National Trust: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
fixed |
|||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
#REDIRECT [[Pensioner]] |
|||
{{For|other National Trusts|National Trust}} |
|||
{{Infobox Organization |
|||
|name = National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty |
|||
|image = National trust logo.png |
|||
|image_border = |
|||
|size = 120px |
|||
|motto = For ever, for everyone |
|||
|caption = National Trust Logo |
|||
|abbreviation = National Trust |
|||
|formation = 1895 |
|||
|status = Trust |
|||
|purpose = To Look after Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty permanently for the benefit of the nation across England, Wales and Northern Ireland |
|||
|headquarters = Swindon, United Kingdom |
|||
|location = United Kingdom |
|||
|region_served = |
|||
|membership = |
|||
|language = [[English language|English]] |
|||
|leader_title = Leader/s |
|||
|leader_name = None; Board of Trustees |
|||
|main_organ = Board of Trustees |
|||
|parent_organization = |
|||
|affiliations = Various Organizations In the Council |
|||
|num_staff = 5,000 |
|||
|num_volunteers = 52,000 |
|||
|budget = |
|||
|website = [http://nationaltrust.org.uk National Trust UK] |
|||
|remarks = |
|||
}} |
|||
The '''National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty''', usually known as the '''National Trust''', is a conservation organisation in [[England]], [[Wales]] and [[Northern Ireland]]. The Trust does not operate in [[Scotland]], where there is an independent [[National Trust for Scotland]]. |
|||
According to its website: |
|||
:''"The National Trust works to preserve and protect the coastline, countryside and buildings of England, Wales and Northern Ireland.'' |
|||
:''We do this in a range of ways, through practical caring and conservation, through educating and informing, and through encouraging millions of people to enjoy their national heritage."''<ref>[http://nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-trust/w-thecharity/w-what_we_do.htm National Trust: What we do]</ref> |
|||
The trust owns many heritage properties, including historic houses and gardens, industrial monuments and social history sites. It is one of the largest landowners in the United Kingdom, owning many beauty spots, most of which are open to the public free of charge. It is the largest membership organisation in the United Kingdom, and one of the largest UK charities by both income and assets. |
|||
== History == |
|||
[[Image:Wicken Lode1.JPG|thumb|[[Wicken Fen]] acquired by the National Trust in 1899]] |
|||
The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty was formed in 1895 and is a [[Charitable organization|charitable organisation]] registered under the [[Charities Act 1993]].<ref>[http://www.charitycommission.gov.uk/registeredcharities/showcharity.asp?chyno=205846 Charity number 205846 - registration details] - retrieved on 16 January 2008</ref> Its formal purpose is: <blockquote> |
|||
The preservation for the benefit of the Nation of lands and [[Tenement (law)|tenements]] (including buildings) of beauty or historic interest and, as regards lands, for the preservation of their natural aspect, features and animal and plant life. Also the preservation of furniture, pictures and chattels of any description having national and historic or artistic interest. |
|||
</blockquote> |
|||
The Trust was founded on 12 January 1895 by [[Octavia Hill]] (1838–1912), [[Robert Hunter (National Trust)|Robert Hunter]] (1844–1913) and Canon [[Hardwicke Rawnsley]] (1851–1920), prompted in part by the earlier success of [[Charles Eliot (landscape architect)|Charles Eliot]] and the [[Miranda Hill|Kyrle Society]]. A fourth individual, the [[Hugh Grosvenor, 1st Duke of Westminster|1st Duke of Westminster]] (1825–1899), is also referred to in many texts as being a principal contributor to the formation of the Trust. |
|||
In the early days the Trust was concerned primarily with protecting open spaces and a variety of threatened buildings; its first property was [[Alfriston Clergy House]] and its first [[nature reserve]] was [[Wicken Fen]]. Its first archaeological monument was [[White Barrow]]. |
|||
The Trust's symbol, a sprig of [[oak]] leaves and [[acorn]]s, is thought to have been inspired by a carving in the [[cornice]] of the Alfriston Clergy House. |
|||
[[Image:Alfriston Clergy House oak leaf carving 2007.JPG|thumb|Carving of an oak leaf at [[Alfriston Clergy House]]]] |
|||
The Trust has been the beneficiary of numerous donations of both property and money. However, probably the most bizarre were those given by mysterious masked group known as [[Ferguson's Gang]] between about 1932 and 1940. |
|||
The focus on [[English country house|country houses]] and gardens which now comprise the majority of its most visited properties came about in the mid 20th century when it was realised that the private owners of many of these properties were no longer able to afford to maintain them. Many were donated to the Trust in lieu of [[death duties]]. The diarist [[James Lees-Milne]] is usually credited with playing a central role in the main phase of the Trust's country house acquisition programme, though he was in fact simply an employee of the Trust, and was carrying through policies which had already been decided by its governing body. |
