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{{short description|Emperor of Japan}}
{{Short description|Emperor of Japan from 1817 to 1846}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2019}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Emperor Ninkō<br>{{nobold|{{lang|ja|仁孝天皇}}}}
| name = Emperor Ninkō<br>{{nobold|{{lang|ja|仁孝天皇}}}}
| image = Emperor Ninkō.jpg
| image = Emperor Ninkō.jpg
| caption = Ninkō
| succession = [[Emperor of Japan]]
| succession = [[Emperor of Japan]]
| reign = 7 May 1817 – 21 February 1846
| reign = 7 May 1817 – 21 February 1846
Line 10: Line 9:
| cor-type = Japan
| cor-type = Japan
| predecessor = [[Emperor Kōkaku|Kōkaku]]
| predecessor = [[Emperor Kōkaku|Kōkaku]]
| successor = [[Emperor Kōmei|Kōmei]]
| successor = [[Emperor_Kōmei|Kōmei]]
| reg-type = ''[[Shōgun]]s''
| reg-type = ''[[Shōgun]]s''
| regent = {{list collapsed|title=''See list''|1=[[Tokugawa Ienari]]<br />[[Tokugawa Ieyoshi]]}}
| regent = {{Collapsible list|title=''See list''|1=[[Tokugawa Ienari]]<br/>(1817-1837)<br/>[[Tokugawa Ieyoshi]]<br/>(1837-1846)}}
| spouse = {{plainlist|
| spouse = {{plainlist|
*[[:ja:鷹司繋子|Takatsukasa Tsunako]]
*[[:ja:鷹司繋子|Takatsukasa Tsunako]]
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*[[Emperor Kōmei]]
*[[Emperor Kōmei]]
*[[Princess Kazu]]
*[[Princess Kazu]]
*{{small|([[#Consorts and children|among others]])}}
}}
}}
| issue-link = #Issue
| issue-pipe = more...
| posthumous name = [[Posthumous name#Chinese-style (Han-style) shigō|Chinese-style ''shigō'']]:<br/>Emperor Ninkō ({{lang|ja|仁孝天皇}})
| house = [[Imperial House of Japan]]
| house = [[Imperial House of Japan]]
| father = [[Emperor Kōkaku]]
| father = [[Emperor Kōkaku]]
| mother = Kajyūji Tadako
| mother = Kajyūji Tadako
|birth_name = {{nihongo|Ayahito|恵仁}}
|birth_name = {{nihongo|Ayahito|恵仁}}
| religion = [[Shinto]]
| religion = [[Shinto]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1800|3|16|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1800|3|16|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| birth_place = [[Tokugawa Shogunate]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1846|2|21|1800|3|16|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1846|2|21|1800|3|16|df=y}}
| death_place =
| death_place = [[Kyoto]], Tokugawa Shogunate
| burial_place = {{Nihongo||後月輪陵|''[[Tsuki no wa no misasagi]]''}}, [[Kyoto]]
| burial_place = {{Nihongo||後月輪陵|''[[Tsuki no wa no misasagi]]''}}, Kyoto
| signature = [[File:NinkouShinsho.png|50px]]
}}
}}


