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Pattern of the Golden Sun Bird discovered at Jinsha site, a symbol of the Ba–Shu culture and believed to be a totem of the ancient Shu people.^[1] It has been designated a symbol for the Chinese culture as a whole by the Chinese government.

Ba-Shu culture (Chinese: 巴蜀文化; pinyin: Bāshǔ wénhuà) refers to a regional culture centered around Sichuan province and Chongqing city, also encompassing parts of Yunnan, Guizhou, southwestern Shaanxi (particularly Hanzhong)^[2] and neighboring regions which speak Southwestern Mandarin. Historically centered around the Yangtze River, it emerged as an amalgamation of the cultures of the Shu and Ba kingdoms after their conquest by the State of Qin. The discovery of the Shu site of Sanxingdui in 1986 and Jinsha in 2001 places the Ba-Shu culture's age at nearly four millenia old;^[3]^[4] consequently, it is commonly considered to be one of the cradles of Chinese civilisation and culture.^[5]^[6] Ba-Shu culture has continued to the present day and is nowadays famous for aspects such as its cuisine and Sichuan opera.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Origins[edit]

Shu culture[edit]

The Bronze Sacred Tree, one of the artifacts unearthed at Sanxingdui

The kingdom of Shu originated from the Sanxingdui culture and thrived from the 2nd millennium BC until its destruction by the State of Qin in 316 BC, coinciding with the not fully substantiated Xia dynasty in the Zhongyuan region, which lasted a total of one or two millenia.^[10] The Shu culture had a rich tradition of metalworking (especially with bronze) and manufactured numerous notable artifacts, hundreds of which were unearthed at sacrificial pits at Sanxingdui and Jinsha; these include bronze statues, heads and masks, several bronze trees (one of which, the Bronze Sacred Tree, has been restored), daggers, hundreds of pieces of pottery, and the Golden Sun Bird.^[11]^[12] Additionally, the Shu culture is noted for its resistance to external influences, and was more or less unaffected by other nearby cultures until its conquest by the State of Qin in 316 BC.^[13]^[14]

Ba culture[edit]

Ba culture and the State of Ba were historically centered around the Three Gorges area.^[15] The Ba people worshiped the white tiger, which was their totem, and crafted many bronze artifacts based on its form and patterns.^[16]^[17] They had a rich tradition of performing arts, with distinctive instruments and rituals like the Bayu Dance.^[18]^[19] However, there is a lack of identifiable artifacts belonging to the Ba culture because nearly all of them have been mixed with relics of other nearby kingdoms, and there is an absence of written records about Ba culture made the Shang dynasty or any other states existing in the same time period. As a result, not much is known about Ba culture.^[20]

Traditional language[edit]

Ancient writing system[edit]

Architecture[edit]

Sichuanese architecture[edit]

Sichuanese garden[edit]

Visual arts[edit]

"Five stars rising in the East" armband, a 3rd-century Sichuan brocade armband.

A bronze altar unearthed at Sanxingdui, dating back to the ancient kingdom of Shu

Performing arts[edit]

Clothing[edit]

Tea culture[edit]

Food culture[edit]

Others[edit]

Religious sites in Sichuan
A pavilion of the Taoist Shangqing Temple in Mount Qingcheng, Chengdu.
Golden Temple of Mount Emei of the Chinese Buddhist tradition.
Statues of buddhas at a Litang monastery of the Tibetan Buddhist tradition.
Baba Mosque [zh], a Sichuanese Sufi mosque in Langzhong.
St John's Cathedral, Langzhong (Anglican).
Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu (Catholic).
St. Joseph's Cathedral, Chongqing (Catholic).

