2022 French presidential election: Difference between revisions
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|[[File:Xavier Bertrand Marseille (6869685515) (cropped).jpg|120x120px|Nicolas Dupont-Aignan]] |
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|'''[[President of the Regional Council (France)|Regional President]] of [[Hauts-de-France]]'''<br /><small>(since 2016)</small><br />[[Mayor (France)|Mayor]] of [[Saint-Quentin, Aisne|Saint-Quentin]] |
|'''[[President of the Regional Council (France)|Regional President]] of [[Hauts-de-France]]'''<br /><small>(since 2016)</small><br />[[Mayor (France)|Mayor]] of [[Saint-Quentin, Aisne|Saint-Quentin]] |
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<small>(2010-2016)</small> |
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[[Minister of Social Affairs (France)|Minister of Labour, Employment]] and [[Minister of Health (France)|Health]] |
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<small>(2010-2012)</small> |
<small>(2010-2012)</small> |
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Revision as of 20:43, 24 March 2021
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The first round of the 2022 French presidential election will be held between 8 and 23 April 2022, with the second round held two weeks after the first. Should no candidate win a majority of the vote in the first round, a runoff will be held between the top two candidates two weeks later. The incumbent President of France is Emmanuel Macron of La République En Marche! (LREM), who won the 2017 election and whose term lasts until 13 May 2022.
The elections will be held alongside the next French parliamentary election.
Background
Under Article 7 of the Constitution of France, the President of the Republic is elected to a five-year term in a two-round election. If no candidate secures an absolute majority of votes in the first round, a second round is held two weeks later between the two candidates who received the most votes.[1] According to the Constitution of France, the first round of the presidential election must be held between 20 and 35 days before the transition of power at the end of the five-year term of the incumbent officeholder. As Emmanuel Macron took office on 14 May 2017, the transition of power is expected to take place on 13 May 2022. Correspondingly, the first round of the presidential election will be held between 8 and 23 April 2022, with the second round held two weeks after the first.[2]
To be listed on the first-round ballot, candidates need to secure 500 signatures (often referred to as parrainages in French) from national or local elected officials from at least 30 different departments or overseas collectivities, with no more than a tenth of these signatories from any single department.[3]
Campaign
Following the 2017 presidential election, The Republicans (LR) sent its members a questionnaire on the topic of the "refoundation" of the party; of the 40,000 respondents, 70% voted against an open primary to determine the party nominee.[4] In a document dated 17 October 2017, the Socialist Party (PS) noted that the financing of the 2022 presidential campaign was not assured despite "economic restructuring" but still planned to spend €12,000,000, the maximum legally permitted before the first round. According to the report, the party's leadership seriously considered the possibility of not presenting a Socialist candidate in 2022.[5][needs update]
Marine Le Pen, the president of the National Rally (RN), announced on 16 January 2020 that she was running in the election. She previously ran in the 2012 presidential election and the 2017 presidential election as the party's candidate, then called the National Front. She came third in 2012 with 17.9% of the vote in the first round and second in 2017 with 21.3% of the vote in the first round and 33.9% of the vote in the second round. Le Pen was elected to the National Assembly in the 2017 legislative election.[6]
