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[[File:Broken Hill Skull (Replica01).jpg|thumb|''[[Homo rhodesiensis]]'' ("[[Broken Hill Cranium]]"): dated to 324,000 to 274,000 years ago.]]
[[File:Broken Hill Skull (Replica01).jpg|thumb|''[[Homo rhodesiensis]]'' ("[[Broken Hill Cranium]]"): dated to 324,000 to 274,000 years ago.]]
{{Human timeline}}
{{Human timeline}}
A number of varieties of ''[[Homo]]'' are grouped into the broad category of '''archaic humans'''{{efn|There is no universal consensus on this terminology, and varieties of "archaic humans" are [[human taxonomy|included under]] the [[binomial name]] of either ''[[H.&nbsp;sapiens]]'' or ''[[H.&nbsp;erectus]]'' by some authors.}} in the period that precedes and is contemporary to the emergence of the earliest [[early modern human]]s (''[[Homo sapiens]]'') around 300 [[Year#SI prefix multipliers|ka]]. Among the earliest remains of ''H.&nbsp;sapiens'' are [[Omo-Kibish I]] (Omo I) from southern [[Ethiopia]] ({{circa}} 195 or 233 ka),<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Hammond|first1=Ashley S.|last2=Royer|first2=Danielle F.|last3=Fleagle|first3=John G.|date=Jul 2017|title=The Omo-Kibish I pelvis|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=108|pages=199–219|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004|issn=1095-8606|pmid=28552208}}</ref><ref name="Vidal22">{{Cite journal|last1=Vidal|first1=Celine M.|last2=Lane|first2=Christine S.|last3=Asfawrossen|first3=Asrat|display-authors=etal| date=Jan 2022|title=Age of the oldest known Homo sapiens from eastern Africa|journal=Nature|volume=601 |issue=7894 |pages=579–583 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04275-8 |pmid=35022610 |pmc=8791829 |bibcode=2022Natur.601..579V }}</ref> the remains from [[Jebel Irhoud]] in Morocco (about 315&nbsp;ka) and [[Florisbad Skull|Florisbad]] in South Africa (259&nbsp;ka).<ref name="auto">{{cite journal|pmid=27298468|pmc=4920294|year=2016|last1=Stringer|first1=C.|title=The origin and evolution of Homo sapiens|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=371|issue=1698|pages=20150237|doi=10.1098/rstb.2015.0237}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name="White03">{{Cite journal |last1=White |first1=Tim D. |author-link=Tim White (anthropologist) |last2=Asfaw |first2=B. |last3=DeGusta |first3=D. |last4=Gilbert |first4=H. |last5=Richards |first5=G. D. |last6=Suwa |first6=G. |last7=Howell |first7=F. C. |year=2003 |title=Pleistocene ''Homo sapiens'' from Middle Awash, Ethiopia |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=423 |issue=6491 |pages=742–747 |doi=10.1038/nature01669 |pmid=12802332 |bibcode=2003Natur.423..742W |s2cid=4432091 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20170607a">{{cite journal |last=Callaway |first=Ewan |title=Oldest Homo sapiens fossil claim rewrites our species' history |url= http://www.nature.com/news/oldest-homo-sapiens-fossil-claim-rewrites-our-species-history-1.22114 |date=7 June 2017 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/nature.2017.22114 |access-date=11 June 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jun/07/oldest-homo-sapiens-bones-ever-found-shake-foundations-of-the-human-story|title=Oldest ''Homo sapiens'' bones ever found shake foundations of the human story|last=Sample|first=Ian|work=The Guardian|date=7 June 2017|access-date=7 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="HublinBen-Ncer2017">{{cite journal|last1=Hublin|first1=Jean-Jacques|last2=Ben-Ncer|first2=Abdelouahed|last3=Bailey|first3=Shara E.|last4=Freidline|first4=Sarah E.|last5=Neubauer|first5=Simon|last6=Skinner|first6=Matthew M.|last7=Bergmann|first7=Inga|last8=Le Cabec|first8=Adeline|last9=Benazzi|first9=Stefano|last10=Harvati|first10=Katerina|last11=Gunz|first11=Philipp|title=New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of ''Homo sapiens''|journal=Nature|volume=546|issue=7657|year=2017|pages=289–292|doi=10.1038/nature22336|pmid=28593953|url=http://kar.kent.ac.uk/62267/1/Submission_288356_1_art_file_2637492_j96j1b.pdf|bibcode=2017Natur.546..289H}}</ref> The term typically includes ''[[H.&nbsp;antecessor]]'', ''[[Homo bodoensis|H.&nbsp;bodoensis]]'', [[Denisovan]]s (''H.&nbsp;denisova''), ''[[H.&nbsp;heidelbergensis]]'' (600–200&nbsp;ka), [[Neanderthal]]s (''H.&nbsp;neanderthalensis''; 430 ± 25&nbsp;ka),<ref name="HublinOrigin">{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.0904119106 |title=The origin of Neandertals |year=2009 |last1=Hublin |first1=J. J. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=106 |issue=38 |pages=16022–16027 |pmid=19805257 |jstor=40485013 |bibcode=2009PNAS..10616022H |pmc=2752594|doi-access=free }}</ref> and ''[[H.&nbsp;rhodesiensis]]'' (300–125&nbsp;ka).
