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Coordinates: 49°23′N 02°25′E / 49.383°N 2.417°E / 49.383; 2.417
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{{other uses}}
{{short description|Department of France}}
{{short description|Department of France}}
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
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| image_alt =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Prefectures in France|Prefecture]] building in [[Beauvais]]
| image_caption = [[Prefectures in France|Prefecture]] building in [[Beauvais]]
| image_flag =
| image_flag = Drapeau fr département Oise.svg
| flag_alt =
| flag_alt =
| image_shield = Blason département fr Oise.svg
| image_shield = Blason département fr Oise.svg
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| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|49|23|N|02|25|E|region:FR_type:adm2nd_scale:2000000_source:frwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|49|23|N|02|25|E|region:FR-60_type:adm2nd_scale:2000000_source:frwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| coordinates_footnotes =
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| p1 = [[Clermont, Oise|Clermont]]<br>[[Compiègne]]<br>[[Senlis, Oise|Senlis]]
| p1 = [[Clermont, Oise|Clermont]]<br>[[Compiègne]]<br>[[Senlis, Oise|Senlis]]
| government_footnotes =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_party = [[The Republicans (France)|LR]]
| leader_title = [[President of the general council|President of the General Council]]
| leader_title = [[List of presidents of departmental councils (France)|President of the Departmental Council]]
| leader_name = Nadège Lefebvre<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les conseillers départementaux|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/601ef073-d986-4582-8e1a-ed14dc857fba|website=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=4 May 2022|language=fr}}</ref>
| leader_name = Nadège Lefebvre<br>([[The Republicans (France)|LR]])
| unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_magnitude =
| area_magnitude =
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| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_max_m =
| population_total = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
| population_footnotes =
| population_as_of = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
| population_total = 824503
| population_footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes2}}
| population_as_of = 2017
| population_rank = [[List of French departments by population|26th]]
| population_rank = [[List of French departments by population|26th]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_km2 = auto
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| area_code_type =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| area_code =
| iso_code =
| iso_code = FR-60
| website =
| website =
| footnotes = {{note|area|1}} French Land Register data, which exclude [[estuary|estuaries]], and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km<sup>2</sup>
| footnotes = {{note|area|1}} French Land Register data, which exclude [[estuary|estuaries]], and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km<sup>2</sup>
}}
}}


'''Oise''' ({{IPAc-en|w|ɑː|z}} {{respell|WAHZ}}; {{IPA-fr|waz|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Oise.wav}}) is a [[departments of France|department]] in the north of [[France]]. It is named after the river [[Oise (river)|Oise]]. Inhabitants of the department are called ''Oisiens'' ({{IPA-fr|wazjɛ̃|lang}}) or ''Isariens'', after the [[Latin]] name for the river, Isara.
'''Oise''' ({{IPAc-en|w|ɑː|z}} {{respell|wahz}}; {{IPA-fr|waz|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Oise.wav}}; {{lang-pcd|Oése}}) is a [[departments of France|department]] in the north of [[France]]. It is named after the river [[Oise (river)|Oise]]. Inhabitants of the department are called ''Oisiens'' ({{IPA-fr|wazjɛ̃|lang}}) or ''Isariens'', after the [[Latin]] name for the river, Isara. It had a population of 829,419 in 2019.<ref name=pop2019>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6011060/dep60.pdf Populations légales 2019: 60 Oise], INSEE</ref>


==History==
==History==
{{historical populations|15=1801|16=350,854|17=1821|18=375,817|19=1831|20=397,725|21=1841|22=398,868|23=1851|24=403,857|25=1861|26=401,417|27=1872|28=396,804|29=1881|30=404,555|31=1891|32=401,835|33=1901|34=407,808|35=1911|36=411,028|37=1921|38=387,760|39=1931|40=407,432|41=1936|42=402,569|43=1946|44=396,724|45=1954|46=435,308|47=1962|48=481,289|49=1968|50=540,988|51=1975|52=606,320|53=1982|54=661,781|55=1990|56=725,603|57=1999|58=766,441|59=2006|60=792,975|61=2016|62=823,542|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://splaf.free.fr/ Site sur la Population et les Limites Administratives de la France]</ref>}}Oise is one of the original 83 departments created during the [[French Revolution]] on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the [[provinces of France|province]] of [[Île-de-France]] and [[Picardy]].
Oise is one of the original 83 departments created during the [[French Revolution]] on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the [[provinces of France|province]] of [[Île-de-France]] and [[Picardy]].