External links[edit]

The Center for Bashu Cultural Studies of Sichuan Normal University (English website)

References[edit]

^ Li, Hsing-jung; Fêng, Ming-i; Yü, Chih-yung (November 1, 2014). 導遊實訓課程 (in Traditional Chinese). Taipei: E-culture. p. 331. ISBN 9789865650346.
^ Yan, Jie; Wang, Jun (2011). "Character and social interpretation of local architecture in the south of Shaanxi". Advanced Materials Research. 368–373: 3009. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.368-373.3006.
^ Zhao, Weijie (2021). "New archeological marvels of ancient Shu civilization". National Science Review. 8 (7): nwab071. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwab071. PMC 8310767. PMID 34691698. Archived from the original on April 18, 2024. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
^ "Jinsha Site Museum". www.jinshasitemuseum.com. Archived from the original on April 18, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
^ Liu, Hong (June 2006). "巴蜀文化渊源". huaxia.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
^ Liu, Hong. "巴族和蜀族怎樣構成巴蜀文化？ | 中國文化研究院 - 燦爛的中國文明". chiculture.org.hk (in Chinese). Archived from the original on April 18, 2024. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
^ Tan, Yihua (May 27, 2024). "协同保护巴蜀文化瑰宝，川渝携手为川剧保护传承立法_四川在线". sichuan.scol.com.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
^ "用更多精品力作推动川剧振兴促进巴蜀文化绽放新的时代光彩". sc.people.com.cn (in Chinese). November 30, 2023. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
^ "李后强丨川菜的文化基因与学理基础 -四川经济网-经济门户". www.scjjrb.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
^ "【巴蜀文化】天府人间，辉映流光 - 青陇巴蜀 - 汗青网" (in Chinese). March 4, 2016. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
^ "Bronze sacred tree found in Sanxingdui sacrificial pit – The History Blog". September 9, 2021. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
^ "Newly found Chinese artifacts illuminate mysterious ancient kingdom". NBC News. June 15, 2022. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
^ Luo, Zhitian (March 29, 2023). "【资讯】浅析巴蜀文化". Chengdu University of Technology (in Chinese). Archived from the original on April 5, 2024.
^ "Qin Dynasty: Achievements, Facts & Time Period". HISTORY. June 16, 2023. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
^ "巴文化的多元传播探究_光明日报_光明网". www.gmw.cn (in Chinese). October 27, 2004. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
^ "东西问丨巴文化何以成为中华文明的坚定"一元"？-中新网". www.chinanews.com.cn (in Chinese). May 14, 2022. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
^ Tang, Li (October 9, 2014). "巴文化传统符号与旅游工艺品设计的融合 -《装饰》杂志官方网站 - 关注中国本土设计的专业网站 www.izhsh.com.cn". www.izhsh.com.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
^ "巴文化 | 巴、蜀、楚的文化关系，你知道吗？_巴楚". www.sohu.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
^ "巴渝舞：巴人啸聚山林的狂欢盛宴_巴中市人民政府". www.cnbz.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
^ "巴文化研究若干问题的思考 - 重庆考古". www.cqkaogu.com. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.

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[1] Li, Hsing-jung; Fêng, Ming-i; Yü, Chih-yung (November 1, 2014). 導遊實訓課程 (in Traditional Chinese). Taipei: E-culture. p. 331. ISBN 9789865650346.

[2] Yan, Jie; Wang, Jun (2011). "Character and social interpretation of local architecture in the south of Shaanxi". Advanced Materials Research. 368–373: 3009. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.368-373.3006.

[3] Zhao, Weijie (2021). "New archeological marvels of ancient Shu civilization". National Science Review. 8 (7): nwab071. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwab071. PMC 8310767. PMID 34691698. Archived from the original on April 18, 2024. Retrieved February 23, 2024.

[4] "Jinsha Site Museum". www.jinshasitemuseum.com. Archived from the original on April 18, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2024.

[5] Liu, Hong (June 2006). "巴蜀文化渊源". huaxia.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved September 7, 2017.

[6] Liu, Hong. "巴族和蜀族怎樣構成巴蜀文化？ | 中國文化研究院 - 燦爛的中國文明". chiculture.org.hk (in Chinese). Archived from the original on April 18, 2024. Retrieved April 18, 2024.