{{Nihongo|'''Emperor Ninkō'''|仁孝天皇|Ninkō-tennō|extra=16 March 1800 – 21 February 1846}} was the 120th [[Emperor of Japan]], according to the traditional [[List of Emperors of Japan|order of succession]].<ref name="kunaicho">[[Imperial Household Agency]] (''Kunaichō''): [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/ryobo/guide/120/index.html 仁孝天皇 (120)]</ref><ref>Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). ''The Imperial House of Japan'', pp. 122–123.</ref> Ninkō's reign spanned the years from 1817 until his death in 1846, and saw further deterioration of the ruling ''[[Shōgun]]''&apos;s power.<ref name="titsingh421">Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). ''Annales des empereurs du japon'', p. 421.</ref> Disasters, which included famine, combined with corruption and increasing Western interference, helped to erode public trust in the [[bakufu]] government. Emperor Ninkō attempted to revive certain court rituals and practices upon the wishes of his father. However, it is unknown what role, if any, the Emperor had in the turmoil which occurred during his reign. His family included fifteen children from various concubines, but only three of them lived to adulthood. His fourth son, Imperial Prince Osahito became the [[Emperor Kōmei|next Emperor]] upon Ninkō's death in 1846. While political power at the time still resided with the ''[[Shōgun]]'', the beginnings of the [[Bakumatsu]] (end of military government) were at hand.
{{Nihongo|'''Ayahito'''|恵仁|lead=yes|4=16 March 1800{{spnd}}21 February 1846}}, posthumously honored as {{Nihongo|'''Emperor Ninkō'''|仁孝天皇|Ninkō-tennō}}, was the 120th [[emperor of Japan]], according to the traditional [[List of Emperors of Japan|order of succession]].<ref name="kunaicho">[[Imperial Household Agency]] (''Kunaichō''): [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/ryobo/guide/120/index.html 仁孝天皇 (120)]</ref><ref>Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). ''The Imperial House of Japan'', pp. 122–123.</ref> Ninkō's reign spanned the years from 1817 until his death in 1846, and saw further deterioration of the power of the ruling ''[[Shōgun]]''.<ref name="titsingh421">Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). ''Annales des empereurs du japon'', p. 421.</ref> Disasters, which included famine, combined with corruption and increasing Western interference, helped to erode public trust in the [[bakufu]] government. Emperor Ninkō revived certain court rituals and practices upon the wishes of his father. However, it is unknown what role, if any, the Emperor had in the turmoil which occurred during his reign.
His family included fifteen children from various concubines, but only three of them lived to adulthood. His fourth son, Imperial Prince Osahito became the [[Emperor Kōmei|next Emperor]] upon Ninkō's death in 1846. While political power at the time still resided with the ''[[Shōgun]]'', the beginnings of the [[Bakumatsu]] (end of military government) were at hand.


==Events of Ninkō's life==
==Events of Ninkō's life==
===Early life===
===Early life===
Before Ninkō's ascension to the [[Chrysanthemum Throne]], his personal name (''[[imina]]'') was {{Nihongo|'''Ayahito'''|恵仁}}.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, p. 10; Titsingh, p. 421.</ref> He was born on 16 March 1800 and was the fourth son of [[Emperor Kōkaku]], the only child of sixteen others to survive into adulthood. Ayahito was named as crown prince in 1809, having been adopted by his father's chief wife {{Nihongo|Imperial Princess [[Empress Yoshiko|Yoshiko]]|欣子内親王}}, also known as {{Nihongo|Shin-Seiwa-in|新清和院}}. His birth mother was one of his father's concubines named {{Nihongo|Kajyūji Tadako|勧修寺婧子}}. Ayahito's Imperial Family lived with him in the [[Heian Palace#Inner Palace (Dairi)|Dairi]] of the [[Heian Palace]].
Before Ninkō's ascension to the [[Chrysanthemum Throne]], his personal name (''[[imina]]'') was {{Nihongo|'''Ayahito'''|恵仁}}.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, p. 10; Titsingh, p. 421.</ref> He was born on 16 March 1800 and was the fourth son of [[Emperor Kōkaku]]. He was the only child of sixteen others to survive into adulthood. Ayahito was named as crown prince in 1809, having been adopted by his father's chief wife {{Nihongo|Imperial Princess [[Empress Yoshiko|Yoshiko]]|欣子内親王}}, also known as {{Nihongo|Shin-Seiwa-in|新清和院}}. His birth mother was one of his father's concubines named {{Nihongo|Kajyūji Tadako|勧修寺婧子}}.