After the coalition victory at [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]], the department was occupied by [[Great Britain|British]] [[British army|troops]] between June 1815 and November 1818.
After the coalition victory at [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]], the department was occupied by [[Great Britain|British]] [[British army|troops]] between June 1815 and November 1818.

In March 2021, local [[Member of Parliament (France)|Member of Parliament]] [[Olivier Dassault]] was killed in a plane crash.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-03-07|title=French MP and billionaire Olivier Dassault dies in helicopter crash|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56313271|access-date=2021-03-08}}</ref>


==Geography==
==Geography==
{{Moresources|section|date=June 2023}}
Oise is part of the current [[regions of France|region]] of [[Hauts-de-France]] and is situated 35&nbsp;km north of [[Paris]]. It is surrounded by the departments of [[Somme (department)|Somme]], [[Aisne]], [[Seine-et-Marne]], [[Val-d'Oise]], [[Eure]], and [[Seine-Maritime]].
Oise is part of the current [[regions of France|region]] of [[Hauts-de-France]] and is situated 35&nbsp;km north of [[Paris]]. It is surrounded by the departments of [[Somme (department)|Somme]], [[Aisne]], [[Seine-et-Marne]], [[Val-d'Oise]], [[Eure]], and [[Seine-Maritime]].


=== Principal towns ===
=== Principal towns ===
The most populous commune is [[Beauvais]], the prefecture. As of 2019, there are 13 communes with more than 10,000 inhabitants. The 10 most populous communes are:<ref name=pop2019/>

{| class=wikitable
{| class=wikitable
|+ '''Most Populous Oise communes'''<ref name=pop2017>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4265429/ensemble.pdf Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2017], [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]</ref>
|-
! Rank
! Commune
! Commune
! Population (2019)
! Canton
! Arrondissement
! Population (2017)
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
| [[Beauvais]]
| [[Beauvais]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 57,071
| [[Canton of Beauvais-1|Beauvais-1]]<br />[[Canton of Beauvais-2|Beauvais-2]]
| [[Arrondissement of Beauvais|Beauvais]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 56,254
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2
| [[Compiègne]]
| [[Compiègne]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 40,615
| [[Canton of Compiègne-1|Compiègne-1]]<br />[[Canton of Compiègne-2|Compiègne-2]]
| [[Arrondissement of Compiègne|Compiègne]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 40,199
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 3
| [[Creil]]
| [[Creil]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 36,169
| [[Canton of Creil|Creil]]
| [[Arrondissement of Senlis|Senlis]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 35,657
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 4
| [[Nogent-sur-Oise]]
| [[Nogent-sur-Oise]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 20,780
| [[Canton of Nogent-sur-Oise|Nogent-sur-Oise]]
| [[Arrondissement of Senlis|Senlis]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 20,033
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 5
| [[Crépy-en-Valois]]
| [[Crépy-en-Valois]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 14,788
| [[Canton of Crépy-en-Valois|Crépy-en-Valois]]
| [[Arrondissement of Senlis|Senlis]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 15,090
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 6
| [[Méru]]
| [[Canton of Méru|Méru]]
| [[Arrondissement of Beauvais|Beauvais]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 14,614
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 7
| [[Senlis]]
| [[Senlis]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 14,760
| [[Canton of Senlis|Senlis]]
| [[Arrondissement of Senlis|Senlis]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 14,277
|-
|-
| [[Méru]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 8
| style="text-align: center;" | 14,452
| [[Noyon]]
| [[Canton of Noyon|Noyon]]
| [[Arrondissement of Compiègne|Compiègne]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 13,519
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 9
| [[Montataire]]
| [[Montataire]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 13,645
| [[Canton of Montataire|Montataire]]
| [[Arrondissement of Senlis|Senlis]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 13,263
|-
|-
| [[Noyon]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 10
| style="text-align: center;" | 13,190
| {{nobr|[[Pont-Sainte-Maxence]]}}
|-
| [[Canton of Pont-Sainte-Maxence|Pont-Sainte-Maxence]]
| [[Pont-Sainte-Maxence]]
| [[Arrondissement of Senlis|Senlis]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 12,209
| style="text-align: center;" | 12,602
|}
|}

