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Coordinates: 1°17′48″N 103°51′03″E / 1.29667°N 103.85083°E / 1.29667; 103.85083
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{{EngvarB|date=June 2017}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Singapore neighbourhood
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
⚫
| englishname = Bras Basah Road
| imagemap = Bras Basah Road.JPG
| name = Bras Basah Road
| settlement_type =
⚫
| chinesename = {{linktext|勿|拉|士|巴|沙|路}}
| pinyin = Wùlāshì bāshā lù
| translit_lang1 = Name
| translit_lang1_type = [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
⚫
| malayname = Jalan Bras Basah
⚫
| translit_lang1_info = {{linktext|勿|拉|士|峇|沙|路}}
⚫
| tamilname =பிராஸ் பாசா சாலை
| translit_lang1_type1 = {{small|[[Pinyin]]}}
⚫
| rulingparty = [[People's Action Party]]<br />(part of [[Tanjong Pagar Group Representation Constituency|Tanjong Pagar GRC]])<ref name="electoraldivision">{{cite web |url= http://www.eld.gov.sg/gazette/G_RE2015Boundaries%20of%20Altered%20Polling%20Districts.pdf#zoom=100 |title= Boundaries of Altered Polling Districts |work= Elections Department, Singapore |date= 27 February 2015 |accessdate= 6 September 2015 }}{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| translit_lang1_info1 = Wùlāshì bāshā lù
⚫
| totalarea = 1.003
| translit_lang1_type2 = {{small|[[Pe̍h-ōe-jī|Hokkien POJ]]}}
| residentialarea = 0.003
| translit_lang1_info2 =
⚫
| population = 1600<ref name="streetdirectory">{{cite web |url= http://www.streetdirectory.com/asia_travel/travel/travel_main.php?zonename=Orchard |title= Orchard District Guide |publisher = [[Streetdirectory.com]] |accessdate= 6 September 2015}}</ref>
| translit_lang1_type3 = {{small|[[Peng'im|Teochew Peng'im]]}}
⚫
| dwellingunits = {{convert|400|m2|cm2|abbr=on}}<br />{{convert|90|kg|g|abbr=on}}
| translit_lang1_info3 =
| projectedultimate =
| translit_lang1_type4 = [[Malay language|Malay]]
⚫
| placesofinterest = Tuas Hotel, Bras Basah Mall and Marina Central
⚫
| translit_lang1_info4 = Jalan Bras Basah
⚫
|coordinates = {{coord|1|17|48|N|103|51|03|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| translit_lang1_type5 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
⚫
| translit_lang1_info5 = பிராஸ் பாசா சாலை
| translit_lang1_type6 = {{small|[[National Library at Kolkata romanization|Tamil Romanisation]]}}
| translit_lang1_info6 =
⚫
| image_skyline = Bras Basah Road.JPG
| imagesize =
| image_caption = View of Raffles Hotel from Bras Basah Road
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Singapore
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Bras Basah Road within Singapore
⚫
| coordinates = {{coord|1|17|48|N|103|51|03|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Singapore]]
| leader_title = Ruling parties
⚫
| leader_name = [[People's Action Party]]<br />(part of [[Tanjong Pagar Group Representation Constituency|Tanjong Pagar GRC]])<ref name="electoraldivision">{{cite web | url=http://www.eld.gov.sg/gazette/G_RE2015/Boundaries%20of%20Altered%20Polling%20Districts.pdf | title=Boundaries of Altered Polling Districts | work=Elections Department, Singapore | date=27 February 2015 | access-date=6 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528040444/http://www.eld.gov.sg/gazette/G_RE2015/Boundaries%20of%20Altered%20Polling%20Districts.pdf | archive-date=28 May 2015 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
⚫
| area_total_km2 = 1.003
| area_blank1_title = Residential
| area_blank1_km2 = 0.003
| population_footnotes =
⚫
| population_total = 1600<ref name="streetdirectory">{{cite web |url= http://www.streetdirectory.com/asia_travel/travel/travel_main.php?zonename=Orchard |title= Orchard District Guide |publisher= [[Streetdirectory.com]] |access-date= 6 September 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150825040032/http://www.streetdirectory.com/asia_travel/travel/travel_main.php?zonename=Orchard |archive-date= 25 August 2015 |url-status= live |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| blank_name_sec1 = Dwelling Units
⚫
| blank_info_sec1 = {{convert|400|m2|cm2|abbr=on}}<br />{{convert|90|kg|g|abbr=on}}
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = Places of Interest
⚫
| blank2_info_sec1 = Tuas Hotel, Bras Basah Mall and Marina Central
}}
}}