===Reign===
===Reign===
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!Position||Name || Birth || Death || Father || Issue
!Position||Name || Birth || Death || Father || Issue
|-
|-
| Kōgō ||{{Nihongo|Takatsukasa Tsunako|鷹司繋子}}<br>later {{Nihongo|''Shinkokamon'in''|新皇嘉門院}}|| 1798 || 1823 || [[Takatsukasa Masahiro]] || {{*}}First Son: Imperial Prince Yasuhito<br/>{{*}}First daughter: Princess Jihishin’in
| Kōgō ||{{Nihongo|Takatsukasa Tsunako|鷹司繋子}}<br>later {{Nihongo|''Shinkokamon'in''|新皇嘉門院}}|| 1798 || 1823 || [[Takatsukasa Masahiro]] || {{*}}First Son: Imperial Prince Yasuhito (b. 1820)<br/>{{*}}First daughter: Princess Jihishin’in (b. 1823)
|-
|-
| Nyōgo ||{{Nihongo|Takatsukasa Yasuko|鷹司祺子}}<br>later {{Nihongo|''Shinsakuheimon'in''|新朔平門院}}|| 1811 || 1847 || Takatsukasa Masahiro || {{*}}Fourth Daughter: Princess Maninshu’in
| Nyōgo ||{{Nihongo|Takatsukasa Yasuko|鷹司祺子}}<br>later {{Nihongo|''Shinsakuheimon'in''|新朔平門院}}|| 1811 || 1847 || Takatsukasa Masahiro || {{*}}Fourth Daughter: Princess Maninshu’in (b. 1829)
|}
|}


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!Name || Birth || Death || Father || Issue
!Name || Birth || Death || Father || Issue
|-
|-
| {{Nihongo|Ogimachi Tsuneko|正親町雅子}}<br>later {{Nihongo|''Shintaikemon'in''|新待賢門院}}|| 1803 || 1856 || Ogimachi Sanemitsu || {{*}}Second Son: Prince Yo<br>{{*}}Fourth Son: Imperial Prince Osahito (later [[Emperor Komei]])<br>{{*}}Sixth Son: Imperial Prince Katsura-no-Miya Misahito<br>{{*}}Seventh Daughter: Princess Kyo
| {{Nihongo|Ogimachi Naoko|正親町雅子}}<br>later {{Nihongo|''Shintaikemon'in''|新待賢門院}}|| 1803 || 1856 || Ogimachi Sanemitsu || {{*}}Second Son: Prince Yo (b. 1825)<br>{{*}}Fourth Son: Imperial Prince Osahito (later [[Emperor Komei]]) (b. 1831)<br>{{*}}Sixth Son: Imperial Prince Katsura-no-Miya Misahito (b. 1833)<br>{{*}}Seventh Daughter: Princess Kyo (b. 1837)
|-
|-
| {{Nihongo|Kanroji Kiyoko|甘露寺妍子}} || 1806 || 1861 || Kanroji Kuninaga || {{*}}Second Daughter: Princess Nori<br>{{*}}Third Daughter: [[Princess Sumiko|Imperial Princess Katsura-no-Miya Sumiko]]<br>{{*}}Third Son: San-no-miya<br>{{*}}Fifth Daughter: Princess So<br>{{*}}Sixth Daughter: Princess Tsune
| {{Nihongo|Kanroji Kiyoko|甘露寺妍子}} || 1806 || 1861 || Kanroji Kuninaga || {{*}}Second Daughter: Princess Nori (b. 1823)<br>{{*}}Third Daughter: [[Princess Sumiko|Imperial Princess Katsura-no-Miya Sumiko]] (b. 1829)<br>{{*}}Third Son: San-no-miya (b. 1830)<br>{{*}}Fifth Daughter: Princess So (b. 1832)<br>{{*}}Sixth Daughter: Princess Tsune (b. 1836)
|-
|-
| {{Nihongo|Hashimoto Tsuneko|橋本経子}}<br>later {{Nihongo|''Kangyou'in''|観行院}}|| 1826 || 1865 || Hashimoto Sanehisa || {{*}}Eighth Daughter: [[Princess Kazu|Imperial Princess Kazu-no-miya Chikako]]<br>{{*}}Seventh Prince: Prince Tane
| {{Nihongo|Hashimoto Tsuneko|橋本経子}}<br>later {{Nihongo|''Kangyou'in''|観行院}}|| 1826 || 1865 || Hashimoto Sanehisa || {{*}}Seventh Prince: Prince Tane (b. 1844)
{{*}}Eighth Daughter: [[Princess Kazu|Imperial Princess Kazu-no-miya Chikako]] (b. 1846)
|-
|-
| {{Nihongo|Nakayama Isako|中山績子}} || 1795 || 1875 || Nakayama Naruchika || align="center"| None
| {{Nihongo|Nakayama Isako|中山績子}} || 1795 || 1875 || Nakayama Naruchika || align="center"| None
|-
|-
| {{Nihongo|Imaki Haruko|今城媋子}} || 1809 || 1875 || Imaki Sadanori || {{*}}Fifth son: Prince Jōjakkō-in
| {{Nihongo|Imaki Haruko|今城媋子}} || 1809 || 1875 || Imaki Sadanori || {{*}}Fifth son: Prince Jōjakkō-in (b. 1832)
|}
|}