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|cols=2|align=none|15=1801|16=350,854|17=1821|18=375,817|19=1831|20=397,725|21=1841|22=398,868|23=1851|24=403,857|25=1861|26=401,417|27=1872|28=396,804|29=1881|30=404,555|31=1891|32=401,835|33=1901|34=407,808|35=1911|36=411,028|37=1921|38=387,760|39=1931|40=407,432|41=1936|42=402,569|43=1946|44=396,724|45=1954|46=435,308|47=1962|48=481,289|49=1968|50=540,988|51=1975|52=606,320|53=1982|54=661,781|55=1990|56=725,603|57=1999|58=766,441|59=2006|60=792,975|61=2011|62=805,642|63=2016|64=823,542|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://splaf.free.fr/60his.html|title=Historique de l'Oise|website=Le SPLAF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4176909?geo=DEP-60|title=Évolution et structure de la population en 2016|publisher=INSEE}}</ref>|graph-pos=bottom}}


==Politics==
==Politics==

The president of the Departmental Council is Nadège Lefebvre, elected in 2017.

=== Presidential elections 2nd round ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|Election!!Winning Candidate!!Party!!%!!2nd Place Candidate!!Party!!%
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally}}" |
|[[2022 French presidential election|2022]]
|[[Marine Le Pen]]
|[[National Rally|RN]]
|52.73
|[[Emmanuel Macron]]
|[[La République En Marche!|LREM]]
|47.27
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|En Marche!}}" |
| [[2017 French presidential election|2017]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Presidentielles|title=Présidentielles|first=Ministère de|last=l'Intérieur|website=interieur.gouv.fr}}</ref>
| [[Emmanuel Macron]]
| [[La République En Marche!|LREM]]
| 53.28
| [[Marine Le Pen]]
| [[National Front (France)|FN]]
| 46.72
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Union for a Popular Movement}}" |
| [[2012 French presidential election|2012]]
| [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]
| [[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]]
| 52.66
| [[François Hollande]]
| [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
| 47.34
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Union for a Popular Movement}}" |
| [[2007 French presidential election|2007]]
| [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]
| [[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]]
| 58.28
| [[Ségolène Royal]]
| [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
| 41.72
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rally for the Republic}}" |
| [[2002 French presidential election|2002]]<ref name="auto"/>
| [[Jacques Chirac]]
| [[Rally for the Republic|RPR]]
| 74.93
| [[Jean-Marie Le Pen]]
| [[National Rally|FN]]
| 25.07
|}


===Current National Assembly Representatives===
===Current National Assembly Representatives===
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|Constituency!!Member<ref>http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/</ref>!!Party
!colspan="2"|Constituency!!Member<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/|title=Assemblée nationale ~ Les députés, le vote de la loi, le Parlement français|first=Assemblée|last=Nationale|website=Assemblée nationale}}</ref>!!Party
|-
|-
|style="background-color: {{The Republicans (France)/meta/color}}" |
|style="background-color: {{party color|The Republicans (France)}}" |
| [[Oise's 1st constituency]]
|[[Oise's 1st constituency]]
| [[Olivier Dassault]]
|[[Victor Habert-Dassault]]
| [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]
|[[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]
|-
|-
|style="background-color: {{La République En Marche!/meta/color}}" |
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally}}" |
| [[Oise's 2nd constituency]]
| [[Oise's 2nd constituency]]
| [[Agnès Thill]]
| [[Philippe Ballard]]
| [[National Rally]]
| [[La République En Marche!]]
|-
|-
|style="background-color: {{En Marche!/meta/color}}" |
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally}}" |
| [[Oise's 3rd constituency]]
| [[Oise's 3rd constituency]]
| [[Pascal Bois]]
| [[Alexandre Sabatou]]
| [[National Rally]]
| [[La République En Marche!]]
|-
|-
|style="background-color: {{The Republicans (France)/meta/color}}" |
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |
| [[Oise's 4th constituency]]
| [[Oise's 4th constituency]]
| [[Éric Woerth]]
| [[Éric Woerth]]
| [[La République En Marche!]]
| [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]
|-
|-
|style="background-color: {{The Republicans (France)/meta/color}}" |
|style="background-color: {{party color|The Republicans (France)}}" |
| [[Oise's 5th constituency]]
| [[Oise's 5th constituency]]
| [[Pierre Vatin]]
| [[Pierre Vatin]]
| [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]
| [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]
|-
|-
|style="background-color: {{La République En Marche!/meta/color}}" |
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Rally}}" |
| [[Oise's 6th constituency]]
| [[Oise's 6th constituency]]
| [[Carole Bureau-Bonnard]]
| [[Michel Guiniot]]
| [[National Rally]]
| [[La République En Marche!]]
|-
|-
|style="background-color: {{The Republicans (France)/meta/color}}" |
|style="background-color: {{party color|The Republicans (France)}}" |
| [[Oise's 7th constituency]]
| [[Oise's 7th constituency]]
| [[Maxime Minot]]
| [[Maxime Minot]]
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==Tourism==
==Tourism==
The major tourist attraction of the department is the [[Parc Astérix]], which opened in 1989. Other very interesting sites are [[Beauvais Cathedral]], the [[Chateau de Pierrefonds]], restored by [[Viollet-le-Duc]], and the art collection of the [[Château de Chantilly]], which is one of the largest outside Paris.
The major tourist attraction of the department is the [[Parc Astérix]], which opened in 1989. Other interesting sites are [[Beauvais Cathedral]], the [[Château de Pierrefonds]], restored by [[Viollet-le-Duc]], and the art collection of the [[Château de Chantilly]], which is one of the largest outside Paris.


