Drill (animal): Difference between revisions

Drill
	Male at Limbe Wildlife Centre, Cameroon
	Female with infant at Tierpark Hellabrunn in Munich, Germany
Conservation status
	; Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
	CITES Appendix I (CITES)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorhini
Infraorder:	Simiiformes
Family:	Cercopithecidae
Genus:	Mandrillus
Species:	M. leucophaeus
Binomial name
	Mandrillus leucophaeus; (F. Cuvier, 1807)
Subspecies
	M. l. leucophaeus; M. l. poensis
	Drill range

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The drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) is a primate of the family Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys), related to baboons and even more closely to mandrills.

Description

The drill is a short-tailed monkey up to 70 cm (28 in) long, similar in appearance to the mandrill, but lacks the bright blue and red on the face of that species. It has high sexual dimorphism in weight, with males weighing up to 20 kg (44 lb) and females up to 12.5 kg (28 lb).^[4]

The body is overall a dark grey-brown. Mature males have a pink lower lip and white chin on a dark grey to black face with raised grooves on the nose. The rump is pink, mauve and blue. Female drills lack the pink chin.

Taxonomy

Two subspecies of drill are accepted by some authorities,^[4] but are not considered distinct by others:^[5]

Mainland drill, Mandrillus leucophaeus leucophaeus
Bioko drill, Mandrillus leucophaeus poensis

Their closest relative is the mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx), found from southern Cameroon through mainland Equatorial Guinea (Rio Muni), Gabon and into the Congo. The two species are allopatric across the Sanaga River.

Biology

A dominant male leads a multi-male multi-female group of 20-30 individuals, and is father to most of the young. This group may join others, forming super groups of over 100 individuals. They are seasonally semi-nomadic, and will often rub their chests onto trees to mark their territory. They are semi-terrestrial, foraging mainly on the ground, but climbing trees to sleep at night. The females give birth to a single baby; twins have been recorded once at the Drill Rehab & Breeding Center in Nigeria.^[4] The average longevity in captivity is 28 years. The diet is primarily frugivorous, taking a wide range of fruit, but they also eat herbs, roots, eggs, insects, and small mammals on occasion.^[4]^[6]

Distribution

Drills are found only in Cross River State in Nigeria, southwestern Cameroon (south to the Sanaga River), and on Bioko Island, part of Equatorial Guinea, in rainforest habitats. Their entire global range is less than 40,000 km².

Conservation

Drills are among Africa’s most endangered mammals, and are listed by the IUCN as the highest conservation priority of all African primates.^[2] Drill numbers have been declining in all known habitat areas for decades as a result of illegal commercial hunting, habitat destruction, and human development; as few as 3,000 drills may remain in the wild, with the highest population estimate only 8,000. A total of 174 drills recovered from illegal capture are in semicaptivity at the Drill Rehabilitation and Breeding Centre in Nigeria, with high success rates in breeding recorded there,^[7] and about 40 in other zoos internationally.^[4]

References

^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 165. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
^ ^a ^b Gadsby, E.L.; Cronin, D.T.; Astaras, C.; Imong, I. (2020). "Mandrillus leucophaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T12753A17952490. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T12753A17952490.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ARKive - Drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) Archived 2015-07-14 at the Wayback Machine
^ Primate Info Net: Drill
^ Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program page on the drill Archived February 12, 2004, at the Wayback Machine
^ the Drill Rehabilitation and Breeding Centre (Pandrillus) Buanchor Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

External links

Pandrillus - Drill and primate conservation group operating in Nigeria and Cameroon
The Limbe Wildlife Centre (LWC) - A wildlife rescue and rehabilitation project situated in the South West Region of Cameroon.

[MSW3-1] Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 165. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.

[iucn_status_19_November_2021-2] Gadsby, E.L.; Cronin, D.T.; Astaras, C.; Imong, I. (2020). "Mandrillus leucophaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T12753A17952490. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T12753A17952490.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.

[3] "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.