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| <span style="display:none">01</span> First Daughter || {{Nihongo|Princess Jihishin’in|慈悲心院宮}}<br><small>([[Stillbirth]])</small>|| 1823 || 1823 || Takatsukasa Tsunako || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
| <span style="display:none">01</span> First Daughter || {{Nihongo|Princess Jihishin’in|慈悲心院宮}}<br><small>([[Stillbirth]])</small>|| 1823 || 1823 || Takatsukasa Tsunako || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
|-
| <span style="display:none">02</span> Second Son || {{Nihongo|Prince Yo|鎔宮}} || 1825 || 1826 || Ogimachi Tsuneko || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
| <span style="display:none">02</span> Second Son || {{Nihongo|Prince Yo|鎔宮}} || 1825 || 1826 || Ogimachi Naoko || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
|-
| <span style="display:none">02</span> Second Daughter || {{Nihongo|Princess Nori|成宮}} || 1825 || 1826 || Kanroji Kiyoko || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
| <span style="display:none">02</span> Second Daughter || {{Nihongo|Princess Nori|成宮}} || 1825 || 1826 || Kanroji Kiyoko || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
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| <span style="display:none">03</span> Third Son || {{Nihongo|San-no-miya|三宮}} || 1830 || 1831 || Kanroji Kiyoko || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
| <span style="display:none">03</span> Third Son || {{Nihongo|San-no-miya|三宮}} || 1830 || 1831 || Kanroji Kiyoko || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
|-
| <span style="display:none">04</span> Fourth Son || {{Nihongo|[[Emperor Kōmei|Imperial Prince Osahito]]|統仁親王}}<br><small>(Emperor Komei)</small> || 1831 || 1867 || Ogimachi Tsuneko || align="center"| [[Empress Eishō|Asako Kujō]] || align="center"| [[Emperor Meiji|Mutsuhito]]
| <span style="display:none">04</span> Fourth Son || {{Nihongo|[[Emperor Kōmei|Imperial Prince Osahito]]|統仁親王}}<br><small>(Emperor Komei)</small> || 1831 || 1867 || Ogimachi Naoko || align="center"| [[Empress Eishō|Asako Kujō]] || align="center"| [[Emperor Meiji|Mutsuhito]]
|-
|-
| <span style="display:none">05</span> Fifth son || {{Nihongo|Prince Jōjakkō-in|常寂光院宮}}<br><small>(Stillbirth)</small> || 1832 || 1832 || Imaki Haruko || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
| <span style="display:none">05</span> Fifth son || {{Nihongo|Prince Jōjakkō-in|常寂光院宮}}<br><small>(Stillbirth)</small> || 1832 || 1832 || Imaki Haruko || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
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| <span style="display:none">05</span> Fifth Daughter || {{Nihongo|Princess So|総宮}} || 1832 || 1833 || Kanroji Kiyoko || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
| <span style="display:none">05</span> Fifth Daughter || {{Nihongo|Princess So|総宮}} || 1832 || 1833 || Kanroji Kiyoko || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
|-
| <span style="display:none">06</span> Sixth Son || {{Nihongo|Imperial Prince Katsura-no-Miya Misahito|桂宮節仁親王}} || 1833 || 1836 || Ogimachi Tsuneko || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
| <span style="display:none">06</span> Sixth Son || {{Nihongo|Imperial Prince Katsura-no-Miya Misahito|桂宮節仁親王}} || 1833 || 1836 || Ogimachi Naoko || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
|-
| <span style="display:none">06</span> Sixth Daughter || {{Nihongo|Princess Tsune|経宮}}<br><small>(Stillbirth)</small> || 1836 || 1836 || Kanroji Kiyoko || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
| <span style="display:none">06</span> Sixth Daughter || {{Nihongo|Princess Tsune|経宮}}<br><small>(Stillbirth)</small> || 1836 || 1836 || Kanroji Kiyoko || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
|-
| <span style="display:none">07</span> Seventh Daughter || {{Nihongo|Princess Kyo|恭宮}} || 1837 || 1838 || Ogimachi Tsuneko || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
| <span style="display:none">07</span> Seventh Daughter || {{Nihongo|Princess Kyo|恭宮}} || 1837 || 1838 || Ogimachi Naoko || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
|-
| <span style="display:none">07</span> Seventh Son || {{Nihongo|Prince Tane|胤宮}} || 1844 || 1845 || Hashimoto Tsuneko || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
| <span style="display:none">07</span> Seventh Son || {{Nihongo|Prince Tane|胤宮}} || 1844 || 1845 || Hashimoto Tsuneko || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
Line 134: Line 139:


==Ancestry==
==Ancestry==
<ref name=descent>{{cite web|url=https://reichsarchiv.jp/%e5%ae%b6%e7%b3%bb%e3%83%aa%e3%82%b9%e3%83%88/%e5%a4%a9%e7%9a%87%e5%ae%b6#emp120|title=Genealogy|website=Reichsarchiv|access-date=19 January 2018|language=ja}}</ref>
<ref name=descent>{{cite web|url=https://reichsarchiv.jp/%e5%ae%b6%e7%b3%bb%e3%83%aa%e3%82%b9%e3%83%88/%e5%a4%a9%e7%9a%87%e5%ae%b6#emp120|title=Genealogy|website=Reichsarchiv|date=30 April 2010 |access-date=19 January 2018|language=ja}}</ref>
{{ahnentafel
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|collapsed=yes |align=center
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|14=
|14=
|15=
|15=
|16= 16. [[Emperor Higashiyama]] (1675–1710)
|17= 17. [[:ja:櫛笥賀子|Kushige Yoshiko]] (1675–1710)
|18= 18. Itō Ichinaka
|19=
|20=
|21=
|22=
|23=
|24= 24. Kanshūji Takaaki (1695–1737)
|25= 25. Madenokōji
|26= 26. [[:ja:稲葉恒通|Inaba Tsunemichi]], 7th Lord of [[:ja:臼杵藩|Usuki]] (1690–1720)
|27= 27. Tamai
|28=
|29=
|30=
|31=
}}
}}