|||
One of the biggest crises in the Trust's history erupted at the 1967 annual general meeting, when the leadership of the Trust was accused of being out of touch and placing too much emphasis on conserving country houses. In response, the Council asked Sir [[Henry Benson]] to chair an advisory Committee to review the structure of the trust. Following the publication of the Benson Report in 1968 much of the administration of the Trust was devolved to the regions. |
|||
In 2005 the Trust moved to a new head office in [[Swindon]], [[Wiltshire]]. The building was constructed on an abandoned railway yard, and is intended as a model of [[brownfield]] renewal. It is named Heelis, which is the married name of writer [[Beatrix Potter]], who was one of the National Trust's most important benefactors.<ref>[http://nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-trust/w-thecharity/w-new_central_office/w-new_central_office-heelis.htm National Trust: New central office: Heelis]</ref> |
|||
== Governance == |
|||
The Trust is an independent [[Charitable organization|charity]] rather than a government institution ([[English Heritage]] and its equivalents in other parts of the United Kingdom are government bodies which perform some functions which overlap with the work of the National Trust). |
|||
It was founded as a not-for-profit [[company]] in 1894 but was later re-incorporated by a [[Act of parliament#Types of Acts|private Act of Parliament]], the National Trust Act 1907. Subsequent Acts of Parliament between 1919 and 1978 amended and extended the Trust's powers and remit. In 2005 the governance of the Trust was substantially changed under a Scheme made by the [[Charity Commission]].<ref>[http://nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-nt_acts_1907-1971.pdf The National Trust Acts 1907 - 1971 as varied by a Parliamentary Scheme implemented by The Charities (National Trust) Order 2005] - retrieved on 16 January 2008.</ref> |
|||
The Trust is governed by a 12-strong Board of [[Trustees]]. The Board is appointed and overseen by a Council which comprises 26 people elected by the members of the Trust, and 26 people appointed by other organisations whose work is related to that of the Trust, such as The [[Soil Association]], the [[Royal Horticultural Society]], and the [[Council for British Archaeology]].<ref>[http://nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-trust/w-thecharity/w-how_we_are_run/w-how_we_are_run-council/w-gove-council_members.htm Members of the Council of the National Trust] retrieved on 16 January 2008.</ref> |
|||
At an operational level the Trust is organised into regions which are aligned with the official local government regions. Its headquarters are in [[Swindon]]. The Central Office building is Heelis, taken from the married name of children's author [[Beatrix Potter]], a huge supporter and donor to the Trust. |
|||
== Funding == |
|||
For the year ended 28 February 2007, the Trust's total income was £357.2 million. The largest sources of income were membership subscriptions (£100.3 million), direct property income (£81.7 million) and legacies (£47.1 million). In addition, the Trust's commercial arm, National Trust Enterprises Ltd, which undertakes profit-making activities such as running gift shops and restaurants at properties, contributed £48 million. |
|||
Expenses included £143.7 million for routine property running costs and £70.9 million for capital projects. |
|||
The Trust is heavily supported by volunteers, who numbered about 49,000 in 2006/07, contributing almost 3 million hours of work worth a notional £21.3 million. |
|||
At 28 February 2007 the Trust's investment fund was over £942 million, most of which is in tied funds which support specific properties and projects. This sum does not count the substantial value of the Trust's 'heritage assets' which are held inalienably, and so could not be realised even if the Trust wanted to. However, for insurance purposes those assets are valued at £5.7 billion.<ref>[http://nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-annualreview0607.pdf Annual Report and Financial Statements 2006–07]</ref> |
|||
== Membership == |
|||
The Trust is one of the largest membership organisations in the world and annual subscriptions are its most important source of income. Membership numbers have grown from 226,200 when the Trust celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1970 to 500,000 in 1975, one million in 1981, two million in 1990 and by 2007, membership had reached 3.5 million. Members are entitled to free entry to trust properties that are open to the public at a charge. |
|||
The members elect half of the Council of the National Trust, and periodically (most recently in 2006) vote on the organisations which may appoint the other half of the Council. Members may also propose and vote on motions at the annual general meeting, although these are advisory and do not decide the policy of the Trust. |