Jean Lassalle, who ran in the 2017 presidential election under the Résistons! banner, coming in seventh place with 1.2% of the vote, announced that he will run again.[7] In 2020, Joachim Son-Forget, a radiologist who was elected to the National Assembly for La République En Marche! in 2017, formed a new political party called Valeur Absolue and announced his intention to enter the race for the presidency. He had resigned from the LREM group after posting tweets in 2018 that were deemed sexist; he joined the UDI and Independents group in 2019 before resigning his membership later that year.[8]
On 8 November 2020, Jean-Luc Mélenchon, founder of La France Insoumise (LFI) announced that he was running in the election. He previously ran in the 2012 presidential election for the Left Front, coming fourth with 11.10% of the vote in the first round, and in the 2017 presidential election for La France Insoumise, coming fourth again with 19.58% of the vote in the first round. Mélenchon was elected to the National Assembly in the 2017 legislative election.[9]
Candidates
Declared
Potential
New Anticapitalist Party
- Olivier Besancenot, candidate of the New Anticapitalist Party (NPA) in the 2002 and 2007 presidential elections[10]
French Communist Party
On May 9, 2021, members of the French Communist Party (PCF) will decide whether they will field a candidate of their own or support the candidacy of Jean-Luc Mélenchon.[11][12] If the former option is selected, the following people have announced their intention to seek the Communist nomination:
- Fabien Roussel, Deputy for the 20th constituency of Nord since 2017 and National Secretary of the French Communist Party since 2018[13]
- Grégoire Munck, candidate for the PCF presidential nomination of 2002[13]
- Emmanuel Dang Tran, candidate for the PCF presidential nomination of 2012[13]
Génération.s
- Benoît Hamon, regional councillor of Île-de-France since 2015, Minister of National Education, Higher Education and Research in 2014 and candidate in the 2017 presidential election with the Socialist Party[14]
Socialist Party
- Jean-Christophe Cambadélis, First Secretary of the Socialist Party from 2014 to 2017[15]
- Bernard Cazeneuve, Prime Minister of France from 2016 to 2017 and Minister of the Interior from 2014 to 2016[16]
- Anne Hidalgo, Mayor of Paris since 2014[17]
- François Hollande, President of the French Republic from 2012 to 2017[18]
- Stéphane Le Foll, Mayor of Le Mans since 2018, member of the National Assembly for Sarthe's 4th constituency from 2017 to 2018 and 2012, Minister of Agriculture, Agrifood and Forestry from 2012 to 2017 and Government Spokesman from 2014 to 2017[19]
- Arnaud Montebourg, Minister of the Economy, Industrial Renewal and Digital Affairs from 2012 to 2014[20]
- Najat Vallaud-Belkacem, Minister of National Education, Higher Education and Research from 2014 to 2017[19]
Europe Écologie Les Verts
- Yannick Jadot, Member of the European Parliament since 2009[21]
- Julien Bayou, EELV National Secretary since 2019
- Éric Piolle, mayor of Grenoble since 2014
La République En Marche!
- Emmanuel Macron, incumbent President of the French Republic since 2017, eligible for a second term[22]
Union of Democrats and Independents
- Jean-Christophe Lagarde, member of the National Assembly for Seine-Saint-Denis's 5th constituency since 2002[23]
Soyons Libres
- Valérie Pécresse, president of the regional council of Île-de-France since 2015[24]
The Republicans
- Michel Barnier, European Commission's Head of the UK Task Force since 2019[25]