'''Archaic humans'''{{efn|There is no universal consensus on this terminology, and varieties of "archaic humans" are [[human taxonomy|included under]] the [[binomial name]] of either ''[[H.&nbsp;sapiens]]'' or ''[[H.&nbsp;erectus]]'' by some authors.}} is a broad category denoting all species of the genus ''[[Homo]]'' that are not ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' (which are known as modern humans). Among the earliest modern human remains are those from [[Jebel Irhoud]] in [[Morocco]] (about 315&nbsp;ka), [[Florisbad Skull|Florisbad]] in [[South Africa]] (259&nbsp;ka),<ref name="auto">{{cite journal|pmid=27298468|pmc=4920294|year=2016|last1=Stringer|first1=C.|title=The origin and evolution of Homo sapiens|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=371|issue=1698|pages=20150237|doi=10.1098/rstb.2015.0237}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=Ashley S. |last2=Royer |first2=Danielle F. |last3=Fleagle |first3=John G. |date=Jul 2017 |title=The Omo-Kibish I pelvis |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=108 |pages=199–219 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004 |issn=1095-8606 |pmid=28552208 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="White03">{{Cite journal |last1=White |first1=Tim D. |author-link=Tim White (anthropologist) |last2=Asfaw |first2=B. |last3=DeGusta |first3=D. |last4=Gilbert |first4=H. |last5=Richards |first5=G. D. |last6=Suwa |first6=G. |last7=Howell |first7=F. C. |year=2003 |title=Pleistocene ''Homo sapiens'' from Middle Awash, Ethiopia |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=423 |issue=6491 |pages=742–747 |doi=10.1038/nature01669 |pmid=12802332 |bibcode=2003Natur.423..742W |s2cid=4432091 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20170607a">{{cite journal |last=Callaway |first=Ewan |title=Oldest Homo sapiens fossil claim rewrites our species' history |url= http://www.nature.com/news/oldest-homo-sapiens-fossil-claim-rewrites-our-species-history-1.22114 |date=7 June 2017 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/nature.2017.22114 |access-date=11 June 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jun/07/oldest-homo-sapiens-bones-ever-found-shake-foundations-of-the-human-story|title=Oldest ''Homo sapiens'' bones ever found shake foundations of the human story|last=Sample|first=Ian|work=The Guardian|date=7 June 2017|access-date=7 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="HublinBen-Ncer2017">{{cite journal|last1=Hublin|first1=Jean-Jacques|last2=Ben-Ncer|first2=Abdelouahed|last3=Bailey|first3=Shara E.|last4=Freidline|first4=Sarah E.|last5=Neubauer|first5=Simon|last6=Skinner|first6=Matthew M.|last7=Bergmann|first7=Inga|last8=Le Cabec|first8=Adeline|last9=Benazzi|first9=Stefano|last10=Harvati|first10=Katerina|last11=Gunz|first11=Philipp|title=New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of ''Homo sapiens''|journal=Nature|volume=546|issue=7657|year=2017|pages=289–292|doi=10.1038/nature22336|pmid=28593953|url=http://kar.kent.ac.uk/62267/1/Submission_288356_1_art_file_2637492_j96j1b.pdf|bibcode=2017Natur.546..289H|s2cid=256771372 }}</ref> and [[Omo-Kibish I]] (Omo I) in southern [[Ethiopia]] ({{circa}} 233 or 195 ka).<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Vidal22">{{Cite journal |last1=Vidal |first1=Celine M. |last2=Lane |first2=Christine S. |last3=Asfawrossen |first3=Asrat |display-authors=etal |date=Jan 2022 |title=Age of the oldest known Homo sapiens from eastern Africa |journal=Nature |volume=601 |issue=7894 |pages=579–583 |bibcode=2022Natur.601..579V |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04275-8 |pmc=8791829 |pmid=35022610}}</ref> Some examples of archaic humans include ''[[H.&nbsp;antecessor]]'' (1200–770&nbsp;ka), ''[[Homo bodoensis|H.&nbsp;bodoensis]]'' (1200–300&nbsp;ka), ''[[H.&nbsp;heidelbergensis]]'' (600–200&nbsp;ka), [[Neanderthal]]s (''H.&nbsp;neanderthalensis''; 430–40&nbsp;ka),<ref name="HublinOrigin">{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.0904119106 |title=The origin of Neandertals |year=2009 |last1=Hublin |first1=J. J. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=106 |issue=38 |pages=16022–16027 |pmid=19805257 |jstor=40485013 |bibcode=2009PNAS..10616022H |pmc=2752594|doi-access=free }}</ref> ''[[H.&nbsp;rhodesiensis]]'' (300–125&nbsp;ka) and [[Denisovan]]s (''H.&nbsp;denisova''; 285–52&nbsp;ka),