[7] Tan, Yihua (May 27, 2024). "协同保护巴蜀文化瑰宝，川渝携手为川剧保护传承立法_四川在线". sichuan.scol.com.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[8] "用更多精品力作推动川剧振兴促进巴蜀文化绽放新的时代光彩". sc.people.com.cn (in Chinese). November 30, 2023. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[9] "李后强丨川菜的文化基因与学理基础 -四川经济网-经济门户". www.scjjrb.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

[10] "【巴蜀文化】天府人间，辉映流光 - 青陇巴蜀 - 汗青网" (in Chinese). March 4, 2016. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 5, 2024.

[11] "Bronze sacred tree found in Sanxingdui sacrificial pit – The History Blog". September 9, 2021. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.

[12] "Newly found Chinese artifacts illuminate mysterious ancient kingdom". NBC News. June 15, 2022. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.

[13] Luo, Zhitian (March 29, 2023). "【资讯】浅析巴蜀文化". Chengdu University of Technology (in Chinese). Archived from the original on April 5, 2024.

[14] "Qin Dynasty: Achievements, Facts & Time Period". HISTORY. June 16, 2023. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.

[15] "巴文化的多元传播探究_光明日报_光明网". www.gmw.cn (in Chinese). October 27, 2004. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.

[16] "东西问丨巴文化何以成为中华文明的坚定"一元"？-中新网". www.chinanews.com.cn (in Chinese). May 14, 2022. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.

[17] Tang, Li (October 9, 2014). "巴文化传统符号与旅游工艺品设计的融合 -《装饰》杂志官方网站 - 关注中国本土设计的专业网站 www.izhsh.com.cn". www.izhsh.com.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.

[18] "巴文化 | 巴、蜀、楚的文化关系，你知道吗？_巴楚". www.sohu.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.

[19] "巴渝舞：巴人啸聚山林的狂欢盛宴_巴中市人民政府". www.cnbz.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.