- Rachida Dati, Member of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2019[26]
- Philippe Juvin, medical doctor and Member of the European Parliament from 2009 until 2019[27]
- Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet, member of the National Assembly for Essonne's 4th constituency from 2002 to 2007 and 2012 to 2017[28]
- David Lisnard, mayor of Cannes since 2014[29]
- Gaël Perdriau, mayor of Saint-Étienne since 2014[30]
- Bruno Retailleau, president of The Republicans group in the Senate since 2014 and former president of President of the Regional Council of Pays de la Loire from 2015 to 2017[31]
- Laurent Wauquiez, President of The Republicans from 2017 to 2019.[32]
Others
- Christiane Taubira, Minister of Justice and Keeper of the Seals from 2012 to 2016, deputy for the 1st constituency of French Guiana from 1993 to 2012 and canditate in the 2002 presidential election with the Radical Party of the Left[33]
- Nicolas Hulot, Minister of Ecological and Solidary Transition from 2017 to 2018 and candidate in the 2011 Ecologists' primary[34]
- Ségolène Royal, Minister of Ecology from 2014 to 2017 and candidate for 2007 presidential election with the Socialist Party that she left in 2017[35]
- Éric Zemmour, essayist and journalist[36]
Declined
- François Baroin, Mayor of Troyes since 1995, Senator for Aube from 2014 to 2017 and member of the National Assembly for Aube's 3rd constituency from 2012 to 2014, 2007 to 2010, 1997 to 2005 and 1993 to 1995[37]
- Jacques Cheminade, candidate of Solidarity and Progress (S&P) in the 1995, 2012, and 2017 presidential elections[38]
- François Fillon, Prime Minister from 2007 to 2012 and candidate of The Republicans (LR) in the 2017 presidential election[39]
- Gérard Larcher, president of the Senate[40][41]
- Bruno Le Maire, Minister of Economy and Finance since 2017 and candidate in the 2016 primary of the right and centre[42]
- Marion Maréchal, member of the National Assembly for Vaucluse's 3rd constituency from 2012 to 2017 and regional councillor of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur from 2015 to 2017[43][44]
- Philippe Poutou, candidate of the New Anticapitalist Party (NPA) in the 2012 and 2017 presidential elections[45]
- Nicolas Sarkozy, President of the French Republic from 2007 to 2012[46]
Opinion polls
First round
From 28 September 2020 to present
| Polling firm | Fieldwork date | Sample size |
Abs. | Arthaud LO |
Poutou NPA |
Roussel PCF |
Mélenchon LFI |
Hidalgo PS |
Royal PS |
Hollande PS |
Montebourg PS |
Faure PS |
Jadot EELV |
Piolle EELV |
Macron LREM |
Lagarde UDI |
Bertrand LR |
Baroin LR |
Pécresse LR |
Retailleau LR |
Dati LR |
Dupont-Aignan DLF |
Le Pen RN |
Asselineau UPR |
Lassalle RES |
Cheminade S&P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| style="background:Template:Lutte Ouvrière/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:New Anticapitalist Party/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:French Communist Party/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:La France Insoumise/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Europe Ecology – The Greens/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Europe Ecology – The Greens/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:La République En Marche!/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Union of Democrats and Independents/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:The Republicans (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:The Republicans (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:The Republicans (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:The Republicans (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:The Republicans (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Debout la France/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:National Rally (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Popular Republican Union (2007)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Solidarity and Progress/meta/color;"| | |||||