<gallery>
<gallery>
Line 216: Line 242:


==Twinned county==
==Twinned county==
{{Unsourced|section|date=June 2023}}
Oise is twinned with [[Bedfordshire]].
Oise is twinned with [[Bedfordshire]] in [[England]]. It is also twinned with the [[Indonesia]]n regency of [[Karanganyar Regency|Karanganyar]] and the [[China|Chinese]] provinces of [[Shandong]] and [[Zhejiang]].

One of the villages along the river Oise is [[Auvers-sur-Oise]], famous for having been visited by several [[impressionism|impressionist]] artists. This is where [[Vincent van Gogh]] spent his last 70 days and is his and his brother Theo's resting place.
One of the villages along the river Oise is [[Auvers-sur-Oise]], famous for having been visited by several [[impressionism|impressionist]] artists. This is where [[Vincent van Gogh]] spent his last 70 days and is his and his brother Theo's resting place.


Line 230: Line 258:


==External links==
==External links==
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.Oise.pref.gouv.fr Prefecture website]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.oise.gouv.fr Prefecture website]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.cg60.fr General Council website]
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://www.oise.fr/ Departmental Council website]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.oisereferencement.fr oise directory website]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.oisereferencement.fr oise directory website]
* {{in lang|en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040525234553/http://www.oisetourisme.com/an/ Oise Tourist Board]
* {{in lang|en}} [https://www.oisetourisme.com/ Oise Tourist Board]


{{Departments of France}}
{{Departments of France}}
Line 242: Line 270:
[[Category:1790 establishments in France]]
[[Category:1790 establishments in France]]
[[Category:Departments of Hauts-de-France]]
[[Category:Departments of Hauts-de-France]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1790]]

Latest revision as of 09:09, 20 November 2023

Oise
Prefecture building in Beauvais
Prefecture building in Beauvais
Flag of Oise
Coat of arms of Oise
Location of Oise in France
Location of Oise in France
Coordinates: 49°23′N 02°25′E / 49.383°N 2.417°E / 49.383; 2.417
CountryFrance
RegionHauts-de-France
PrefectureBeauvais
SubprefecturesClermont
Compiègne
Senlis
Government
 • President of the Departmental CouncilNadège Lefebvre[1] (LR)
Area
 • Total5,860 km2 (2,260 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[2]
 • Total828,838
 • Rank26th
 • Density140/km2 (370/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeFR-60
Department number60
Arrondissements4
Cantons21
Communes679
^1 French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries, and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km2

Oise (/wɑːz/ wahz; French: [waz] ; Picard: Oése) is a department in the north of France. It is named after the river Oise. Inhabitants of the department are called Oisiens (French: [wazjɛ̃]) or Isariens, after the Latin name for the river, Isara. It had a population of 829,419 in 2019.[3]

History[edit]

Oise is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the province of Île-de-France and Picardy.