[20] "巴文化研究若干问题的思考 - 重庆考古". www.cqkaogu.com. Archived from the original on June 17, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Use American English|date = February 2019}}
 {{Short description|Culture of Sichuan and nearby parts of China}}
-{{Use mdy dates|date = February 2019}}
+{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2019}}
+[[File:太阳神鸟金饰 Golden Sun Bird.png|thumb|Pattern of the Golden Sun Bird discovered at [[Jinsha site]], a symbol of the Ba–Shu culture and believed to be a totem of the [[Shu (kingdom)|ancient Shu]] people.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Li |first1=Hsing-jung |last2=Fêng |first2=Ming-i |last3=Yü |first3=Chih-yung |date=1 November 2014 |title=導遊實訓課程 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yaIkCwAAQBAJ&q=%E9%87%91%E6%B2%99%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E7%A5%9E%E9%B3%A5+%E5%B7%B4%E8%9C%80%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%A8%99%E8%AA%8C&pg=PA331 |language=zh-hant |location=Taipei |publisher=E-culture |page=331 |isbn=9789865650346}}</ref> It has been designated a symbol for the Chinese culture as a whole by the Chinese government.|215x215px]]'''Ba-Shu culture''' ({{lang-zh|t=巴蜀文化|s=巴蜀文化|p=Bāshǔ wénhuà}}) refers to a regional culture centered around [[Sichuan]] province and [[Chongqing]] city, also encompassing parts of [[Yunnan]], [[Guizhou]], [[Southern Shaanxi|southwestern Shaanxi]] (particularly [[Hanzhong]])<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yan |first1=Jie |last2=Wang |first2=Jun |date=2011 |title=Character and social interpretation of local architecture in the south of Shaanxi |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=f4ac8fbae7e2bdd54138be89acbb6b455acc4db2 |journal=Advanced Materials Research |volume=368–373 |page=3009 |doi=10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.368-373.3006}}</ref> and neighboring regions which speak [[Southwestern Mandarin]]. Historically centered around the [[Yangtze|Yangtze River]], it emerged as an amalgamation of the cultures of the [[Shu (kingdom)|Shu]] and [[Ba (state)|Ba]] kingdoms after their conquest by the [[Qin (state)|State of Qin]]. The discovery of the Shu site of [[Sanxingdui]] in 1986 and [[Jinsha site|Jinsha]] in 2001 places the Ba-Shu culture's age at nearly four millenia old;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhao |first=Weijie |title=New archeological marvels of ancient Shu civilization |url=https://academic.oup.com/nsr/article/8/7/nwab071/6271324 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418062657/https://academic.oup.com/nsr/article/8/7/nwab071/6271324?login=false |archive-date=18 April 2024 |access-date=2024-02-23 |journal=National Science Review|date=2021 |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=nwab071 |doi=10.1093/nsr/nwab071 |pmid=34691698 |pmc=8310767 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jinsha Site Museum |url=https://www.jinshasitemuseum.com/site-75/node/286 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418063033/https://www.jinshasitemuseum.com/site-75/node/286 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=www.jinshasitemuseum.com}}</ref> consequently, it is commonly considered to be one of the cradles of [[Chinese culture|Chinese civilisation and culture]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Liu |first=Hong |date=June 2006 |title=巴蜀文化渊源 |script-title= |url=http://www.huaxia.com/qqla/lbyl/wh/2006/06/218625.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502173004/http://www.huaxia.com/qqla/lbyl/wh/2006/06/218625.html |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |access-date=September 7, 2017 |website=huaxia.com |language=Chinese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Liu |first=Hong |title=巴族和蜀族怎樣構成巴蜀文化？ {{!}} 中國文化研究院 - 燦爛的中國文明 |url=https://chiculture.org.hk/tc/china-five-thousand-years/294 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418063834/https://chiculture.org.hk/tc/china-five-thousand-years/294 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=chiculture.org.hk |language=Chinese}}</ref> Ba-Shu culture has continued to the present day and is nowadays famous for aspects such as [[Sichuan cuisine|its cuisine]] and [[Sichuan opera]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tan |first=Yihua |date=27 May 2024 |title=协同保护巴蜀文化瑰宝，川渝携手为川剧保护传承立法_四川在线 |url=https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/ggxw/202405/82535335.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617062300/https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/ggxw/202405/82535335.html |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=sichuan.scol.com.cn |language=Chinese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2023 |title=用更多精品力作推动川剧振兴 促进巴蜀文化绽放新的时代光彩 |url=http://sc.people.com.cn/n2/2023/1130/c345167-40659933.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617062637/http://sc.people.com.cn/n2/2023/1130/c345167-40659933.html |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=sc.people.com.cn |language=Chinese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=李后强丨川菜的文化基因与学理基础 -四川经济网-经济门户 |url=https://www.scjjrb.com/2023/11/17/99383504.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617062928/https://www.scjjrb.com/2023/11/17/99383504.html |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=www.scjjrb.com |language=Chinese}}</ref>