⚫
'''Bras Basah Road''' ({{zh|c=勿拉士峇沙路}}) is a one-way road in Singapore in the [[Urban planning areas in Singapore|planning areas]] of [[Museum Planning Area|Museum]] and [[Downtown Core]]. The road starts at the junction of [[Orchard Road]] and [[Handy Road]], at the [[Electronic Road Pricing|ERP]] gantry towards the Central Business District, and ends at the junction with [[Nicoll Highway]], beyond which it becomes [[Raffles Boulevard]]. Several landmarks including [[Fairmont Singapore]], [[Raffles Hotel]], [[Singapore Art Museum]], [[Cathedral of the Good Shepherd]] and the [[Singapore Management University]] are located along the road. A [[Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)|MRT]] station with the same name, [[Bras Basah MRT station]], is on the [[Circle MRT Line|Circle Line]].
{{Chinese
|title = Bras Basah Road
|s=勿拉士巴沙路
|y=Baas2Baai3Paik4
}}

⚫
'''Bras Basah Road''' ({{zh|c=勿拉士巴沙路}}) is a one-way road in Singapore in the [[Urban planning areas in Singapore|planning areas]] of [[Museum Planning Area|Museum]] and [[Downtown Core]]. The road starts at the junction of [[Orchard Road]] and [[Handy Road]], at the [[Electronic Road Pricing|ERP]] gantry towards the Central Business District, and ends at the junction with [[Nicoll Highway]], beyond which it becomes [[Raffles Boulevard]]. The road houses several landmarks including [[Fairmont Singapore]], [[Raffles Hotel]], [[Singapore Art Museum]], [[Cathedral of the Good Shepherd]] and the [[Singapore Management University]]. A [[Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)|MRT]] station with the same name, [[Bras Basah MRT Station]], is on the [[Circle MRT Line|Circle Line]].


==Names==
==Names==


Bras Basah ([[New Rumi Spelling|Modern Spelling]]: Beras Basah) means "wet rice" in [[Malay language|Malay]] &ndash; ''beras'' means harvested rice with the [[husk]] removed, and ''basah'' means wet. The road is said to be so named because in the early days, a small river known as Fresh Water Stream or Sungei Bras Basah (Bras Basah River) used to exist here, and the area was the gateway for boats that brought in tons of rice, and the rice may be laid on the river banks to dry, but the rice would often get wet at [[high tide]]s. The area is now largely filled in, and the river Bras Basah (now the [[Stamford Canal, Singapore|Stamford Canal]]) is mostly covered up.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_227_2005-01-25.html |title=Bras Basah Road |work=Singapore Infopedia |publisher=National Library Board |author=Vernon Cornelius }}</ref>
Bras Basah ([[New Rumi Spelling|Modern Spelling]]: Beras Basah) means "wet rice" in [[Malay language|Malay]] &ndash; ''beras'' means harvested rice with [[husk]] removed, and ''basah'' means wet. The road is said to be so named because in the early days, a small river known as Fresh Water Stream or Sungei Bras Basah (Bras Basah River) used to exist here. The area was the gateway for boats that brought in tons of rice, and the rice may be laid on the river banks to dry, but the rice would often get wet at [[high tide]]s. The area is now largely filled in, and the river Bras Basah (now the [[Stamford Canal, Singapore|Stamford Canal]]) is mostly covered up.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_227_2005-01-25.html |title=Bras Basah Road |work=Singapore Infopedia |publisher=National Library Board |author=Vernon Cornelius |access-date=7 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604024820/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_227_2005-01-25.html |archive-date=4 June 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>