After the coalition victory at Waterloo, the department was occupied by British troops between June 1815 and November 1818.

In March 2021, local Member of Parliament Olivier Dassault was killed in a plane crash.[4]

Geography[edit]

Oise is part of the current region of Hauts-de-France and is situated 35 km north of Paris. It is surrounded by the departments of Somme, Aisne, Seine-et-Marne, Val-d'Oise, Eure, and Seine-Maritime.

Principal towns[edit]

The most populous commune is Beauvais, the prefecture. As of 2019, there are 13 communes with more than 10,000 inhabitants. The 10 most populous communes are:[3]

Commune Population (2019)
Beauvais 57,071
Compiègne 40,615
Creil 36,169
Nogent-sur-Oise 20,780
Crépy-en-Valois 14,788
Senlis 14,760
Méru 14,452
Montataire 13,645
Noyon 13,190
Pont-Sainte-Maxence 12,602

Demographics[edit]

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1801350,854—    
1821375,817+0.34%
1831397,725+0.57%
1841398,868+0.03%
1851403,857+0.12%
1861401,417−0.06%
1872396,804−0.11%
1881404,555+0.22%
1891401,835−0.07%
1901407,808+0.15%
1911411,028+0.08%
1921387,760−0.58%
1931407,432+0.50%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1936402,569−0.24%
1946396,724−0.15%
1954435,308+1.17%
1962481,289+1.26%
1968540,988+1.97%
1975606,320+1.64%
1982661,781+1.26%
1990725,603+1.16%
1999766,441+0.61%
2006792,975+0.49%
2011805,642+0.32%
2016823,542+0.44%
source:[5][6]

Politics[edit]

The president of the Departmental Council is Nadège Lefebvre, elected in 2017.

Presidential elections 2nd round[edit]

Election Winning Candidate Party % 2nd Place Candidate Party %
2022 Marine Le Pen RN 52.73 Emmanuel Macron LREM 47.27
2017[7] Emmanuel Macron LREM 53.28 Marine Le Pen FN 46.72
2012 Nicolas Sarkozy UMP 52.66 François Hollande PS 47.34
2007 Nicolas Sarkozy UMP 58.28 Ségolène Royal PS 41.72
2002[7] Jacques Chirac RPR 74.93 Jean-Marie Le Pen FN 25.07

Current National Assembly Representatives[edit]

Constituency Member[8] Party
Oise's 1st constituency Victor Habert-Dassault The Republicans
Oise's 2nd constituency Philippe Ballard National Rally
Oise's 3rd constituency Alexandre Sabatou National Rally
Oise's 4th constituency Éric Woerth La République En Marche!
Oise's 5th constituency Pierre Vatin The Republicans
Oise's 6th constituency Michel Guiniot National Rally
Oise's 7th constituency Maxime Minot The Republicans

Tourism[edit]

The major tourist attraction of the department is the Parc Astérix, which opened in 1989. Other interesting sites are Beauvais Cathedral, the Château de Pierrefonds, restored by Viollet-le-Duc, and the art collection of the Château de Chantilly, which is one of the largest outside Paris.

Twinned county[edit]

Oise is twinned with Bedfordshire in England. It is also twinned with the Indonesian regency of Karanganyar and the Chinese provinces of Shandong and Zhejiang.

One of the villages along the river Oise is Auvers-sur-Oise, famous for having been visited by several impressionist artists. This is where Vincent van Gogh spent his last 70 days and is his and his brother Theo's resting place.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les conseillers départementaux". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 4 May 2022.
  2. ^ "Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
  3. ^ a b Populations légales 2019: 60 Oise, INSEE
  4. ^ "French MP and billionaire Olivier Dassault dies in helicopter crash". BBC News. 2021-03-07. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  5. ^ "Historique de l'Oise". Le SPLAF.
  6. ^ "Évolution et structure de la population en 2016". INSEE.
  7. ^ a b l'Intérieur, Ministère de. "Présidentielles". interieur.gouv.fr.
  8. ^ Nationale, Assemblée. "Assemblée nationale ~ Les députés, le vote de la loi, le Parlement français". Assemblée nationale.

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