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==References==
==References==
* Meyer, Eva-Maria. (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=6wEvo4wBojcC&dq=nakamikado&lr=&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''Japans Kaiserhof in der Edo-Zeit: unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Jahre 1846 bis 1867''.] Münster: LIT Verlag. {{ISBN|978-3-8258-3939-0}}; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/japans-kaiserhof-in-der-edo-zeit-unter-besonderer-berucksichtigung-der-jahre-1846-bis-1867/oclc/42041594 OCLC 42041594]
* Meyer, Eva-Maria. (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=6wEvo4wBojcC&q=nakamikado ''Japans Kaiserhof in der Edo-Zeit: unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Jahre 1846 bis 1867''.] Münster: LIT Verlag. {{ISBN|978-3-8258-3939-0}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42041594 OCLC 42041594]
* [[Richard Ponsonby-Fane|Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon.]] (1959). [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Imperial+House+of+Japan&dq=The+Imperial+House+of+Japan&client=firefox-a&pgis=1 ''The Imperial House of Japan''.] Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. [http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/194887 OCLC 194887]
* [[Richard Ponsonby-Fane|Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon.]] (1959). [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Imperial+House+of+Japan ''The Imperial House of Japan''.] Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. [http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/194887 OCLC 194887]
* [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac]]. (1834). ''[[Nihon Ōdai Ichiran]]''; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran ''Annales des empereurs du Japon''.] Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/nipon-o-dai-itsi-ran-ou-annales-des-empereurs-du-japon/oclc/5850691 OCLC 5850691]
* [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac]]. (1834). ''[[Nihon Ōdai Ichiran]]''; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran ''Annales des empereurs du Japon''.] Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5850691 OCLC 5850691]
* [[H. Paul Varley|Varley, H. Paul]]. (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tVv6OAAACAAJ&dq= ''Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns''.] New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-04940-5}}; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/chronicle-of-gods-and-sovereigns-jinno-shotoki-of-kitabatake-chikafusa/oclc/59145842 OCLC 59145842]
* [[H. Paul Varley|Varley, H. Paul]]. (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tVv6OAAACAAJ ''Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns''.] New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-04940-5}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59145842 OCLC 59145842]


==External links==
==External links==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ninko}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ninko}}
[[Category:Japanese emperors]]
[[Category:Emperors of Japan]]
[[Category:1800 births]]
[[Category:1800 births]]
[[Category:1846 deaths]]
[[Category:1846 deaths]]
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[[Category:18th-century Japanese people]]
[[Category:18th-century Japanese people]]
[[Category:19th-century Japanese monarchs]]
[[Category:19th-century Japanese monarchs]]
[[Category:Sons of emperors]]
[[Category:Sons of Japanese emperors]]

Latest revision as of 22:17, 9 June 2024

Emperor Ninkō
仁孝天皇
Emperor of Japan
Reign7 May 1817 – 21 February 1846
Enthronement31 October 1817
PredecessorKōkaku
SuccessorKōmei
Shōguns
See list
BornAyahito (恵仁)
(1800-03-16)16 March 1800
Tokugawa Shogunate
Died21 February 1846(1846-02-21) (aged 45)
Kyoto, Tokugawa Shogunate
Burial
Tsuki no wa no misasagi (後月輪陵), Kyoto
Spouse
Issue
more...
Posthumous name
Chinese-style shigō:
Emperor Ninkō (仁孝天皇)
HouseImperial House of Japan
FatherEmperor Kōkaku
MotherKajyūji Tadako
ReligionShinto
Signature

Ayahito (Japanese: 恵仁, 16 March 1800 – 21 February 1846), posthumously honored as Emperor Ninkō (仁孝天皇, Ninkō-tennō), was the 120th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.[1][2] Ninkō's reign spanned the years from 1817 until his death in 1846, and saw further deterioration of the power of the ruling Shōgun.[3] Disasters, which included famine, combined with corruption and increasing Western interference, helped to erode public trust in the bakufu government. Emperor Ninkō revived certain court rituals and practices upon the wishes of his father. However, it is unknown what role, if any, the Emperor had in the turmoil which occurred during his reign.