| Harris Interactive | 3–4 Mar 2021 | 1,000 | – | 1% | 1% | 1% | 11% | 7% | – | – | – | – | 8% | – | 26% | 1% | – | – | 12% | – | – | 6% | 25% | 1% | – | – |
| 1% | 1% | 1% | 11% | 6% | – | – | – | – | 7% | – | 25% | 1% | 15% | – | – | – | – | 6% | 25% | 1% | – | – | ||||
| Ipsos | 27–28 Jan 2021 | 1,000 | – | 2% | 10% | 9% | – | – | – | – | 7.5% | – | 24% | – | 14.5% | – | – | – | – | 7% | 26% | – | – | – | ||
| 2% | 9% | 16% | – | – | – | – | – | – | 25% | – | 16% | – | – | – | – | 7% | 25% | – | – | – | ||||||
| 2% | 10% | – | – | – | 4.5% | – | 10% | – | 25% | – | 15% | – | – | – | – | 7% | 26.5% | – | – | – | ||||||
| 2% | 9% | – | – | – | – | – | 17% | – | 25% | – | 15% | – | – | – | – | 7% | 25% | – | – | – | ||||||
| 2% | 9% | 8% | – | – | 4% | – | 7% | – | 24% | – | 14% | – | – | – | – | 7% | 25% | – | – | – | ||||||
| 2.5% | 10% | – | – | 6% | – | – | 9% | – | 26% | – | 14.5% | – | – | – | – | 6% | 26% | – | – | – | ||||||
| 2% | 10% | 12% | – | – | – | – | – | 2% | 27% | – | 14.5% | – | – | – | – | 7.5% | 25% | – | – | – | ||||||
| Harris Interactive | 19–20 Jan 2021 | 1,403 | – | 1% | 1% | – | 11% | – | – | – | 5% | – | 9% | – | 24% | – | – | – | 14% | – | – | 7% | 27% | 1% | – | <0.5% |
| 1% | 1% | – | 10% | – | – | – | 5% | – | 10% | – | 23% | – | 16% | – | – | – | – | 7% | 26% | 1% | – | <0.5% | ||||
| 1% | 1% | – | 11% | 6% | – | – | – | – | 7% | – | 24% | – | 16% | – | – | – | – | 7% | 26% | 1% | – | <0.5% | ||||
| 1% | 1% | – | 11% | 7% | – | – | – | – | 8% | – | 24% | – | – | – | 14% | – | – | 7% | 26% | 1% | – | <0.5% | ||||
| Ifop | 28 Sep–1 Oct 2020 | 1805 | – | 1.5% | 2.5% | - | 15% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 26% | 2% | 19% | – | – | – | – | 6.5% | 24% | – | 3.5% | – |
| 1.5% | 3.5% | - | – | – | – | – | – | – | 13% | – | 26% | 1% | 19% | – | – | – | – | 6% | 26% | – | 4% | – | ||||
| 2% | 3.5% | - | – | 13% | – | – | – | – | – | – | 25% | 1.5% | 18% | – | – | – | – | 7% | 26% | – | 4% | – | ||||
| 1% | 2.5% | 1% | 10% | – | 5% | – | – | – | 8% | – | 23% | 0.5% | 17% | – | – | – | – | 5.5% | 24% | – | 2.5% | – | ||||
| 1% | 1.5% | 1% | 12% | – | – | – | – | 4% | 7.5% | – | 25% | 1% | 16% | – | – | – | – | 5% | 24% | – | 2% | – | ||||
| 1% | 1.5% | 1% | 11% | – | – | – | – | 5% | 8% | – | 24% | 1% | – | 14% | – | – | – | 6% | 25% | – | 2.5% | – | ||||
| 1% | 2% | 1% | 11% | – | – | – | – | 4% | 8% | – | 25% | 1% | – | – | 11% | – | – | 7% | 27% | – | 2% | – | ||||
| 1% | 2% | 1.5% | 12% | – | – | – | – | 4% | 8% | – | 26% | 2% | – | – | – | 8% | – | 6% | 26% | – | 3.5% | – | ||||
| 1% | 2% | 2% | 13% | – | – | – | – | 4% | 8% | – | 25% | 2% | – | – | – | – | 8% | 8% | 24% | – | 3% | – | ||||
| 1% | 1.5% | 1% | 11% | 9% | – | – | – | – | 6% | – | 24% | 0.5% | 15.5% | – | – | – | – | 5.5% | 23% | – | 2% | – | ||||
| 1% | 2% | 1% | 10% | – | – | 7% | – | – | 7% | – | 23% | 0.5% | 16% | – | – | – | – | 6% | 24% | – | 2% | – | ||||
From 28 October 2019 to 27 September 2020
| Polling firm | Fieldwork date | Sample size |
Abs. | Arthaud LO |
Poutou NPA |
Roussel PCF |
Mélenchon LFI |
Faure PS |
Cazeneuve PS |
Jadot EELV |
Macron LREM |
Lagarde UDI |
Bertrand LR |
Baroin LR |
Pécresse LR |
Retailleau LR |
Dupont-Aignan DLF |
Le Pen RN |
Asselineau UPR |
Lassalle RES |