Most archaic humans had a brain size averaging 1,200 to 1,400 cubic centimeters, which overlaps with the range of modern humans. Notable exceptions include ''[[Homo naledi]]'' and ''[[Homo floresiensis]]'', having cranial capacities of 465-610 and 380 cubic centimeters, respectively.
⚫
Archaic humans had a brain size averaging 1,200 to 1,400 cubic centimeters, which overlaps with the range of modern humans. Archaics are distinguished from [[anatomically modern human]]s by having a thick skull, prominent [[supraorbital ridge]]s (brow ridges) and the lack of a prominent [[chin]].<ref name="dawkins">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rR9XPnaqvCMC|chapter=Archaic homo sapiens|last=Dawkins|author-link=Richard Dawkins|title=The Ancestor's Tale|year=2005|isbn=978-0618619160|publisher=Mariner|location=Boston|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/ancestorstale00rich_0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c4BZ7vu0WRsC&pg=RA1-PA783|title=Companion Encyclopedia of Archaeology|first=Graeme|last=Barker|year= 1999|publisher=Routledge|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0415213295}}</ref>


⚫
Archaic humans are distinguished from [[anatomically modern human]]s by having a thick skull, prominent [[supraorbital ridge]]s (brow ridges) and the lack of a prominent [[chin]].<ref name="dawkins">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rR9XPnaqvCMC|chapter=Archaic homo sapiens|last=Dawkins|author-link=Richard Dawkins|title=The Ancestor's Tale|year=2005|isbn=978-0618619160|publisher=Mariner|location=Boston|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/ancestorstale00rich_0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c4BZ7vu0WRsC&pg=RA1-PA783|title=Companion Encyclopedia of Archaeology|first=Graeme|last=Barker|year= 1999|publisher=Routledge|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0415213295}}</ref>
⚫
Anatomically modern humans appeared around 300,000 years ago in Africa,<ref name="auto"/><ref name=":0" /><ref name="White03"/><ref name="NAT-20170607a"/><ref name="Guardian"/><ref name="HublinBen-Ncer2017"/> and 70,000 years ago, gradually supplanted the "archaic" human varieties. Non-modern varieties of ''Homo'' are certain to have survived until after 30,000 years ago, and perhaps until as recently as 12,000 years ago.{{efn|Which of these, if any, are included under the term "archaic human" is a matter of definition and varies among authors.}} According to recent [[genetic studies]], modern humans may have bred with two or more groups of archaic humans, including Neanderthals and Denisovans.<ref name="NYT-01302012">{{cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Alanna |title=DNA Turning Human Story Into a Tell-All |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/31/science/gains-in-dna-are-speeding-research-into-human-origins.html |date=January 30, 2012 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=January 31, 2012 }}</ref> Other studies have cast doubt on admixture being the source of the shared genetic markers between archaic and modern humans, pointing to an ancestral origin of the traits which originated 500,000–800,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Telegraph Reporters|title=Neanderthals did not interbreed with humans, scientists find|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/9474109/Neanderthals-did-not-interbreed-with-humans-scientists-find.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/9474109/Neanderthals-did-not-interbreed-with-humans-scientists-find.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=Telegraph.co.uk|date=14 August 2012|language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/feb/04/neanderthals-modern-humans-research|title=Neanderthals 'unlikely to have interbred with human ancestors'|first=Press|last=Association|date=4 February 2013|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.005 |pmid=23872234 |title=Neanderthal and Denisova genetic affinities with contemporary humans: Introgression versus common ancestral polymorphisms |journal=Gene |volume=530 |issue=1 |pages=83–94 |year=2013 |last1=Lowery |first1=Robert K. |last2=Uribe |first2=Gabriel |last3=Jimenez |first3=Eric B. |last4=Weiss |first4=Mark A. |last5=Herrera |first5=Kristian J. |last6=Regueiro |first6=Maria |last7=Herrera |first7=Rene J. }}</ref>