His family included fifteen children from various concubines, but only three of them lived to adulthood. His fourth son, Imperial Prince Osahito became the next Emperor upon Ninkō's death in 1846. While political power at the time still resided with the Shōgun, the beginnings of the Bakumatsu (end of military government) were at hand.

Events of Ninkō's life[edit]

Early life[edit]

Before Ninkō's ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (imina) was Ayahito (恵仁).[4] He was born on 16 March 1800 and was the fourth son of Emperor Kōkaku. He was the only child of sixteen others to survive into adulthood. Ayahito was named as crown prince in 1809, having been adopted by his father's chief wife Imperial Princess Yoshiko (欣子内親王), also known as Shin-Seiwa-in (新清和院). His birth mother was one of his father's concubines named Kajyūji Tadako (勧修寺婧子).

Reign[edit]

Prince Ayahito was enthroned as Emperor on 31 October 1817, after his father retired from the throne. Following his father the Retired Emperor's wishes, he attempted to revive certain court rituals and practices. These included, among other things, restoring the title tennō, which identified the Emperor. Among Ninkō's innovations was the establishment of the Gakushūsho (the predecessor of the Gakushūin) for the Court Nobility just outside the Imperial Palace. One major event during his reign was the Tenpō famine which lasted from 1833 to 1837. The famine was most severe in northern Honshū and was caused by flooding and cold weather.[5] Ninkō's reign also saw some deterioration of the Shōgun's power. The Tenpō famine and other concurring natural disasters hit hard, and shook the faith of the people in the ruling Shōgun. In 1837, Ōshio Heihachirō led a revolt in Osaka against corrupt officials who refused to help feed the impoverished residents of the city. That same year also had an incident take place where an American merchant vessel was driven away by coastal artillery. While order was eventually restored, long term resentment resonated with the commoners against the ruling government. It is unclear though what role, if any, the Emperor played during this period of unrest.

Emperor Ninkō died on 21 February 1846 and was enshrined in the Imperial mausoleum, Nochi no Tsukinowa no Higashiyama no misasagi (後月輪東山陵), which is at Sennyū-ji in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto. Also enshrined in Tsuki no wa no misasagi, at Sennyū-ji are this Emperor's immediate Imperial predecessors since Emperor Go-Mizunoo – Meishō, Go-Kōmyō, Go-Sai, Reigen, Higashiyama, Nakamikado, Sakuramachi, Momozono, Go-Sakuramachi, Go-Momozono and Kōkaku. The shrine complex also encompasses the misasagi of Ninkō's immediate successor – Kōmei.[6] Empress Dowager Yoshikō is also entombed at this Imperial mausoleum complex.[7]

Eras and Kugyō[edit]

The years of Ninkō's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.[3] While Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.

The following eras occurred during Ninkō's reign:

During Ninkō's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:

Genealogy[edit]

Emperor Ninkō's family included 7 sons and 8 daughters from various concubines, but only the future Emperor Komei (Komei-tennō), Princess Sumiko (Sumiko-naishinnō) and Princess Chikako (Chikako-naishinnō) survived beyond childhood.[8]

Spouse[edit]

Position Name Birth Death Father Issue
Kōgō Takatsukasa Tsunako (鷹司繋子)
later Shinkokamon'in (新皇嘉門院)		 1798 1823 Takatsukasa Masahiro  • First Son: Imperial Prince Yasuhito (b. 1820)
 • First daughter: Princess Jihishin’in (b. 1823)
Nyōgo Takatsukasa Yasuko (鷹司祺子)
later Shinsakuheimon'in (新朔平門院)		 1811 1847 Takatsukasa Masahiro  • Fourth Daughter: Princess Maninshu’in (b. 1829)

Concubines[edit]