|||
In the 1990s a dispute over whether stag hunting should be permitted on National Trust land caused bitter disputes within the organisation and was the subject of much debate at annual general meetings, but it did little to slow down the growth in member numbers. |
|||
There is a separate organisation called [[The Royal Oak Foundation]] for American supporters. |
|||
== Volunteering == |
|||
The National Trust was founded in 1895 by 3 volunteers. Last year the National Trust was helped by 47,000 volunteers. Volunteering experiences at the National Trust are varied, ranging from helping in historic houses and gardens to fundraising and providing specialist skills <ref>[http://nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-trust/w-volunteering/w-aboutvolunteering.htm National Trust | Volunteering | What's in it for you?<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. Thanks to the volunteering opportunities and schemes which the Trust runs for children, it is a member of [[NCVYS|The National Council for Voluntary Youth Services (NCVYS)]]<ref name="NCVYS members">[http://www.ncvys.org.uk/index.php?page=392 Full list of NCVYS members]</ref> in recognistion of its work for the personal and social development of young people. |
|||
== National Trust properties== |
|||
===Historic houses and gardens=== |
|||
[[Image:National Trust at Gordale.JPG|thumb|A National Trust property sign at [[Gordale]] ]] |
|||
The Trust owns two hundred historic houses that are open to the public. The majority of them are [[country house]]s and most of the others are associated with famous individuals. The majority of these country houses contain collections of pictures, furniture, books, metalwork, ceramics and textiles that have remained in their historic context. Most of the houses also have important gardens attached to them, and the Trust also owns some important gardens not attached to a house. The properties include some of the most famous stately homes in the country and some of the key gardens in the history of British gardening. |
|||
The trust acquired the majority of its country houses in the mid 20th century, when [[Inheritance Tax (United Kingdom)|death duties]] were at their most punitive. [[James Lees-Milne]] was secretary of the trust's Country House Committee in the key period either side of World War II. The arrangements made with families bequeathing their homes to the trust often allowed them to continue to live in part of the property. Since the 1980s the trust has been reluctant to take over large houses without substantial accompanying endowment funds, and its acquisitions in this category have been less frequent. |
|||
=== Coast and countryside === |
|||
[[Image:UK-National-Trust-signpost.jpg|thumb|A National Trust signpost at [[River Dove, Derbyshire|Mill Dale on the River Dove]] at the start of the path to [[Tissington]]]] |
|||
[[Image:Worm's Head (Rhossili).jpg|thumb|Cliffs and Worm's Head at [[Rhossili]]]] |
|||
The Trust's land holdings account for more than 623,000 acres (970 square miles, 2520 km²), mostly of countryside, covering nearly 1.5% of the total land mass of England, Wales and Northern Ireland. A large proportion of this consists of the parks and agricultural estates attached to country houses, but there are also many countryside properties which were acquired specifically for their scenic or scientific value. The Trust owns or has covenant over about a quarter of the [[Lake District]]; it has similar control over about 12% of the [[Peak District National Park]] (See for example [[South Peak Estate]], [[High Peak Estate]]). It owns or protects roughly one fifth of the coast in England, Wales and Northern Ireland (704 miles, 1126 km), and has a long-term campaign, [[Project Neptune]], which seeks to acquire more. |
|||
=== Other properties === |
|||
In recent years the Trust has sought to broaden its activities and appeal by acquiring properties such as former mills (early [[factories]]), [[workhouse]]s and [[Paul McCartney]] and [[John Lennon]]'s childhood homes. |
|||
=== Protection of Trust property === |
|||
The National Trust Acts grant the Trust the unique statutory power to declare land ''[[inalienable]]''. This prevents the land from being sold or mortgaged against the Trust's wishes without special parliamentary procedure. The inalienability of Trust land was overridden by Parliament in the case of proposals to construct a section of the [[Plympton]] by-pass through the park at [[Saltram]], on the grounds that the road proposal had been known about before the park at Saltram was declared inalienable.<ref>[http://nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-trust/w-thecharity/w-history_trust/w-history_trust-1967_1994.htm History of the Trust: 1967 - 1994] - retrieved on 16 January 2008.</ref> |
|||