⚫
Anatomically modern humans appeared around 300,000 years ago in [[Africa]],<ref name="NAT-20170607a"/><ref name="Guardian"/><ref name="HublinBen-Ncer2017"/> and 70,000 years ago gradually supplanted the "archaic" human varieties. Non-modern varieties of ''Homo'' are certain to have survived until after 30,000 years ago, and perhaps until as recently as 12,000 years ago.{{efn|Which of these, if any, are included under the term "archaic human" is a matter of definition and varies among authors.}} According to recent [[genetic studies]], modern humans may have bred with two or more groups of archaic humans, including [[Neanderthal]]s and [[Denisovan]]s.<ref name="NYT-01302012">{{cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Alanna |title=DNA Turning Human Story Into a Tell-All |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/31/science/gains-in-dna-are-speeding-research-into-human-origins.html |date=January 30, 2012 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=January 31, 2012 }}</ref> Other studies have cast doubt on admixture being the source of the shared genetic markers between archaic and modern humans, pointing to an ancestral origin of the traits which originated 500,000–800,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Telegraph Reporters|title=Neanderthals did not interbreed with humans, scientists find|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/9474109/Neanderthals-did-not-interbreed-with-humans-scientists-find.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/9474109/Neanderthals-did-not-interbreed-with-humans-scientists-find.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=Telegraph.co.uk|date=14 August 2012|language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/feb/04/neanderthals-modern-humans-research|title=Neanderthals 'unlikely to have interbred with human ancestors'|agency=Press Association|date=4 February 2013|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.005 |pmid=23872234 |title=Neanderthal and Denisova genetic affinities with contemporary humans: Introgression versus common ancestral polymorphisms |journal=Gene |volume=530 |issue=1 |pages=83–94 |year=2013 |last1=Lowery |first1=Robert K. |last2=Uribe |first2=Gabriel |last3=Jimenez |first3=Eric B. |last4=Weiss |first4=Mark A. |last5=Herrera |first5=Kristian J. |last6=Regueiro |first6=Maria |last7=Herrera |first7=Rene J. }}</ref> In August 2023, scientists reported the discovery of an unknown ancient human [[hominin]] that may have lived 300,000 years ago in China.<ref name="YN-20230807">{{cite news |last=Israely |first=Yogev |title=Remains found in China may belong to previously unknown human lineage - Scientists in eastern China examined a jawbone, fragments of a skull and various foot bones from a hominin that lived approximately 300,000 years ago; Findings suggest this particular lineage bears a closer resemblance to Homo sapiens, or modern-day humans |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/health_science/article/ryjn4f0j3 |date=7 August 2023 |work=[[YNet News]] |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230807160833/https://www.ynetnews.com/health_science/article/ryjn4f0j3 |archivedate=7 August 2023 |accessdate=7 August 2023 }}</ref><ref name="JHE-20230901">{{cite journal |author=Wu, Xiujie |display-authors=et al.|title=Morphological and morphometric analyses of a late Middle Pleistocene hominin mandible from Hualongdong, China |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248423000908 |date=1 September 2023 |journal=[[Journal of Human Evolution]] |volume=182 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103411 |pmid=37531709 |s2cid=260407114 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230807155729/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248423000908 |archivedate=7 August 2023 |accessdate=7 August 2023 }}</ref>