[arkive-4] ARKive - Drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) Archived 2015-07-14 at the Wayback Machine

[primate-5] Primate Info Net: Drill

[6] Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program page on the drill Archived February 12, 2004, at the Wayback Machine

[7] the Drill Rehabilitation and Breeding Centre (Pandrillus) Buanchor Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
  | status_system = IUCN3.1
 | status2 = CITES_A1
-| status2_system = CITES
+ | status2_system = CITES
+ | status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
  | genus = Mandrillus
  | species = leucophaeus
@@ Line 17: / Line 18: @@
  | range_map_caption = Drill range
  | subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
- | subdivision  = ''[[Mainland drill|M l. leucophaeus]]''<br/>
+ | subdivision  = ''[[Mainland drill|M. l. leucophaeus]]''<br/>
 ''[[Bioko drill|M. l. poensis]]''
 }}
-The '''drill''' (''Mandrillus leucophaeus'') is a [[primate]] of the family [[Cercopithecidae]] (Old World monkeys), related to [[baboon]]s and even more closely to [[mandrill]]s.
+The '''drill''' ('''''Mandrillus leucophaeus''''') is a [[primate]] of the family [[Cercopithecidae]] (Old World monkeys), related to [[baboon]]s and even more closely to [[mandrill]]s.
 ==Description==
+[[File:Mandrillus leucophaeus 01 MWNH 297.jpg|thumb|left|A skull]]
-The drill is a short-tailed monkey up to {{convert|70|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, similar in appearance to the mandrill, but lacks the bright blue and red on the face of that species. It has high [[sexual dimorphism]] in weight, with males weighing up to {{convert|50|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and females up to {{convert|12.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=arkive>ARKive - [http://www.arkive.org/drill/mandrillus-leucophaeus/#text=All Drill (''Mandrillus leucophaeus'')] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714020743/http://www.arkive.org/drill/mandrillus-leucophaeus/#text=All#text=All |date=2015-07-14 }}</ref>
+The drill is a short-tailed monkey up to {{convert|70|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, similar in appearance to the mandrill, but lacks the bright blue and red on the face of that species. It has high [[sexual dimorphism]] in weight, with males weighing up to {{convert|20|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and females up to {{convert|12.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=arkive>ARKive - [http://www.arkive.org/drill/mandrillus-leucophaeus/#text=All Drill (''Mandrillus leucophaeus'')] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714020743/http://www.arkive.org/drill/mandrillus-leucophaeus/#text=All#text=All |date=2015-07-14 }}</ref>
+[[File:Penetrating Gaze (18022189239).jpg|thumb|A close-up of face]]
 The body is overall a dark grey-brown. Mature males have a pink lower lip and white chin on a dark grey to black face with raised grooves on the nose. The rump is pink, mauve and blue. Female drills lack the pink chin.
+==Taxonomy==
+Two [[subspecies]] of drill are accepted by some authorities,<ref name=arkive/> but are not considered distinct by others:<ref name=primate>Primate Info Net: [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/drill Drill]</ref>
+* [[Mainland drill]], ''Mandrillus leucophaeus leucophaeus''
+* [[Bioko drill]], ''Mandrillus leucophaeus poensis''
+Their closest relative is the [[mandrill]] (''Mandrillus sphinx''), found from southern Cameroon through mainland [[Equatorial Guinea]] (Rio Muni), [[Gabon]] and into the Congo. The two species are [[Allopatric speciation|allopatric]] across the Sanaga River.
 ==Biology==
-A dominant male leads a multi-male multi-female group of 20-30 individuals, and is father to most of the young. This group may join others, forming super groups of over 100 individuals. They are seasonally semi-nomadic, and will often rub their chests onto trees to mark their territory. They are semi-terrestrial, foraging mainly on the ground, but climbing trees to sleep at night. The females give birth to a single baby; twins have been recorded once at the Drill Rehab & Breeding Center in Nigeria.<ref name=arkive/>