In the earliest plan of Singapore, Lieutenant [[Philip Jackson (surveyor)|Philip Jackson]]'s 1822 [[Jackson Plan|Plan of Singapore]], Bras Basah Road is shown as two separate roads. This map names the section between [[North Bridge Road]] and [[Beach Road, Singapore|Beach Road]] as Church Street due to the presence of a [[Missionary Society]] chapel that stood at the corner of North Bridge Road and Bras Basah Road, while the section between North Bridge Road and [[Selegie Hill]] is named Selegy Street. Note however that the Jackson Plan is a proposal on how the road may be arranged, and the actual arrangement of the road at that time was different as shown in an actual map of 1825.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/maps_building_plans/record-details/fb6eb3fd-115c-11e3-83d5-0050568939ad |title=Maps and Building Plans |work=National Archives of Singapore }}</ref> The road was also referred to as College Street in a lease granted by [[Thomas Stamford Raffles]] in 1823 for the [[Raffles Institution]] as it was the location of the Institution, but the name was did not gain currency and was soon forgotten.<ref name="buckley"/> In an 1826 lease, the road was called Cross Road. The road appears on [[George Drumgoole Coleman|G.D. Coleman]]'s 1836 Map of Singapore as Brass Bassa Road, the spelling used until the late 19th century when it was changed to Bras Basah.<ref name="buckley">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/ananecdotalhist00buckgoog#page/n156/mode/2up |title=An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore |author=Charles Burton Buckley |page=123–124 |date=1902}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/maps_building_plans/record-details/fbb0b5a2-115c-11e3-83d5-0050568939ad |title=Maps and Building Plan |work=National Archives of Singapore }}}</ref>
In the earliest plan of Singapore, Lieutenant [[Philip Jackson (surveyor)|Philip Jackson]]'s 1822 [[Jackson Plan|Plan of Singapore]], Bras Basah Road is shown as two separate roads. This map names the section between [[North Bridge Road]] and [[Beach Road, Singapore|Beach Road]] as Church Street due to the presence of a [[Missionary Society]] chapel that stood at the corner of North Bridge Road and Bras Basah Road, while the section between North Bridge Road and [[Selegie Hill]] is named Selegy Street. Note however that the Jackson Plan is a proposal on how the road may be arranged, and the actual arrangement of the road at that time was different as shown in an actual map of 1825.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/maps_building_plans/record-details/fb6eb3fd-115c-11e3-83d5-0050568939ad |title=Maps and Building Plans |work=National Archives of Singapore |access-date=13 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720140032/http://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/maps_building_plans/record-details/fb6eb3fd-115c-11e3-83d5-0050568939ad |archive-date=20 July 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The road was also referred to as College Street in a lease granted by [[Thomas Stamford Raffles]] in 1823 for the [[Raffles Institution]] as it was the location of the Institution, but the name did not gain currency and was soon forgotten.<ref name="buckley"/> In an 1826 lease, the road was called Cross Road. The road appears on [[George Drumgoole Coleman|G.D. Coleman]]'s 1836 Map of Singapore as Brass Bassa Road, the spelling used until the late 19th century when it was changed to Bras Basah.<ref name="buckley">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/ananecdotalhist00buckgoog#page/n156/mode/2up |title=An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore |author=Charles Burton Buckley |pages=123–124 |date=1902|publisher=Singapore, Printed by Fraser & Neave, limited }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/maps_building_plans/record-details/fbb0b5a2-115c-11e3-83d5-0050568939ad |title=Maps and Building Plan |work=National Archives of Singapore |access-date=7 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720135913/http://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/maps_building_plans/record-details/fbb0b5a2-115c-11e3-83d5-0050568939ad |archive-date=20 July 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>