== Terminology and definition ==
== Terminology and definition ==
The category archaic human lacks a single, agreed definition.<ref name="dawkins" /> According to one definition, ''Homo sapiens'' is a single species comprising several subspecies that include the archaics and modern humans. Under this definition, modern humans are referred to as ''Homo sapiens sapiens'' and archaics are also designated with the prefix "''Homo'' ''sapiens''". For example, the Neanderthals are ''Homo sapiens neanderthalensis'', and ''Homo heidelbergensis'' is ''Homo sapiens heidelbergensis''. Other taxonomists prefer not to consider archaics and modern humans as a single species but as several different species. In this case the standard taxonomy is used, i.e. ''Homo rhodesiensis'', or ''Homo neanderthalensis''.<ref name="dawkins" />
The category archaic human lacks a single, agreed definition.<ref name="dawkins" /> According to one definition, ''Homo sapiens'' is a single species comprising several subspecies that include the archaics and modern humans. Under this definition, modern humans are referred to as ''Homo sapiens sapiens'' and archaics are also designated with the prefix "''Homo'' ''sapiens''". For example, the Neanderthals are ''Homo sapiens neanderthalensis'', and ''Homo heidelbergensis'' is ''Homo sapiens heidelbergensis''. Other taxonomists prefer not to consider archaics and modern humans as a single species but as several different species. In this case the standard taxonomy is used, i.e. ''Homo rhodesiensis'', or ''Homo neanderthalensis''.<ref name="dawkins" />


The evolutionary dividing lines that separate modern humans from archaic humans and archaic humans from ''Homo erectus'' are unclear. The earliest known fossils of anatomically modern humans such as the [[Omo remains]] from 195,000 years ago, ''[[Homo sapiens idaltu]]'' from 160,000 years ago, and [[Skhul and Qafzeh hominins|Qafzeh]] remains from 90,000 years ago are recognizably modern humans. However, these early modern humans do possess a number of archaic traits, such as moderate, but not prominent, brow ridges.
The evolutionary dividing lines that separate modern humans from archaic humans and archaic humans from ''Homo erectus'' are unclear. The earliest known fossils of anatomically modern humans such as the [[Omo remains]] from 233,000-195,000 years ago, ''[[Homo sapiens idaltu]]'' from 160,000 years ago, and [[Skhul and Qafzeh hominins|Qafzeh]] remains from 90,000 years ago are recognizably modern humans. These early modern humans possess a number of archaic traits, such as moderate, but not prominent, brow ridges.