Cheminade S&P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| style="background:Template:Lutte Ouvrière/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:New Anticapitalist Party/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:La France Insoumise/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:French Communist Party/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Europe Ecology – The Greens/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:La République En Marche!/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Union of Democrats and Independents/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:The Republicans (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:The Republicans (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:The Republicans (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:The Republicans (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Debout la France/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:National Rally (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Popular Republican Union (2007)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Solidarity and Progress/meta/color;"| | |||||
| Harris Interactive | 2–3 Jul 2020 | 1,429 | – | 1% | 3% | – | 12% | 3% | – | 8% | 28% | – | 13% | – | – | – | 6% | 25% | 1% | – | <0.5% |
| – | 1% | 3% | – | 12% | 3% | – | 8% | 27% | – | – | 14% | – | – | 6% | 25% | 1% | – | <0.5% | |||
| – | 1% | 3% | – | 12% | 3% | – | 9% | 28% | – | – | – | 12% | – | 6% | 25% | 1% | – | <0.5% | |||
| – | 1% | 3% | – | 13% | 3% | – | 8% | 32% | – | – | – | – | 6% | 6% | 27% | 1% | – | <0.5% | |||
| Elabe | 30 Jun–1 Jul 2020 | 893 | 34% | 0.5% | 1.5% | – | 12.5% | 2.5% | – | 8.5% | 30% | – | 11% | – | – | – | 5% | 27.5% | 1% | – | – |
| 33% | 1% | 1.5% | – | 12.5% | – | – | 9% | 31% | – | 12% | – | – | – | 5.5% | 26.5% | 1% | – | – | |||
| 32% | 1% | 2.5% | – | 11.5% | 2.5% | – | 8.5% | 31% | – | – | 12% | – | – | 5.5% | 24.5% | 1% | – | – | |||
| 32% | 1% | 2% | – | 12.5% | – | – | 10% | 31% | – | – | 11% | – | – | 5% | 26.5% | 1% | – | – | |||
| Ifop-Fiducial | 18–19 Jun 2020 | 992 | – | 1% | 0.5% | 2% | 11% | 3% | – | 8% | 26% | 0.5% | 12% | – | – | – | 5.5% | 28% | 0.5% | 2% | - |
| 1% | 0.5% | 1% | 12% | 3% | – | 8% | 28% | 0.5% | – | 12% | – | – | 5% | 27% | 0.5% | 1.5% | - | ||||
| Ifop | 28–30 Oct 2019 | 1,396 | – | 0.5% | 1% | 1.5% | 11% | 3% | – | 8% | 27% | 1% | 10% | – | – | – | 6% | 28% | 1% | 1% | 0,5% |
| 0.5% | 1% | 1.5% | 11% | 3% | – | 9% | 28% | 1% | – | – | 7% | – | 7% | 28% | 1% | 1.5% | 0,5% | ||||
| 0.5% | 1% | 1.5% | 11% | 2.5% | – | 7.5% | 27% | 1% | – | 11% | – | – | 6.5% | 28% | 1% | 1.5% | <0.5% | ||||
| Elabe | 28–29 Oct 2019 | 1,003 | 28% | 1% | 3% | – | 13% | – | 5% | 6.5% | 27% | – | 9% | – | – | – | 6% | 28% | 1.5% | – | – |
| 29% | 0.5% | 3.5% | – | 12.5% | – | 5.5% | 7% | 29% | – | – | – | 5% | – | 6% | 29% | 2% | – | – | |||
| 28% | 0.5% | 3% | – | 13% | – | 4.5% | 6.5% | 27.5% | – | – | 9.5% | – | – | 6.5% | 27.5% | 1.5% | – | – |
13 October 2017 to 27 October 2019
| Polling firm | Fieldwork date | Sample size |
Abs. | Arthaud LO |
Poutou NPA |
Mélenchon LFI |
Hamon G·s |
Faure PS |
Jadot EELV |
Macron LREM |
Lagarde UDI |
Wauquiez LR |
Fillon LR |
Dupont-Aignan DLF |
Le Pen RN |
Asselineau UPR |
Lassalle RES |
Cheminade S&P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| style="background:Template:Lutte Ouvrière/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:New Anticapitalist Party/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:French Communist Party/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Génération.s/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Socialist Party (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Europe Ecology – The Greens/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:La République En Marche!/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Union of Democrats and Independents/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:The Republicans (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:The Republicans (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Debout la France/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:National Rally (France)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Popular Republican Union (2007)/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:Solidarity and Progress/meta/color;"| | |||||
