Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Proposed language family of Venezuela}} |
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{{Infobox language family |
{{Infobox language family |
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|name=Esmeralda–Yaruro |
|name=Esmeralda–Yaruro |
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|acceptance=proposed |
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|region=Venezuela |
|region=Venezuela |
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|familycolor=American |
|familycolor=American |
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|family= |
|family=Proposed [[language family]] |
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|child1=''[[Esmeralda language|Esmeralda]]'' |
|child1=''[[Esmeralda language|Esmeralda]]'' |
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|child2=''[[Yaruro language|Yaruro]]'' |
|child2=''[[Yaruro language|Yaruro]]'' |
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|glotto=none |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Esmeralda–Yaruro''' or '''Takame–Jarúroan''', is a proposed connection between two unclassified languages of [[Venezuela]] |
'''Esmeralda–Yaruro''' or '''Takame–Jarúroan''', is a proposed connection between two unclassified languages of [[Venezuela]] and [[Ecuador]]: [[Yaruro language|Yaruro]] (Llaruro, Pumé, Yuapín), 6000 speakers, and the extinct [[Esmeralda language|Esmeralda]] (Esmeraldeño, Takame). They would be only distantly related, but Kaufman (1990) finds the connection convincing, and Campbell (2012) believes the connection is promising.<ref name="Campbell-SAmerica">{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Lyle |author-link=Lyle Campbell |editor1-last=Grondona |editor1-first=Verónica |editor2-last=Campbell |editor2-first=Lyle |date=2012 |title=The Indigenous Languages of South America |chapter=Classification of the indigenous languages of South America |series=The World of Linguistics |volume=2 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=59–166 |isbn=978-3-11-025513-3}}</ref> |
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==Vocabulary== |
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Below is a comparison of selected basic vocabulary items in Esmeralda and Yaruro. |
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:{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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! gloss !! Esmeralda<ref>Jijón y Caamaño, Jacinto. 1941. ''El Ecuador interandino y occidental antes de la conquista castellana'', vol. 2. Quito: Editorial Ecuatoriana</ref> !! Yaruro<ref>Mosonyi, Esteban Emilio and Jorge Ramón García. 2000. Yaruro (Pumé). In Mosonyi, Esteban Emilio and Jorge Carlos Mosonyi (eds.), ''Manual de Lenguas Indígenas de Venezuela'', 544-593. Caracas: Fundación Bigott.</ref> |
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|- |
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! hair |
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| rarapo || kü̃́ |
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|- |
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! eye |
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| mula || dachó |
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|- |
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! nose |
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| ra-ausa (my) || ĩbupuȩ́ |
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|- |
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! tooth |
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| ra-ha, ra-ka || jõdȩ́ |
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|- |
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! mouth |
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| bassa || dyá |
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|- |
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! hand |
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| disa (my) || ichí |
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|- |
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! foot |
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| taha || tá |
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|- |
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! blood |
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| kar(k)a || gué |
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|- |
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! bone |
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| mu-kilsa || jú |
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|- |
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! person |
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| ilon || o̧ãĩ́ |
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|- |
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! name |
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| chinto || kẽ́ |
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|- |
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! dog |
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| kine || (a)oré |
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|- |
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! fish |
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| ki || chṍ |
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|- |
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! tree |
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| tá(k)te || tó |
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|- |
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! leaf |
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| rampide (?) || to pjü̃dá |
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|- |
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! water |
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| uivi, úvoi || uí |
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|- |
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! fire |
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| muka (with) || kjõdȩ́ |
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|- |
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! earth |
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| dó; dula || dabú |
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|- |
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! road |
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| dire || nṍ |
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|- |
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! eat |
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| enima || jurá |
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|- |
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! die |
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| ubale, ybale (dead) || jãbó |
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|} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{cite book |
*{{cite book |
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|author= |
|author=Kaufman, Terrence |
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|author-link=Terrence Kaufman |
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|year=1990 |
|year=1990 |
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|chapter=Language History in South America: What we know and how to know more |
|chapter=Language History in South America: What we know and how to know more |
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{{Language families}} |
{{Language families}} |
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{{South American languages}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Esmeralda-Yaruroan languages}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Esmeralda-Yaruroan languages}} |
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[[Category:Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages| ]] |
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| ⚫ | |||
[[Category:Languages of Venezuela]] |
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[[Category:Proposed language families]] |
[[Category:Proposed language families]] |
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| ⚫ | |||
{{na-lang-stub}} |
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{{Venezuela-stub}} |
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Latest revision as of 20:56, 29 January 2024
| Esmeralda–Yaruro | |
|---|---|
| (proposed) | |
| Geographic distribution | Venezuela |
| Linguistic classification | Proposed language family |
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | None |
Esmeralda–Yaruro or Takame–Jarúroan, is a proposed connection between two unclassified languages of Venezuela and Ecuador: Yaruro (Llaruro, Pumé, Yuapín), 6000 speakers, and the extinct Esmeralda (Esmeraldeño, Takame). They would be only distantly related, but Kaufman (1990) finds the connection convincing, and Campbell (2012) believes the connection is promising.[1]
Vocabulary[edit]
Below is a comparison of selected basic vocabulary items in Esmeralda and Yaruro.
gloss Esmeralda[2] Yaruro[3] hair rarapo kü̃́ eye mula dachó nose ra-ausa (my) ĩbupuȩ́ tooth ra-ha, ra-ka jõdȩ́ mouth bassa dyá hand disa (my) ichí foot taha tá blood kar(k)a gué bone mu-kilsa jú person ilon o̧ãĩ́ name chinto kẽ́ dog kine (a)oré fish ki chṍ tree tá(k)te tó leaf rampide (?) to pjü̃dá water uivi, úvoi uí fire muka (with) kjõdȩ́ earth dó; dula dabú road dire nṍ eat enima jurá die ubale, ybale (dead) jãbó
References[edit]
- ^ Campbell, Lyle (2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3.
- ^ Jijón y Caamaño, Jacinto. 1941. El Ecuador interandino y occidental antes de la conquista castellana, vol. 2. Quito: Editorial Ecuatoriana
- ^ Mosonyi, Esteban Emilio and Jorge Ramón García. 2000. Yaruro (Pumé). In Mosonyi, Esteban Emilio and Jorge Carlos Mosonyi (eds.), Manual de Lenguas Indígenas de Venezuela, 544-593. Caracas: Fundación Bigott.
- Kaufman, Terrence (1990). "Language History in South America: What we know and how to know more". In Doris L. Payne (ed.). Amazonian Linguistics. Austin: University of Texas Press.