Name Birth Death Father Issue
Ogimachi Naoko (正親町雅子)
later Shintaikemon'in (新待賢門院)		 1803 1856 Ogimachi Sanemitsu  • Second Son: Prince Yo (b. 1825)
 • Fourth Son: Imperial Prince Osahito (later Emperor Komei) (b. 1831)
 • Sixth Son: Imperial Prince Katsura-no-Miya Misahito (b. 1833)
 • Seventh Daughter: Princess Kyo (b. 1837)
Kanroji Kiyoko (甘露寺妍子) 1806 1861 Kanroji Kuninaga  • Second Daughter: Princess Nori (b. 1823)
 • Third Daughter: Imperial Princess Katsura-no-Miya Sumiko (b. 1829)
 • Third Son: San-no-miya (b. 1830)
 • Fifth Daughter: Princess So (b. 1832)
 • Sixth Daughter: Princess Tsune (b. 1836)
Hashimoto Tsuneko (橋本経子)
later Kangyou'in (観行院)		 1826 1865 Hashimoto Sanehisa  • Seventh Prince: Prince Tane (b. 1844)

 • Eighth Daughter: Imperial Princess Kazu-no-miya Chikako (b. 1846)

Nakayama Isako (中山績子) 1795 1875 Nakayama Naruchika None
Imaki Haruko (今城媋子) 1809 1875 Imaki Sadanori  • Fifth son: Prince Jōjakkō-in (b. 1832)

Issue[edit]

Status Name Birth Death Mother Marriage Issue
01 First Son Imperial Prince Yasuhito (安仁親王) 1820 1821 Takatsukasa Tsunako — —
01 First Daughter Princess Jihishin’in (慈悲心院宮)
(Stillbirth)		 1823 1823 Takatsukasa Tsunako — —
02 Second Son Prince Yo (鎔宮) 1825 1826 Ogimachi Naoko — —
02 Second Daughter Princess Nori (成宮) 1825 1826 Kanroji Kiyoko — —
03 Third Daughter Imperial Princess Katsura-no-Miya Sumiko (桂宮淑子内親王) 1829 1881 Kanroji Kiyoko — —
04 Fourth Daughter Princess Maninshu’in (摩尼珠院宮) 1829 1831 Takatsukasa Yasuko — —
03 Third Son San-no-miya (三宮) 1830 1831 Kanroji Kiyoko — —
04 Fourth Son Imperial Prince Osahito (統仁親王)
(Emperor Komei)		 1831 1867 Ogimachi Naoko Asako Kujō Mutsuhito
05 Fifth son Prince Jōjakkō-in (常寂光院宮)
(Stillbirth)		 1832 1832 Imaki Haruko — —
05 Fifth Daughter Princess So (総宮) 1832 1833 Kanroji Kiyoko — —
06 Sixth Son Imperial Prince Katsura-no-Miya Misahito (桂宮節仁親王) 1833 1836 Ogimachi Naoko — —
06 Sixth Daughter Princess Tsune (経宮)
(Stillbirth)		 1836 1836 Kanroji Kiyoko — —
07 Seventh Daughter Princess Kyo (恭宮) 1837 1838 Ogimachi Naoko — —
07 Seventh Son Prince Tane (胤宮) 1844 1845 Hashimoto Tsuneko — —
08 Eighth Daughter Imperial Princess Kazu-no-miya Chikako (和宮親子内親王) 1846 1877 Hashimoto Tsuneko Tokugawa Iemochi Tokugawa Iesato

Ancestry[edit]

[9]

Notes[edit]

Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylized chrysanthemum blossom
  1. ^ Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō): 仁孝天皇 (120)
  2. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, pp. 122–123.
  3. ^ a b Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 421.
  4. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 10; Titsingh, p. 421.
  5. ^ Bolitho, Harold (1989). "Chapter 2: The Tempō Crisis". In Jansen, Marius (ed.). The Nineteenth Century: Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN 0-521-22356-3.
  6. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 423.
  7. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, pp. 333–334.
  8. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 123.
  9. ^ "Genealogy". Reichsarchiv (in Japanese). 30 April 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2018.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

Regnal titles
Preceded by Emperor of Japan:
Ninkō
1817–1846 		Succeeded by
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