| Ifop-Fiducial | 27–28 May 2019 | 927 | – | 1% | 1% | 9% | – | 4% | 12% | 30% | – | 8% | – | 5% | 28% | 1% | 1% | <0.5% |
| Ifop | 1–2 Feb 2019 | 912 | – | <0.5% | 1% | 12% | 6% | 3% | 2% | 30% | 2% | 8% | – | 6% | 27% | 1% | 2% | <0.5% |
| Ifop | 11–13 Dec 2018 | 1,125 | – | 1.5% | 1% | 13% | 8.5% | – | – | 27.5% | – | 10% | – | 7% | 27.5% | 1% | 3% | <0.5% |
| 1% | 1% | 14% | 8% | – | – | 25% | – | – | 13% | 7% | 27% | 1% | 3% | <0.5% | ||||
| Ifop-Fiducial | 12–16 Apr 2018 | 1,131 | – | 0.5% | 1% | 16.5% | 7% | – | – | 36% | – | 8% | – | 6% | 23% | 1% | 1% | <0.5% |
| 0.5% | 1% | 16.5% | 6% | – | – | 33% | – | – | 12% | 6% | 23% | 1% | 1% | <0.5% | ||||
| Ifop | 13–18 Oct 2017 | 1,908 | – | 1% | 1.5% | 18% | 7% | – | – | 28% | – | – | 15% | 5% | 21.5% | 1% | 1.5% | 0.5% |
| 2017 election | 23 Apr 2017 | – | 22.23% | 0.64% | 1.09% | 19.58% | 6.36% | – | – | 24.01% | – | – | 20.01% | 4.70% | 21.30% | 0.92% | 1.21% | 0.18% |
Second round
| Polling firm | Fieldwork date | Sample size |
Abs. | Macron LREM |
Le Pen RN |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| style="background:Template:La République En Marche!/meta/color;"| | style="background:Template:National Rally (France)/meta/color;"| | ||||
| Ifop | – | 2,254 | – | 53% | 47% |
| Harris Interactive | 2–4 Mar 2021 | 1,209 | – | 53% | 47% |
| Ipsos | 27–28 Jan 2021 | 1,000 | – | 56% | 44% |
| Harris Interactive | 19–20 Jan 2021 | 1,403 | – | 52% | 48% |
| Harris Interactive | 2–3 Jul 2020 | 1,429 | – | 58% | 42% |
| Elabe | 30 Jun–1 Jul 2020 | 893 | 38% | 58.5% | 41.5% |
| Ifop-Fiducial | 18–19 Jun 2020 | 992 | – | 55% | 45% |
| Ifop | 28–30 Oct 2019 | 1,396 | – | 55% | 45% |
| Ifop-Fiducial | 27–28 May 2019 | 927 | – | 57% | 43% |
| Ifop | 1–2 Feb 2019 | 912 | – | 56% | 44% |
| 2017 election | 7 May 2017 | – | 25.44% | 66.10% | 33.90% |
References
- ^ "Constitution du 4 octobre 1958 – Article 7". Légifrance. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
- ^ "Comment les dates de l'élection sont-elles choisies ?". Conseil constitutionnel présidentielle 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
- ^ "Concernant les parrainages, qu'est-ce qui a changé depuis 2012 ?". Conseil constitutionnel présidentielle 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
- ^ Louis Hausalter (22 December 2017). "A droite, "Wauquiez voudra tuer la primaire"". Marianne. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
- ^ Marie-Pierre Haddad (2 November 2017). "Et si le Parti socialiste n'était pas en mesure de présenter un candidat en 2022 ?". RTL. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
- ^ Gehrke, Laurenz (16 January 2020). "Marine Le Pen announces bid for 2022 French presidential election". politico.eu. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ "Jean Lassalle candidat à la présidentielle 2022". lepoint.fr (in French). 16 March 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
- ^ "Joachim Son-Forget : portrait d'un candidat à la présidentielle inattendu". RTL.fr (in French). Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ "Jean-Luc Mélenchon déclare sa candidature à la présidentielle 2022". lemonde.fr (in French). Retrieved 8 November 2020.
- ^ https://www.liberation.fr/debats/2019/10/17/2022-besancenot-un-messie-pour-la-gauche-de-la-gauche_1758127
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