== Brain size expansion ==
== Brain size expansion ==
[[File:Sapiens neanderthal comparison.jpg|thumb|left|Anatomical comparison of the skulls of [[anatomically modern human]]s (left) and ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]'' (right)]]
[[File:Sapiens neanderthal comparison.jpg|thumb|left|Anatomical comparison of the skulls of [[anatomically modern human]]s (left) and ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]'' (right)]]
The emergence of archaic humans is sometimes used as an example of [[punctuated equilibrium]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=67NUz_HVJfQC|title=Alone in the World?|first1=Van|last1=Huyssteen|first2=Wentzel Van|last2=Huyssteen|date= 2006|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0802832467}}</ref> This occurs when a species undergoes significant biological evolution within a relatively short period. Subsequently, the species undergoes very little change for long periods until the next punctuation. The brain size of archaic humans expanded significantly from {{cvt|900|cm3|lk=on|abbr=on}} in ''erectus'' to {{cvt|1300|cm3}}. Since the peak of human brain size during the archaics, it has begun to decline.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Zyga|first1=Lisa|title=Cro Magnon skull shows that our brains have shrunk|url=https://phys.org/news/2010-03-cro-magnon-skull-brains-shrunk.html|access-date=14 June 2017|work=phys.org|date=15 March 2010}}</ref>
The emergence of archaic humans is sometimes used as an example of [[punctuated equilibrium]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schultz |first1=S.|last2=Nelson |first2=E. |last3=Dunbar |first3=R. |date=Aug 2012 |title=Hominin cognitive evolution: identifying patterns and processes in the fossil and archaeological record |journal=Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. |volume=367 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0115|pmc=3385680 }}</ref> This occurs when a species undergoes significant biological evolution within a relatively short period. Subsequently, the species undergoes very little change for long periods until the next punctuation. The brain size of archaic humans expanded significantly from {{cvt|900|cm3|lk=on|abbr=on}} in ''erectus'' to {{cvt|1300|cm3}}. Since the peak of human brain size during the archaics, it has begun to decline.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Zyga|first1=Lisa|title=Cro Magnon skull shows that our brains have shrunk|url=https://phys.org/news/2010-03-cro-magnon-skull-brains-shrunk.html|access-date=14 June 2017|work=phys.org|date=15 March 2010}}</ref>


== Origin of language ==
== Origin of language ==
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'''Citations'''
'''Citations'''
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{reflist}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
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[[Category:Paleoanthropology]]
[[Category:Paleoanthropology]]
[[Category:Human populations]]
[[Category:Human populations]]
[[Category: Recent African origin of modern humans]]
[[Category:Recent African origin of modern humans]]
[[Category:Human evolution]]
[[Category:Human evolution]]

Revision as of 05:32, 7 April 2024

Homo rhodesiensis ("Broken Hill Cranium"): dated to 324,000 to 274,000 years ago.

Archaic humans[a] is a broad category denoting all species of the genus Homo that are not Homo sapiens (which are known as modern humans). Among the earliest modern human remains are those from Jebel Irhoud in Morocco (about 315 ka), Florisbad in South Africa (259 ka),[1][2][3][4][5][6] and Omo-Kibish I (Omo I) in southern Ethiopia (c. 233 or 195 ka).[2][7] Some examples of archaic humans include H. antecessor (1200–770 ka), H. bodoensis (1200–300 ka), H. heidelbergensis (600–200 ka), Neanderthals (H. neanderthalensis; 430–40 ka),[8] H. rhodesiensis (300–125 ka) and Denisovans (H. denisova; 285–52 ka),

Most archaic humans had a brain size averaging 1,200 to 1,400 cubic centimeters, which overlaps with the range of modern humans. Notable exceptions include Homo naledi and Homo floresiensis, having cranial capacities of 465-610 and 380 cubic centimeters, respectively.