+A dominant male leads a multi-male multi-female group of 20-30 individuals, and is father to most of the young. This group may join others, forming super groups of over 100 individuals. They are seasonally semi-nomadic, and will often rub their chests onto trees to mark their territory. They are semi-terrestrial, foraging mainly on the ground, but climbing trees to sleep at night. The females give birth to a single baby; twins have been recorded once at the Drill Rehab & Breeding Center in Nigeria.<ref name=arkive/> The average longevity in captivity is 28 years.
-Average longevity in captivity is 28 years.
 The diet is primarily [[frugivorous]], taking a wide range of fruit, but they also eat herbs, roots, eggs, insects, and small mammals on occasion.<ref name=arkive/><ref>[http://www.bioko.org/primates/leucophaeus.asp Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program page on the drill] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040212074657/http://www.bioko.org/primates/leucophaeus.asp |date=February 12, 2004 }}</ref>
-==Distribution and status==
+==Distribution==
-[[File:Drill Monkey.jpg|thumb|left|Alpha male drill in Boki, Cross River]]
+[[File:Drill Monkey.jpg|thumb|left|Male drill in Boki, Cross River]]
-Drills are found only in [[Cross River State]] in [[Nigeria]], southwestern [[Cameroon]] (south to the [[Sanaga River]]), and on [[Bioko]] Island, part of [[Equatorial Guinea]], in [[rainforest]] habitats. Their entire world range is less than 40,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.
+Drills are found only in [[Cross River State]] in [[Nigeria]], southwestern [[Cameroon]] (south to the [[Sanaga River]]), and on [[Bioko]] Island, part of [[Equatorial Guinea]], in [[rainforest]] habitats. Their entire global range is less than 40,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.
+==Conservation==
 Drills are among Africa’s most endangered mammals, and are listed by the IUCN as the highest conservation priority of all African primates.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> Drill numbers have been declining in all known habitat areas for decades as a result of illegal commercial hunting, [[habitat destruction]], and human development; as few as 3,000 drills may remain in the wild, with the highest population estimate only 8,000. A total of 174 drills recovered from illegal capture are in semicaptivity at the Drill Rehabilitation and Breeding Centre in Nigeria, with high success rates in breeding recorded there,<ref>[http://destinationcrossriver.com.ng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=109&Itemid=128 the Drill Rehabilitation and Breeding Centre (Pandrillus) Buanchor] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331194432/http://destinationcrossriver.com.ng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=109&Itemid=128 |date=March 31, 2012 }}</ref> and about 40 in other zoos internationally.<ref name=arkive/>
-Two [[subspecies]] of drill are accepted by some authorities,<ref name=arkive/> but are not considered distinct by others:<ref name=primate>Primate Info Net: [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/drill Drill]</ref>
-* [[Mainland drill]], ''Mandrillus leucophaeus leucophaeus''
-* [[Bioko drill]], ''Mandrillus leucophaeus poensis''
-Their closest relative is the [[mandrill]] (''Mandrillus sphinx''), found from southern Cameroon through mainland [[Equatorial Guinea]] (Rio Muni), [[Gabon]] and into the Congo. The two species are [[Allopatric speciation|allopatric]] across the Sanaga River.
 ==References==
@@ Line 50: / Line 52: @@
 ==External links==
-{{Wikispecies|Mandrillus leucophaeus|Drill}}
 {{Commons category|Mandrillus leucophaeus}}
-*{{ITIS |id=573030 |taxon=''Mandrillus leucophaeus'' |access-date=1 February 2007}}
 *[http://www.pandrillus.org Pandrillus] - Drill and primate conservation group operating in Nigeria and Cameroon
 *[http://www.limbewildlife.org/ The Limbe Wildlife Centre (LWC)] - A wildlife rescue and rehabilitation project situated in the South West Region of Cameroon.
@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
 [[Category:Mandrillus]]
+[[Category:Primates of Africa]]
 [[Category:Mammals of Cameroon]]
 [[Category:Mammals of Equatorial Guinea]]

Taxon identifiers
Mandrillus leucophaeus	Wikidata: Q221434 Wikispecies: Mandrillus leucophaeus ADW: Mandrillus_leucophaeus BioLib: 32270 BOLD: 16487 CoL: 3XTLF ECOS: 1125 EoL: 310782 GBIF: 5219557 iNaturalist: 43532 IRMNG: 11086619 ITIS: 573030 IUCN: 12753 MDD: 1000626 MSW: 12100573 NCBI: 9568 Observation.org: 84563 Open Tree of Life: 741057 Paleobiology Database: 232590 Species+: 6623
Simia leucophaea	Wikidata: Q109647586 GBIF: 7817023