-[[File:太阳神鸟金饰 Golden Sun Bird.png|thumb|right|Pattern of the [[Golden Sun Bird]] discovered at [[Jinsha site]], believed to be a totem of the [[Shu (kingdom)|ancient Shu]] people.]]
+== Origins ==
+=== Shu culture ===
-'''Ba-Shu culture''' ({{lang-zh|t=巴蜀文化|s=巴蜀文化|p=Bāshǔ wénhuà}}) refers to a regional culture centered around [[Sichuan]] province and [[Chongqing]] city, also encompassing parts of [[Yunnan]], [[Guizhou]] and other regions that speak [[Southwestern Mandarin]]. Centered around the [[Yangtze|Yangtze River]], it was historically an amalgamation of the cultures of the [[Shu (kingdom)|Shu]] and [[Ba (state)|Ba]] kingdoms but has since evolved into its present form. The discovery of the Shu site of [[Sanxingdui]] in 1986 places the Ba-Shu culture's age at over 3900 years old;<ref>{{Cite web |title=New archeological marvels of ancient Shu civilization |url=https://academic.oup.com/nsr/article/8/7/nwab071/6271324 |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=academic.oup.com}}</ref> as a result, it is widely considered to be one of the cradles of [[Chinese culture|Chinese civilisation and culture]].<ref>{{cite web |date=June 2006 |script-title=zh:巴蜀文化渊源 |url=http://www.huaxia.com/qqla/lbyl/wh/2006/06/218625.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502173004/http://www.huaxia.com/qqla/lbyl/wh/2006/06/218625.html |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |access-date=September 7, 2017 |website=huaxia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:巴蜀文化 |url=https://hk.chiculture.net/index.php?file=topic_description&old_id=30037 |website=hk.chiculture.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:四川师范大学巴蜀文化中心 |url=http://www.bswh.net/ |publisher=Center for Bashu Cultural Studies, [[Sichuan Normal University]]}}</ref>
+[[File:Bronze Sacred Tree.jpg|thumb|The Bronze Sacred Tree, one of the artifacts unearthed at Sanxingdui]]
+The [[Shu (kingdom)|kingdom of Shu]] originated from the Sanxingdui culture and thrived from the 2nd millennium BC until its destruction by the [[Qin (state)|State of Qin]] in 316 BC, coinciding with the not fully substantiated [[Xia dynasty]] in the [[Zhongyuan]] region, which lasted a total of one or two millenia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-04 |title=【巴蜀文化】天府人间，辉映流光 - 青陇巴蜀 - 汗青网 |url=http://www.sinocul.com/qinglongbashu/show-4010-1.html |access-date=2024-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111943/http://www.sinocul.com/qinglongbashu/show-4010-1.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |language=Chinese}}</ref> The Shu culture had a rich tradition of metalworking (especially with bronze) and manufactured numerous notable artifacts, hundreds of which were unearthed at sacrificial pits at Sanxingdui and Jinsha; these include bronze statues, heads and masks, several bronze trees (one of which, the [[Bronze Sacred Tree]], has been restored), daggers, hundreds of pieces of pottery, and the [[Golden Sun Bird]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-09 |title=Bronze sacred tree found in Sanxingdui sacrificial pit – The History Blog |url=https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/62185 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617074352/https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/62185 |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=2024-04-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-15 |title=Newly found Chinese artifacts illuminate mysterious ancient kingdom |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/sanxingdui-china-archaeology-artifacts-sacrificial-pits-shu-kingdom-rcna33643 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617074504/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/sanxingdui-china-archaeology-artifacts-sacrificial-pits-shu-kingdom-rcna33643 |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=NBC News}}</ref> Additionally, the Shu culture is noted for its resistance to external influences, and was more or less unaffected by other nearby cultures until its conquest by the State of Qin in 316 BC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luo |first=Zhitian |date=March 29, 2023 |title=【资讯】浅析巴蜀文化 |url=https://www.cdut.edu.cn/bswh/info/1017/1128.htm |archive-url=https://www.cdut.edu.cn/sKpQlUVCxrwf/aeHdLWdc7oH2.9e258ff.js |archive-date=April 5, 2024 |website=Chengdu University of Technology |language=Chinese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-16 |title=Qin Dynasty: Achievements, Facts & Time Period |url=https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-china/qin-dynasty |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617074931/https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-china/qin-dynasty |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref>
