|first=Louis|title=Return to Sender: U.S. Censorship of Enemy Alien Mail in World War II|journal=Prologue Magazine|volume=33|issue=1|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|location=Washington DC|date=Spring 2001|url=https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2001/spring/mail-censorship-in-world-war-two-1.html|access-date=May 2, 2012}}
*{{Cite book|last=McBride|first=James J.|title =Interned: Internment Of The SS Columbus Crew During World War II|publisher=University of New Mexico|year=1996}}
*{{Cite book|last=McBride|first=James J.|title =Interned: Internment Of The SS Columbus Crew During World War II|publisher=University of New Mexico|year=1996}}
*{{Citation|title=Fort Stanton (detention facility)|newspaper=Densho Encyclopedia|date=April 1, 2013|url=http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Fort%20Stanton%20%28detention%20facility%29/}}
*{{Citation|title=Fort Stanton (detention facility)|newspaper=Densho Encyclopedia|date=April 1, 2013|url=http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Fort%20Stanton%20%28detention%20facility%29/}}
*{{Citation|title=Stores and Germans "Sever Relations"|newspaper=Spokane Daily Chronicle|pages=7|date=April 29, 1941|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PvFXAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SvUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4519%2C6612896}}
*{{Citation|title=Stores and Germans "Sever Relations"|newspaper=Spokane Daily Chronicle|pages=7|date=April 29, 1941|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PvFXAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SvUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4519%2C6612896}}
*{{Citation|title=Chief Of Interned Men Threatens To Move "Business"|newspaper=The Victoria Advocate|pages=1|date=April 29, 1941|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0zBSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CzYNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5384%2C2139086}}
*{{Citation|title=Chief Of Interned Men Threatens To Move "Business"|newspaper=The Victoria Advocate|pages=1|date=April 29, 1941|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0zBSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CzYNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5384%2C2139086}}
*{{Citation|title=Posse Recaptures Fugitive Germans: Ranchers and Cattlemen Round Up Quartet From New Mexico Camp|newspaper=The Montreal Gazette|volume=CLXXI|issue= 264|pages=20|date=November 4, 1942|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sL4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=05gFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4300%2C671310}}
*{{Citation|title=Posse Recaptures Fugitive Germans: Ranchers and Cattlemen Round Up Quartet From New Mexico Camp|newspaper=The Montreal Gazette|volume=CLXXI|issue= 264|pages=20|date=November 4, 1942|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sL4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=05gFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4300%2C671310}}
*{{Citation|title=Kuhn Goes On Hunger Strike: Increased Recreational Facilities Sought|newspaper=The Telegraph-Herald|pages=9|date=August 30, 1944|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5e9iAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rXUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=7054%2C6164473}}
*{{Citation|title=Kuhn Goes On Hunger Strike: Increased Recreational Facilities Sought|newspaper=The Telegraph-Herald|pages=9|date=August 30, 1944|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5e9iAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rXUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=7054%2C6164473}}
{{refend}}
</div>


==External links==
==External links==
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*[http://www.billybyway.com/fortstanton.html Fort Stanton, Lincoln County New Mexico]
*[http://www.billybyway.com/fortstanton.html Fort Stanton, Lincoln County New Mexico]
*[http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/amsw/sw57.htm American Southwest, a National Park Service ''Discover Our Shared Heritage'' Travel Itinerary]
*[http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/amsw/sw57.htm American Southwest, a National Park Service ''Discover Our Shared Heritage'' Travel Itinerary]
*[http://www.aerc.org/Photo_Gallery/FS2005/cave/Fort_Stanton_Cave.html AERC.org: Fort Stanton Cave] (slideshow)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100917043713/http://aerc.org/Photo_Gallery/FS2005/cave/Fort_Stanton_Cave.html AERC.org: Fort Stanton Cave] (slideshow)


{{U.S. Marine Hospitals}}
⚫
{{New Mexico during World War II}}
{{Japanese American internment camps}}
{{Japanese American internment camps}}
⚫
{{New Mexico during World War II}}

{{authority control}}


[[Category:Forts in New Mexico|Stanton]]
[[Category:History of New Mexico]]
[[Category:History of New Mexico]]
[[Category:History of Lincoln County, New Mexico]]
[[Category:History of Lincoln County, New Mexico]]
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[[Category:Bureau of Land Management areas in New Mexico]]
[[Category:Bureau of Land Management areas in New Mexico]]
[[Category:Forts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico|Stanton]]
[[Category:Forts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico|Stanton]]
[[Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Lincoln County, New Mexico]]
[[Category:United States Marine Hospitals]]
[[Category:Hospital buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico]]

Latest revision as of 07:04, 26 April 2024

This article is about the fort in New Mexico. For the Civil War-era fort in Washington, D.C., see Fort Stanton (Washington, D.C.).
Fort Stanton
Adjutant Office in 2009
Map
Location7 mi. SE of Capitan near U.S. 380
Nearest cityCapitan, New Mexico
Coordinates33°29′40″N 105°31′35″W / 33.49444°N 105.52639°W / 33.49444; -105.52639
Area195 acres (79 ha)
Built1855 (1855)
Architectural styleColonial Revival, Mission/Spanish Revival
NRHP reference No.73001142 (original)
99001679 (increase)
NMSRCP No.60
Significant dates
Added to NRHPApril 13, 1973
Boundary increaseJanuary 14, 2000
Designated NMHSAugust 9, 2007[1]
Designated NMSRCPMay 23, 1969

Fort Stanton was a United States Army fort near Lincoln, New Mexico.