Archaic humans are distinguished from anatomically modern humans by having a thick skull, prominent supraorbital ridges (brow ridges) and the lack of a prominent chin.[9][10]

Anatomically modern humans appeared around 300,000 years ago in Africa,[4][5][6] and 70,000 years ago gradually supplanted the "archaic" human varieties. Non-modern varieties of Homo are certain to have survived until after 30,000 years ago, and perhaps until as recently as 12,000 years ago.[b] According to recent genetic studies, modern humans may have bred with two or more groups of archaic humans, including Neanderthals and Denisovans.[11] Other studies have cast doubt on admixture being the source of the shared genetic markers between archaic and modern humans, pointing to an ancestral origin of the traits which originated 500,000–800,000 years ago.[12][13][14] In August 2023, scientists reported the discovery of an unknown ancient human hominin that may have lived 300,000 years ago in China.[15][16]

Terminology and definition

The category archaic human lacks a single, agreed definition.[9] According to one definition, Homo sapiens is a single species comprising several subspecies that include the archaics and modern humans. Under this definition, modern humans are referred to as Homo sapiens sapiens and archaics are also designated with the prefix "Homo sapiens". For example, the Neanderthals are Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, and Homo heidelbergensis is Homo sapiens heidelbergensis. Other taxonomists prefer not to consider archaics and modern humans as a single species but as several different species. In this case the standard taxonomy is used, i.e. Homo rhodesiensis, or Homo neanderthalensis.[9]

The evolutionary dividing lines that separate modern humans from archaic humans and archaic humans from Homo erectus are unclear. The earliest known fossils of anatomically modern humans such as the Omo remains from 233,000-195,000 years ago, Homo sapiens idaltu from 160,000 years ago, and Qafzeh remains from 90,000 years ago are recognizably modern humans. These early modern humans possess a number of archaic traits, such as moderate, but not prominent, brow ridges.

Brain size expansion

Anatomical comparison of the skulls of anatomically modern humans (left) and Homo neanderthalensis (right)

The emergence of archaic humans is sometimes used as an example of punctuated equilibrium.[17] This occurs when a species undergoes significant biological evolution within a relatively short period. Subsequently, the species undergoes very little change for long periods until the next punctuation. The brain size of archaic humans expanded significantly from 900 cm3 (55 cu in) in erectus to 1,300 cm3 (79 cu in). Since the peak of human brain size during the archaics, it has begun to decline.[18]

Origin of language

Main article: Origin of language

Robin Dunbar has argued that archaic humans were the first to use language. Based on his analysis of the relationship between brain size and hominin group size, he concluded that because archaic humans had large brains, they must have lived in groups of over 120 individuals. Dunbar argues that it was not possible for hominins to live in such large groups without using language, otherwise there could be no group cohesion and the group would disintegrate. By comparison, chimpanzees live in smaller groups of up to 50 individuals.[19][20]

Fossils

Further information: List of human evolution fossils

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ There is no universal consensus on this terminology, and varieties of "archaic humans" are included under the binomial name of either H. sapiens or H. erectus by some authors.
  2. ^ Which of these, if any, are included under the term "archaic human" is a matter of definition and varies among authors.