In the old days, the Chinese referred to the road by several names according to the buildings that may be found on the road. These included ''Lau kha-ku-keng khau'' (老脚拘間口, "Old Gaol Mouth") in [[Min Nan|Hokkien]] and ''Kau ka-ku hau'' (舊架古口) in Cantonese, a reference to an old [[gaol]] that was once located between Stamford Road and Bras Basah Road. The term ''kha ku'' means "[[Legcuffs|fetters]]" in Hokkien, and the name in Cantonese is an adaptation of the Hokkien term.<ref name="firmstone">{{cite journal |jstor=41560566 |title=Chinese Names of Streets and Places in Singapore and the Malay Peninsula (Continued) |author=H. W. Firmstone|journal=Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume= 42 |date=February 1905|pages= 68–69 }}</ref> Another name was a reference to the [[Cathedral of the Good Shepherd]] sited here that belonged the French mission – the name is ''Ho-lan-se le-pai-tng pi'' (和蘭西禮拜堂邊) or "beside the French church". Another location used was ''Tek kok seng nong'' (德國神農) or "the German pharmacy", referring to a German-own pharmacy named after the mythical ruler [[Shennong]] that once stood at a corner of the street.<ref name="toponymics">{{cite book |authors= Victor R Savage, Brenda S A Yeoh |date=2004|title=Toponymics – A Study of Singapore Street Names|publisher= Eastern University Press|isbn=981-210-364-3 |page=47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DTOJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 }}</ref> Other names included ''Hai ki ang-neo toa-oh pi'' (海墘紅毛大學邊) or "beside the seaside English big school", referring to Raffles Institution.<ref name="firmstone"/> In [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], this is pronounced as ''Hai gan hong mao da xue bian'', or simply as ''Da shu guan bian'' (大书馆边), meaning beside the big school (RI). In [[Hakka (language)|Hakka]], it may be called ''Thong kwong sen kei'', meaning "Thong Kwong Sen Street" after a Hakka-owned tailoring establishment on the road.<ref name="toponymics"/>
In the old days, the local Chinese referred to the road by several names according to the buildings that may be found along the road. These included ''Lau kha-ku-keng khau'' (老脚拘間口, "Old Gaol Mouth") in [[Min Nan|Hokkien]] and ''Kau ka-ku hau'' (舊架古口) in Cantonese, a reference to an old [[gaol]] that was once located between Stamford Road and Bras Basah Road. The term ''kha ku'' means "[[Legcuffs|fetters]]" in Hokkien, and the name in Cantonese is an adaptation of the Hokkien term.<ref name="firmstone">{{cite journal |jstor=41560566 |title=Chinese Names of Streets and Places in Singapore and the Malay Peninsula (Continued) |author=H. W. Firmstone|journal=Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume= 42 |issue=42 |date=February 1905|pages= 68–69 }}</ref> Another name, ''Ho-lan-se le-pai-tng pi'' (和蘭西禮拜堂邊) meaning "beside the French church", is a reference to the [[Cathedral of the Good Shepherd]] belonging to the French mission here. Another location used was ''Tek kok seng nong'' (德國神農) or "the German pharmacy", referring to a German-own pharmacy named after the mythical ruler [[Shennong]] that once stood at a corner of the street.<ref name="SavageYeoh2013">{{cite book|author1=Victor R Savage|author2=Brenda Yeoh|title=Singapore Street Names: A Study of Toponymics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DTOJAAAAQBAJ|date=15 June 2013|publisher=Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd|isbn=978-981-4484-74-9|page=47}}</ref> Other names included ''Hai ki ang-neo toa-oh pi'' (海墘紅毛大學邊) or "beside the seaside English big school", referring to the [[Raffles Institution]] once sited here.<ref name="firmstone"/> In [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], this is pronounced as ''Hai gan hong mao da xue bian'', or simply as ''Da shu guan bian'' (大书馆边), meaning "beside the big school" (RI). In [[Hakka (language)|Hakka]], it may be called ''Thong kwong sen kei'', meaning "Thong Kwong Sen Street" after a Hakka-owned tailoring establishment on the road.<ref name="SavageYeoh2013"/>


==Landmarks==
==Landmarks==
[[File:Cathedral of the Good Shepherd, Jan 06.JPG|thumb|View of [[Cathedral of the Good Shepherd]] from Bras Basah Road]]
[[File:Raffles City.jpg|thumb|upright|Raffles city beside Bras Basah Road]]
These are the major landmarks along Bras Basah (from east to west):
These are the major landmarks along Bras Basah (from east to west):
* [[The Cathay]]
* [[The Cathay]]
* [[Rendezvous Hotel]]
* [[Rendezvous Hotel]]
* Manulife Centre
* [[Singapore Management University]]
* [[Singapore Management University]]
* [[Former Saint Joseph's Institution]] ([[Singapore Art Museum]])
* [[Former Saint Joseph's Institution]] ([[Singapore Art Museum]])
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* [[Carlton Hotel Singapore|Carlton Hotel]]
* [[Carlton Hotel Singapore|Carlton Hotel]]
* [[CHIJMES]]
* [[CHIJMES]]
* [[Raffles City]] and [[Fairmont Singapore]]
* [[Raffles Hotel]]
* [[Raffles City Singapore|Raffles City]] and [[Fairmont Singapore]]
* [[South Beach, Singapore]]
* [[Civilian War Memorial]]
* [[Civilian War Memorial]]


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==References==
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


{{Major roads in Singapore}}
{{Major roads in Singapore}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Roads in Singapore]]
[[Category:Roads in Singapore]]

Latest revision as of 04:01, 24 December 2021

Bras Basah Road
Name transcription(s)
 • Chinese勿拉士峇沙路
 • PinyinWùlāshì bāshā lù
 • MalayJalan Bras Basah
 • Tamilபிராஸ் பாசா சாலை
View of Raffles Hotel from Bras Basah Road
View of Raffles Hotel from Bras Basah Road
Bras Basah Road is located in Singapore
Bras Basah Road
Bras Basah Road
Location of Bras Basah Road within Singapore
Coordinates: 1°17′48″N 103°51′03″E / 1.29667°N 103.85083°E / 1.29667; 103.85083
CountrySingapore
Government
 • Ruling partiesPeople's Action Party
(part of Tanjong Pagar GRC)[2]
Area
 • Total1.003 km2 (0.387 sq mi)
 • Residential0.003 km2 (0.001 sq mi)
Population
 • Total1,600[1]
Dwelling Units400 m2 (4,000,000 cm2)
90 kg (90,000 g)
Places of InterestTuas Hotel, Bras Basah Mall and Marina Central

Bras Basah Road (Chinese: 勿拉士峇沙路) is a one-way road in Singapore in the planning areas of Museum and Downtown Core. The road starts at the junction of Orchard Road and Handy Road, at the ERP gantry towards the Central Business District, and ends at the junction with Nicoll Highway, beyond which it becomes Raffles Boulevard. Several landmarks including Fairmont Singapore, Raffles Hotel, Singapore Art Museum, Cathedral of the Good Shepherd and the Singapore Management University are located along the road. A MRT station with the same name, Bras Basah MRT station, is on the Circle Line.