Army Fort[edit]

Officers Quarters in 2009

It was built in 1855 by the 1st Dragoon and the 3rd and 8th Infantry Regiments to serve as a base of military operations against the Mescalero Apaches. Numerous campaigns were fought from 1855 until the 1880s.[2] It was established to protect Hispano and White settlements along the Rio Bonito in the Apache Wars. Kit Carson, John "Black Jack" Pershing, Billy the Kid, Pat Garrett, and Buffalo Soldiers of the 9th Cavalry all lived here.[3][4][5][6]

Confederate forces occupied the outpost in 1861, at the beginning of the American Civil War. This U.S. military fortification was abandoned with the withdrawal of U.S. forces in 1896.[7]

The fort was originally established in part as the Mescalero Apache reservation. In 1873 the reservation was moved 30 miles southwest to its current location.[8][9]

Marine Hospital[edit]

Fort Stanton around 1913

In 1899, President William McKinley transferred Fort Stanton property from the War Department to the Marine Hospital Service, converting the military reservation to America's first federal tuberculosis sanatorium.[8][9]

During World War II, Fort Stanton was used as a detention center for German and Japanese Americans arrested as "enemy aliens," and 411 German nationals taken from the luxury liner Columbus in 1939 (officially recorded as "distressed seamen paroled from the German Embassy" since the U.S. was still technically neutral at the time of their capture).[10][11] The "enemy aliens" were mostly immigrant residents of the U.S. who had been taken into custody as suspected saboteurs shortly after the U.S. entered the war, despite a lack of supporting evidence or access to due process for most internees. The 31 German American internees, labeled "troublemakers" by the Department of Justice, were kept separate from the 17 Japanese Americans (also deemed "troublesome" by authorities) who were transferred to Fort Stanton on March 10, 1945. These new arrivals were deported to Japan later that year.[12]

The hospital was closed in 1953.[13]

Later history[edit]

In 2008, New Mexico governor Bill Richardson announced plans to establish Fort Stanton as a living history venue, Fort Stanton State Monument, and funds to renovate headquarters, officers quarters, and stables.[14]

In 2009, the area around Fort Stanton and Fort Stanton Cave was designated by the U.S. Congress as a National Conservation Area (NCA), with more than 25,000 acres in order to protect a unique cave resource, Snowy River Passage in Fort Stanton Cave National Natural Landmark. Snowy River was discovered in 2001 by members of the Fort Stanton Cave Study Project. The new NCA, called Fort Stanton – Snowy River Cave, is managed by the Bureau of Land Management, Roswell Field Office. The NCA has over 90 miles of multi-use trails for horseback riding, mountain bike riding and hiking. It is the venue of an annual endurance riding event that has grown to be 6 days long. The NCA is joined on its south and northeast boundaries by the Smokey Bear Ranger District of the Lincoln National Forest.

In 2012, members of the Southwestern Region of the National Speleological Society completed a restoration project on the second floor balcony of Building #9, located on the Fort Stanton Quadrangle.

In 2019, a team from AmeriCorps National Civilian Community Corps along with Fort Stanton Staff renovated and restored Fort Stanton's Hidalgo Building into a volunteer dormitory, began restoration on the historic school house, restored an original TB Hut, and expanded the hospital's current exhibit to include two new exhibits.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Fort Stanton Historic Site History". New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on December 22, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2016.
  2. ^ Garland, John (1856). "Reports From The Department Of New Mexico To The Secretary Of War (May 31, 1855, Jno Garland)". Executive Documents of the Senate of the United States, First and Second Sessions, Thirty-Fourth Congress. 2 (1). Washington DC: A.O.P. Nicholson: 70–71. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
  3. ^ Sabin, Edwin L. (1914). Kit Carson Days (1809-1868). Chicago IL: A. C. McClurg & Co. pp. 413–417.
  4. ^ MacAdam, George (January 1919). "The Life of General Pershing". The World's Work. XXXVII (3). New York, NY: Doubleday, Page & Co.: 281–293. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
  5. ^ Garrett, Pat Floyd (1882). The Authentic Life Of Billy, The Kid (on Wikipedia). Santa Fe, NM: New Mexican Printing and Publishing Co.
  6. ^ U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Military Affairs (1874). Proposed Reduction Of The Military Establishment. Washington DC: Government Printing Office. pp. 7–8.
  7. ^ "The Confederate Invasion Of New Mexico: 1861-62". Old Santa Fe. III (9). Santa Fe NM: Old Santa Fe Press: 5–43. January 1916. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
  8. ^ a b "National Care of Consumptives". Medical Review of Reviews. V (4): 294–295. April 25, 1899. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
  9. ^ a b "Government Sanatoria In New Mexico". The Medical Dial. 1 (13). Minneapolis MN: 377. December 1899. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
  10. ^ "Interns At New Camp", St. Joseph News-Press, p. 8, March 18, 1941, retrieved May 4, 2012
  11. ^ J. Burton, M. Farrell, F. Lord, R. Lord. Confinement and Ethnicity: An Overview of World War II Japanese American Relocation Sites, "Department of Justice Internment Camps: Fort Stanton, New Mexico" Archived 2015-04-14 at the Wayback Machine (National Park Service) Retrieved 13 Jun 2014.
  12. ^ "Fort Stanton" Densho Encyclopedia. Retrieved 13 Jun 2014.
  13. ^ "United States. Public Health Service. Division of Hospitals". SNAC. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
  14. ^ "Governor Richardson Announces Fort Stanton Renovations" Archived 2008-12-03 at the Wayback Machine (PDF). Press Release, May 9, 2008.

Further reading[edit]

Sanitarium[edit]

World War II Internment Center[edit]

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fort Stanton.
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