Citations

  1. ^ Stringer, C. (2016). "The origin and evolution of Homo sapiens". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 371 (1698): 20150237. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0237. PMC 4920294. PMID 27298468.
  2. ^ a b Hammond, Ashley S.; Royer, Danielle F.; Fleagle, John G. (Jul 2017). "The Omo-Kibish I pelvis". Journal of Human Evolution. 108: 199–219. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004. ISSN 1095-8606. PMID 28552208.
  3. ^ White, Tim D.; Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C. (2003). "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia". Nature. 423 (6491): 742–747. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..742W. doi:10.1038/nature01669. PMID 12802332. S2CID 4432091.
  4. ^ a b Callaway, Ewan (7 June 2017). "Oldest Homo sapiens fossil claim rewrites our species' history". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.22114. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  5. ^ a b Sample, Ian (7 June 2017). "Oldest Homo sapiens bones ever found shake foundations of the human story". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
  6. ^ a b Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Ben-Ncer, Abdelouahed; Bailey, Shara E.; Freidline, Sarah E.; Neubauer, Simon; Skinner, Matthew M.; Bergmann, Inga; Le Cabec, Adeline; Benazzi, Stefano; Harvati, Katerina; Gunz, Philipp (2017). "New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens" (PDF). Nature. 546 (7657): 289–292. Bibcode:2017Natur.546..289H. doi:10.1038/nature22336. PMID 28593953. S2CID 256771372.
  7. ^ Vidal, Celine M.; Lane, Christine S.; Asfawrossen, Asrat; et al. (Jan 2022). "Age of the oldest known Homo sapiens from eastern Africa". Nature. 601 (7894): 579–583. Bibcode:2022Natur.601..579V. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04275-8. PMC 8791829. PMID 35022610.
  8. ^ Hublin, J. J. (2009). "The origin of Neandertals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (38): 16022–16027. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10616022H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0904119106. JSTOR 40485013. PMC 2752594. PMID 19805257.
  9. ^ a b c Dawkins (2005). "Archaic homo sapiens". The Ancestor's Tale. Boston: Mariner. ISBN 978-0618619160.
  10. ^ Barker, Graeme (1999). Companion Encyclopedia of Archaeology. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415213295 – via Google Books.
  11. ^ Mitchell, Alanna (January 30, 2012). "DNA Turning Human Story Into a Tell-All". The New York Times. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
  12. ^ Telegraph Reporters (14 August 2012). "Neanderthals did not interbreed with humans, scientists find". Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12.
  13. ^ "Neanderthals 'unlikely to have interbred with human ancestors'". The Guardian. Press Association. 4 February 2013.
  14. ^ Lowery, Robert K.; Uribe, Gabriel; Jimenez, Eric B.; Weiss, Mark A.; Herrera, Kristian J.; Regueiro, Maria; Herrera, Rene J. (2013). "Neanderthal and Denisova genetic affinities with contemporary humans: Introgression versus common ancestral polymorphisms". Gene. 530 (1): 83–94. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.005. PMID 23872234.
  15. ^ Israely, Yogev (7 August 2023). "Remains found in China may belong to previously unknown human lineage - Scientists in eastern China examined a jawbone, fragments of a skull and various foot bones from a hominin that lived approximately 300,000 years ago; Findings suggest this particular lineage bears a closer resemblance to Homo sapiens, or modern-day humans". YNet News. Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  16. ^ Wu, Xiujie; et al. (1 September 2023). "Morphological and morphometric analyses of a late Middle Pleistocene hominin mandible from Hualongdong, China". Journal of Human Evolution. 182. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103411. PMID 37531709. S2CID 260407114. Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  17. ^ Schultz, S.; Nelson, E.; Dunbar, R. (Aug 2012). "Hominin cognitive evolution: identifying patterns and processes in the fossil and archaeological record". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 367. doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0115. PMC 3385680.
  18. ^ Zyga, Lisa (15 March 2010). "Cro Magnon skull shows that our brains have shrunk". phys.org. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  19. ^ "Behavioral and Brain Sciences". Cambridge Core. Archived from the original on June 26, 2009.
  20. ^ Dunbar (1993). Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674363366.

External links

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