Names[edit]

Bras Basah (Modern Spelling: Beras Basah) means "wet rice" in Malay – beras means harvested rice with husk removed, and basah means wet. The road is said to be so named because in the early days, a small river known as Fresh Water Stream or Sungei Bras Basah (Bras Basah River) used to exist here. The area was the gateway for boats that brought in tons of rice, and the rice may be laid on the river banks to dry, but the rice would often get wet at high tides. The area is now largely filled in, and the river Bras Basah (now the Stamford Canal) is mostly covered up.[3]

In the earliest plan of Singapore, Lieutenant Philip Jackson's 1822 Plan of Singapore, Bras Basah Road is shown as two separate roads. This map names the section between North Bridge Road and Beach Road as Church Street due to the presence of a Missionary Society chapel that stood at the corner of North Bridge Road and Bras Basah Road, while the section between North Bridge Road and Selegie Hill is named Selegy Street. Note however that the Jackson Plan is a proposal on how the road may be arranged, and the actual arrangement of the road at that time was different as shown in an actual map of 1825.[4] The road was also referred to as College Street in a lease granted by Thomas Stamford Raffles in 1823 for the Raffles Institution as it was the location of the Institution, but the name did not gain currency and was soon forgotten.[5] In an 1826 lease, the road was called Cross Road. The road appears on G.D. Coleman's 1836 Map of Singapore as Brass Bassa Road, the spelling used until the late 19th century when it was changed to Bras Basah.[5][6]

In the old days, the local Chinese referred to the road by several names according to the buildings that may be found along the road. These included Lau kha-ku-keng khau (老脚拘間口, "Old Gaol Mouth") in Hokkien and Kau ka-ku hau (舊架古口) in Cantonese, a reference to an old gaol that was once located between Stamford Road and Bras Basah Road. The term kha ku means "fetters" in Hokkien, and the name in Cantonese is an adaptation of the Hokkien term.[7] Another name, Ho-lan-se le-pai-tng pi (和蘭西禮拜堂邊) meaning "beside the French church", is a reference to the Cathedral of the Good Shepherd belonging to the French mission here. Another location used was Tek kok seng nong (德國神農) or "the German pharmacy", referring to a German-own pharmacy named after the mythical ruler Shennong that once stood at a corner of the street.[8] Other names included Hai ki ang-neo toa-oh pi (海墘紅毛大學邊) or "beside the seaside English big school", referring to the Raffles Institution once sited here.[7] In Mandarin, this is pronounced as Hai gan hong mao da xue bian, or simply as Da shu guan bian (大书馆边), meaning "beside the big school" (RI). In Hakka, it may be called Thong kwong sen kei, meaning "Thong Kwong Sen Street" after a Hakka-owned tailoring establishment on the road.[8]

Landmarks[edit]

View of Cathedral of the Good Shepherd from Bras Basah Road
Raffles city beside Bras Basah Road

These are the major landmarks along Bras Basah (from east to west):

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Orchard District Guide". Streetdirectory.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  2. ^ "Boundaries of Altered Polling Districts" (PDF). Elections Department, Singapore. 27 February 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  3. ^ Vernon Cornelius. "Bras Basah Road". Singapore Infopedia. National Library Board. Archived from the original on 4 June 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
  4. ^ "Maps and Building Plans". National Archives of Singapore. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  5. ^ a b Charles Burton Buckley (1902). An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore. Singapore, Printed by Fraser & Neave, limited. pp. 123–124.
  6. ^ "Maps and Building Plan". National Archives of Singapore. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
  7. ^ a b H. W. Firmstone (February 1905). "Chinese Names of Streets and Places in Singapore and the Malay Peninsula (Continued)". Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 42 (42): 68–69. JSTOR 41560566.
  8. ^ a b Victor R Savage; Brenda Yeoh (15 June 2013). Singapore Street Names: A Study of Toponymics. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. p. 47. ISBN 978-981-4484-74-9.
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