-== Ancient writing system ==
+=== Ba culture ===
+Ba culture and the [[Ba (state)|State of Ba]] were historically centered around the [[Three Gorges]] area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2004 |title=巴文化的多元传播探究_光明日报_光明网 |url=https://www.gmw.cn/01gmrb/2004-10/27/content_121108.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617075048/https://www.gmw.cn/01gmrb/2004-10/27/content_121108.htm |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=www.gmw.cn |language=Chinese}}</ref> The Ba people worshiped the [[white tiger]], which was their totem, and crafted many bronze artifacts based on its form and patterns.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2022 |title=东西问丨巴文化何以成为中华文明的坚定"一元"？-中新网 |url=https://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/2022/05-14/9754734.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617075423/https://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/2022/05-14/9754734.shtml |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=www.chinanews.com.cn |language=Chinese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tang |first=Li |date=9 October 2014 |title=巴文化传统符号与旅游工艺品设计的融合 -《装饰》杂志官方网站 - 关注中国本土设计的专业网站 www.izhsh.com.cn |url=http://www.izhsh.com.cn/doc/52/3054.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617075637/http://www.izhsh.com.cn/doc/52/3054.html |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=www.izhsh.com.cn |language=Chinese}}</ref> They had a rich tradition of [[performing arts]], with distinctive instruments and rituals like the [[Bayu Dance]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=巴文化 {{!}} 巴、蜀、楚的文化关系，你知道吗？_巴楚 |url=https://www.sohu.com/a/www.sohu.com/a/298189383_100023122 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617080013/https://www.sohu.com/ |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=www.sohu.com |language=Chinese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=巴渝舞：巴人啸聚山林的狂欢盛宴_巴中市人民政府 |url=https://www.cnbz.gov.cn/zjbz/rwbz/12921551.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617080215/https://www.cnbz.gov.cn/zjbz/rwbz/12921551.html |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=www.cnbz.gov.cn |language=Chinese}}</ref> However, there is a lack of identifiable artifacts belonging to the Ba culture because nearly all of them have been mixed with relics of other nearby kingdoms, and there is an absence of written records about Ba culture made the [[Shang dynasty]] or any other states existing in the same time period. As a result, not much is known about Ba culture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=巴文化研究若干问题的思考 - 重庆考古 |url=http://www.cqkaogu.com/xsyj/4001.jhtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617080357/http://www.cqkaogu.com/xsyj/4001.jhtml |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=www.cqkaogu.com}}</ref>
-{{main|Ba–Shu scripts}}
 ==Traditional language==
 {{main|Sichuanese dialects|Sichuanese characters|Ba–Shu Chinese}}
+=== Ancient writing system ===
+{{main|Ba–Shu scripts}}
+[[File:Pa-Su pictographic scripts 4.png|thumb|Ba–Shu pictographic scripts]]
 ==Architecture==
 [[File:Huanglong Sichuan China Multicolored-ponds-04.jpg|thumb|270px|A [[Taoist temple]] at [[Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area|Huanglong]].]]
 ===Sichuanese architecture===
-{{main|Sichuanese architecture}}
+{{Main article|Sichuanese architecture}}
 ===Sichuanese garden===
@@ Line 32: / Line 40: @@
 == Clothing ==
 {{main|Clothing in ancient Shu}}
+== Tea culture ==
+{{See also|Chinese tea culture|Mengding Ganlu tea}}
 ==Food culture==
 {{main|Sichuan cuisine}}
-{{see also|Sichuanese liquor|Mengding Ganlu tea}}
+{{see also|Sichuanese liquor}}
 <gallery widths="140px" heights="140px" perrow="4" mode="packed">
 File:Authentic Mapo Tofu.jpg|[[Mapo tofu]]
@@ Line 44: / Line 55: @@
 ==Others==
 {{main|Sichuanese medicine}}
-{{main|Sichuanese mahjong}}
+{{main|Mahjong}}
 {{main|Sichuan clique}}
 {{main|Religion in Sichuan}}
@@ Line 53: / Line 64: @@
 File:巴巴寺.JPG|{{ill|Baba Mosque|zh|巴巴寺}}, a [[Islam in Sichuan|Sichuanese]] [[Sufism|Sufi]] mosque in [[Langzhong]].
 File:St John's Cathedral, Paoning.jpg|[[St John's Cathedral, Langzhong]] ([[History of Anglicanism in Sichuan|Anglican]]).
-File:Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Chengdu.png|[[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu]] ([[Catholic Church in Sichuan|Roman Catholic]]).
+File:Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Chengdu.png|[[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu]] ([[Catholic Church in Sichuan|Catholic]]).
-File:Joek Sat Tong.jpg|[[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Chongqing]] (Roman Catholic).
+File:Joek Sat Tong.jpg|[[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Chongqing]] (Catholic).
 </gallery>
@@ Line 74: / Line 85: @@
 [[Category:Ba–Shu culture| ]]
-{{Culture-stub}}
+{{Asia-culture-stub}}