The Acts also give the Trust the power to make [[bylaw]]s to regulate the activities of people when on its land. All photography at National Trust properties other than that for private and personal use or for entry into approved competitions is strictly prohibited. <ref>http://nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-global/w-localtoyou/w-wessex/w-avebury-circles-in-time-2.htm</ref> Private and personal use means they cannot be displayed on the internet.<ref>[http://www.wildaboutbritain.co.uk/forums/photography-techniques/52876-national-trust-photography-persecution.html National Trust Photography Persecution]</ref> |
|||
== Most visited properties == |
|||
===2007–08=== |
|||
[[Image:Stourhead Garden View from Above.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Stourhead's landscape garden.]] |
|||
[[Image:WaddesdonManor.JPG|thumb|Waddesdon Manor in Buckinghamshire]] |
|||
The 2007–08 annual report contains a list of all National Trust properties for which an admission charge is made that attracted more than 50,000 visitors in the year. The top ten were: |
|||
# [[Wakehurst Place Garden]] — 477,173 (administered and maintained by the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]) |
|||
# [[Waddesdon Manor]] — 386,544 |
|||
# [[Stourhead]] — 382,271 |
|||
# [[Fountains Abbey|Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal]] — 348,725 |
|||
# [[Polesden Lacey]] — 258,310 |
|||
# [[Carrick-a-Rede Rope Bridge]] — 222,613 |
|||
# [[Penrhyn Castle]] — 212,727 |
|||
# [[Belton House]] — 212,256 |
|||
# [[St Michael's Mount]] — 203,798 |
|||
# [[Sheffield Park Garden]] — 202,940 |
|||
===2006–07=== |
|||
# [[Wakehurst Place Garden]] — 439,260 |
|||
# [[Stourhead]] — 333,896 |
|||
# [[Fountains Abbey|Fountains Abbey & Studley Royal]] — 313,388 |
|||
# [[Waddesdon Manor]] — 304,902 |
|||
# [[Polesden Lacey]] — 268,738 |
|||
# [[St Michael's Mount]] — 194,811 |
|||
# [[Carrick-a-Rede Rope Bridge]] — 184,904 |
|||
# [[Penrhyn Castle]] — 183,547 |
|||
# [[Sheffield Park Garden]] — 180,316 |
|||
# [[Belton House]] — 179,807 |
|||
== National Trust Places in the United Kingdom == |
|||
* [[List of National Trust properties in England|National Trust Properties in England]] |
|||
* [[List of National Trust properties in Wales|National Trust Properties in Wales]] |
|||
* [[List of National Trust properties in Northern Ireland|National Trust Properties in Northern Ireland]] |
|||
== See also == |
|||
* [[National Trust for Scotland]] |
|||
** [[List of National Trust for Scotland properties]] |
|||
* [[Conservatoire du littoral]] |
|||
* [[Conservatoria delle Coste|Conservatoria delle Coste della Sardegna]] |
|||
==References== |
|||
{{reflist|2}} |
|||
== Bibliography == |
|||
* Fedden, Robin, Joekes, Rosemary, "The National Trust Guide to England, Wales, and Northern Ireland", Norton, 1973. ISBN 0-393-01876-8. |
|||
== External links == |
|||
* [http://nationaltrust.org.uk The National Trust website] |
|||
* [http://www.nationaltrustconservatories.co.uk The National Trust Conservatory Collection website] |
|||
* [http://nationaltrust.org.uk/main/annual_report_0405_web_final1.pdf Annual report for 2004–05], including financial data ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]] document) |
|||
* [http://nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-annual_report-2006.pdf Annual report for 2005–06], including financial data (PDF document) |
|||
* [http://www.intelligentgiving.com/charity/205846 Intelligent Giving profile of The National Trust] |
|||
* [http://www.royal-oak.org The Royal Oak Foundation website] |
|||
* [http://www.ntprints.com/?ref=wiki&ad=nt001 The Official National Trust Print Website] |
|||
===Video clips=== |
|||
* [http://www.youtube.com/user/nationaltrustcharity National Trust YouTube channel] |
|||
{{National Trust}} |
|||
[[Category:National Trust properties in England|*]] |
|||
[[Category:National Trust properties in Northern Ireland|*]] |
|||
[[Category:National Trust properties in Wales|*]] |
|||
[[Category:National trusts]] |
|||
[[Category:Organizations established in 1895]] |
|||
[[Category:Organisations based in Wiltshire]] |
|||
[[Category:Environmental charities based in the United Kingdom]] |
|||
[[Category:Conservation in England|National Trust]] |
|||
[[Category:Conservation in Northern Ireland|National Trust]] |
|||
[[Category:Conservation in Wales|National Trust]] |
|||
[[Category:Land management]] |
|||
[[Category:Land use]] |
|||
[[Category:Tourism in England]] |
|||
[[Category:Tourism in Northern Ireland]] |
|||
[[Category:Tourism in the United Kingdom]] |
|||
[[Category:Tourism in Wales]] |
|||
[[cy:Yr Ymddiriedolaeth Genedlaethol]] |
|||
[[de:The National Trust]] |
|||
[[es:Fundación Nacional para Lugares de Interés Histórico o Belleza Natural]] |
|||
[[eo:National Trust]] |
|||
[[fr:National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty]] |
|||
[[nl:National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty]] |
|||
[[ja:ナショナル・トラスト]] |
|||
[[no:National Trust (Storbritannia)]] |
|||
[[pl:National Trust]] |
|||
[[fi:National Trust]] |
|||
[[sv:National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty]] |
|||
[[th:องค์การเพื่อการอนุรักษ์สิ่งก่อสร้างที่มีความสำคัญและความสวยงามแห่งชาติ]] |
|||
[[zh:國家名勝古蹟信托]] |
|||
Revision as of 11:46, 15 April 2010
Redirect to: