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Lyn 3: Lyn 3:
|kleur = #ccf
|kleur = #ccf
|titel = ''Koning van Engeland, Ierland en Skotland''
|titel = ''Koning van Engeland, Ierland en Skotland''
|beeld = King Charles I by Antoon van Dyck.jpg
|beeld =King Charles I after original by van Dyck.jpg
|beeld_wydte = 180px
|beeld_wydte = 180px
|beeld_onderskrif = ’n Portret deur [[Anthony van Dyck]], 1636
|beeld_onderskrif = ’n Portret deur Anthony van Dyck, 1636
|beeld2 =
|beeld2 =
|beeld2_wydte =
|beeld2_wydte =
Lyn 18: Lyn 18:
|4 = [[Karel II van Engeland|Karel II]]
|4 = [[Karel II van Engeland|Karel II]]
|opskrif5 = Eggenote
|opskrif5 = Eggenote
|5 = [[Henrietta Maria van Frankryk]]
|5 = Henrietta Maria van Frankryk
|opskrif6 = Kinders
|opskrif6 = Kinders
|6 = [[Karel II van Engeland|Karel II]], [[Maria, Prinses van Oranje|Maria, kroonprinses en Prinses van Oranje]], [[Jakobus II van Engeland|Jakobus II & VII]], Elizabeth, Anne, Hendrik, Henrietta Anna
|6 = [[Karel II van Engeland|Karel II]], Maria, kroonprinses en Prinses van Oranje, [[Jakobus II van Engeland|Jakobus II & VII]], Elizabeth, Anne, Hendrik, Henrietta Anna
|opskrif7 = Gebore
|opskrif7 = Gebore
|7 = [[19 November]] [[1600]]; [[Dunfermline]], [[Skotland]]
|7 = [[19 November]] [[1600]]; Dunfermline, [[Skotland]]
|opskrif8 = Oorlede
|opskrif8 = Oorlede
|8 = [[30 Januarie]] [[1649]]; [[Whitehall-paleis]], [[Engeland]]
|8 = [[30 Januarie]] [[1649]]; Whitehall-paleis, [[Engeland]]
|opskrif9 = Vader
|opskrif9 = Vader
|9 = [[Jakobus I van Engeland|Jakobus I & VI]]
|9 = [[Jakobus I van Engeland|Jakobus I & VI]]
|opskrif10 = Moeder
|opskrif10 = Moeder
|10 = [[Anna van Denemarke]]
|10 = Anna van Denemarke
|opskrif11 =
|opskrif11 =
|11 =
|11 =
Lyn 50: Lyn 50:
|20 =
|20 =
}}
}}
'''Karel I''' ([[Engels]]: '''Charles I'''; 19 November 1600 &ndash; 30 Januarie 1649) was van 27 Maart 1625 tot met sy teregstelling op 30 Januarie 1649 koning van Engeland, Ierland en Skotland.<ref name="BBC-history">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/charles_i_king.shtml|title= History — Charles I (1600–1649)| publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]|accessdate=2008-04-20}}</ref>


'''Karel I''' ([[Engels]]: '''Charles I'''; 19 November 1600 – 30 Januarie 1649) was van 27 Maart 1625 tot met sy teregstelling op 30 Januarie 1649 koning van [[Engeland]], [[Ierland]] en [[Skotland]].<ref name="BBC-history">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/charles_i_king.shtml |title=History – Charles I (1600–1649) |publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=20 April 2008 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913204831/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/charles_i_king.shtml |archive-date=13 September 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
==Vroeë lewe==
Karel was die tweede oudste seun van [[Jakobus I van Engeland|Jakobus I & VI]] en [[Anna van Denemarke]]. Hy is op 19 November 1600 in [[Dunfermline]], [[Fife]], gebore.<ref name="royalukwebsite"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/92.html|title = Memorable Christians|publisher=justus.anglican.org|accessdate= 2008-04-20}}</ref> Tot op die ouderdom van drie kon hy nie loop of praat nie.


== Vroeë lewe ==
Toe Jakobus VI van Skotland in 1603 ook koning Jakobus I van Engeland word, is Karel aanvanklik in Skotland gelos ter wille van sy gesondheid.<ref name="undiscovered-scotland">{{cite web|url=http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/monarchs/charlesi.html|title= Charles I Undiscovered Scotland: The Ultimate Online Guide|publisher=Undiscovered Scotland.co.uk|accessdate=2008-04-24}}</ref> Hy het eers in Julie 1604 na Engeland gegaan, waar hy geleer is om te loop en praat. As volwassene was Karel net 162&nbsp;cm (5&nbsp;voet 3&nbsp;duim) lank.
Karel was die tweede oudste seun van [[Jakobus I van Engeland|Jakobus I & VI]] en Anna van Denemarke. Hy is op 19 November 1600 in Dunfermline, [[Fife]], gebore.<ref name="royalukwebsite" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/92.html |title=Memorable Christians |publisher=justus.anglican.org |access-date=20 April 2008 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814072710/http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/92.html |archive-date=14 Augustus 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Tot op die ouderdom van drie kon hy nie loop of praat nie.


Toe Jakobus VI van Skotland in 1603 ook koning Jakobus I van Engeland word, is Karel aanvanklik in Skotland gelos ter wille van sy gesondheid.<ref name="undiscovered-scotland">{{cite web |url=http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/monarchs/charlesi.html |title=Charles I Undiscovered Scotland: The Ultimate Online Guide |publisher=Undiscovered Scotland.co.uk |access-date=24 April 2008 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507001206/https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/monarchs/charlesi.html |archive-date=7 Mei 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Hy het eers in Julie 1604 na Engeland gegaan, waar hy geleer is om te loop en praat. As volwassene was Karel net 162&nbsp;cm (5&nbsp;voet 3&nbsp;duim) lank.
Toe sy oudste broer, [[Hendrik Frederick Stuart|Hendrik]], die Prins van Wallis, in 1612 op 18-jarige ouderdom sterf, twee weke voor Karel se 12de verjaarsdag, het hy die troonopvolger geword.


Toe sy oudste broer, [[Hendrik Frederick Stuart|Hendrik]], die prins van Wallis, in 1612 op 18-jarige ouderdom sterf, twee weke voor Karel se 12de verjaarsdag, het hy die troonopvolger geword.
==Bewind==
Toe Jakobus I op 27 Maart 1625 sterf, het Karel hom opgevolg. Sy bewind is gekenmerk deur ’n stryd om mag met die Engelse parlement. Hy was ’n groot voorstander van die "Divine Right of Kings",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566517/Charles_I_(of_England).html|title=Charles I (of England) |publisher=MSN Encarta|accessdate= 2008-04-20}}</ref> wat verkondig het dat konings hul mag van [[God]] kry en dus nie van die troon afgesit kon word nie. Baie van sy onderdane het geglo dat hy absolute mag probeer kry het. Daar was teenkanting teen baie van sy aksies, soos om belasting in te stel sonder die parlement se toestemming.<ref name="royalukwebsite">{{cite web|title=Charles I (r. 1625–49)|publisher=Royal.gov.uk|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensoftheUnitedKingdom/TheStuarts/CharlesI.aspx|accessdate=2008-04-20}}</ref>


== Bewind ==
Daar was ook heelwat godsdienstige konflik tydens sy bewind. Hy was getroud met ’n [[Rooms-Katolieke Kerk|Katolieke]] prinses, [[Henrietta Maria van Frankryk]], ondanks teenkanting van die parlement en die algemene publiek.<ref name="HenriettaMariaBio">{{cite web|url = http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/henrietta-maria.htm|title=Queen Henrietta Maria, 1609–69|accessdate=2008-04-20|publisher=British-civil-wars.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="MarriageParliamentViews">{{cite web|url=http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/glossary/parliament-1625-29.htm|title= Queen Henrietta Maria, 1609–69|accessdate=2008-04-20|publisher=British-civil-wars.co.uk}}</ref> Sy latere pogings om godsdienstige hervormings aan [[Skotland]] op te dwing het gelei tot die Biskoppe-oorlog wat die Engelse regering verswak en sy val help bespoedig het.
[[Lêer:Sir Anthony Van Dyck - Charles I (1600-49) - Google Art Project.jpg|duimnael|links|Koning van drie koninkryke: ''Charles I in Three Positions'' deur Anthony van Dyck in 1633]]
[[Lêer:The Execution of Charles I.jpg|duimnael|Koning Karel I se onthoofding voor die Banqueting House in [[Londen]]]]
Toe Jakobus I op 27 Maart 1625 sterf, het Karel hom opgevolg. Sy bewind is gekenmerk deur ’n stryd om mag met die Engelse parlement. Hy was ’n groot voorstander van die "Divine Right of Kings",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566517/Charles_I_(of_England).html|title=Charles I (of England)|publisher=MSN Encarta|accessdate=2008-04-20|archive-date=2008-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401112311/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566517/Charles_I_(of_England).html|url-status=dead}}</ref> wat verkondig het dat konings hul mag van [[God]] kry en dus nie van die troon afgesit kon word nie. Baie van sy onderdane het geglo dat hy absolute mag probeer kry het. Daar was teenkanting teen baie van sy optredes, soos om belasting in te stel sonder die parlement se toestemming.<ref name="royalukwebsite">{{cite web |title=Charles I (r. 1625–1649) |publisher=Royal.gov.uk |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensoftheUnitedKingdom/TheStuarts/CharlesI.aspx |access-date=20 April 2008 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408050056/http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensoftheUnitedKingdom/TheStuarts/CharlesI.aspx |archive-date=8 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>


Daar was ook heelwat godsdienstige konflik tydens sy bewind. Hy was getroud met ’n [[Rooms-Katolieke Kerk|Katolieke]] prinses, Henrietta Maria van Frankryk, ondanks teenkanting van die parlement en die algemene publiek.<ref name="HenriettaMariaBio">{{cite web |url=http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/henrietta-maria.htm |title=Queen Henrietta Maria, 1609–1669 |access-date=20 April 2008 |publisher=British-civil-wars.co.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408050101/http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/henrietta-maria.htm |archive-date=8 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="MarriageParliamentViews">{{cite web |url=http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/glossary/parliament-1625-29.htm |title=Queen Henrietta Maria, 1609–1669 |access-date=20 April 2008 |publisher=British-civil-wars.co.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408050112/http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/glossary/parliament-1625-29.htm |archive-date=8 April 2020 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Sy latere pogings om godsdienstige hervormings aan [[Skotland]] op te dwing het gelei tot die Biskoppe-oorlog wat die Engelse regering verswak en sy val help bespoedig het.
Sy laaste jare is gekenmerk deur die [[Englse burgeroorlog]] waarin hy teen die magte van die Engels en die Skotse parlement geveg het. Karel is in die eerste burgeroorlog (1642–45) verslaan, waarna die parlement van hom verwag het om hul eise vir ’n konstitusionele monargie te aanvaar. Hy het egter uitdagend gebly en probeer om ’n verbondskap aan Skotland op te dwing en na die [[Wight (eiland)|eiland Wight]] te vlug. Dit het aanleiding gegee tot die tweede burgeroorlog (1648–49) en ’n tweede nederlaag vir Karel. Hy is daarna gevang, aan hoogverraad skuldig bevind en tereggestel. Sy laaste woorde was: {{cquote|<center>I shall go from a corruptible to an incorruptible Crown, where no disturbance can be. <ref name="royalukwebsite"/></center>}}


Sy laaste jare is gekenmerk deur die [[Engelse Burgeroorlog]] waarin hy teen die magte van die Engelse en die Skotse parlement geveg het. Karel is in die eerste burgeroorlog (1642–1645) verslaan, waarna die parlement van hom verwag het om hul eise vir ’n konstitusionele monargie te aanvaar. Hy het egter uitdagend gebly en probeer om ’n verbond aan Skotland op te dwing en na die [[Wight (eiland)|eiland Wight]] te vlug. Dit het aanleiding gegee tot die tweede burgeroorlog (1648–1649) en ’n tweede nederlaag vir Karel. Hy is daarna gevang, aan hoogverraad skuldig bevind en tereggestel. Sy laaste woorde was: {{cquote|<center>I shall go from a corruptible to an incorruptible Crown, where no disturbance can be.<ref name="royalukwebsite" /></center>}}
Die Britse monargie is hierna afgeskaf en ’n republiek, bekend as die [[Gemenebes van Engeland]] of die [[Engelse Interregnum]], is afgekondig. Ná die afskaffing van die Interregnum het Karel se seun, [[Karel II van Engeland|Karel II]], in 1660 koning geword.<ref name = "royalukwebsite" /> In dieselfde jaar het die [[Church of England]] Karel I tot heilige verklaar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Charles, King and Martyr|publisher=SKCM|url= http://www.skcm.org/SCharles/scharles_main.html|accessdate=2008-10-16}}</ref>


Die Britse monargie is hierna afgeskaf en ’n republiek, bekend as die [[Gemenebes van Engeland]] of die [[Engelse Interregnum]], is afgekondig. Ná die afskaffing van die Interregnum het Karel se seun, [[Karel II van Engeland|Karel II]], in 1660 koning geword.<ref name="royalukwebsite" /> In dieselfde jaar het die [[Kerk van Engeland]] Karel I tot heilige verklaar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Charles, King and Martyr |publisher=SKCM |url=http://www.skcm.org/SCharles/scharles_main.html |access-date=16 Oktober 2008 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112213908/http://www.skcm.org/SCharles/scharles_main.html |archive-date=12 Januarie 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
==Verwysings==
:''Hierdie artikel is merendeels vertaal vanaf die Engelse Wikipedia-artikel [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England]
<references/>


==Verdere leesstof==
== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|2}}
* {{cite book |title=Charles I: The personal monarch |last=Carlton |first=Charles |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1995 |publisher=Routledge |location= |isbn=0415121418 |pages=423 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution 1625–1660 (3rd Revised Edition.) |last=Gardiner |first=Samuel Rawson |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1962 |publisher=Oxford: Oxford University Press |location= |isbn= |pages=476 }}
* {{cite book |title="Charles I: A Case of Mistaken Identity" no.&nbsp;189, ''Past and Present''pp.&nbsp;41–80 |last=Kishlansky |first=Mark A. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2005 |publisher= |location= |isbn= |pages= }}
* {{cite book |title=Britain 1558-1689 |last=Murphy |first=Derrick |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2002 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |location=Londen |isbn=0-00-713850-4 |pages=384}} pp.&nbsp;211-235
* {{cite book |title=The Tyrannicide Brief: The Man Who Sent Charles I to the Scaffold |last=Robertson |first=Geoffrey |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2005 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |location= |isbn=0-7011-7602-4 |pages=429 }}
* {{cite book |title='The Kings and Queens of England |last=Williamson, D. |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1998 |publisher=National Portrait Gallery |location=Londen |isbn=1-85514-228-7 |pages= |oclc=153799778 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Trial of King Charles I |last=Rushworth, J. |first= |authorlink= |year=1959 |location=Lockyer |isbn= |pages=pp.133–4}}
* {{cite book|last=Carlton|first=Charles|title=Charles I: The Personal Monarch|publisher=Routledge|location=Brittanje|year=1995|pages=423|isbn=0415121418}}
* {{cite book|last=Holmes|first=Clive|title=Why was Charles I Executed?|publisher=Continuum International|year=2006|pages=244|isbn=1852852828}}
*{{cite book|last=Abbott|first=Jacob|title=Charles I.|publisher=Harper & brothers|location=Brittanje|year=1901|pages=285}}
*{{cite book|last=Cust|first=Richard|title=Charles I|publisher=Longman|date=2007-07-21|pages=512|isbn=978-1405859035}}
*{{cite book|last=Abbott|first=Jacob|title=History of King Charles the First of England|publisher=Henry Altemus company|location=Brittanje|year=1900|pages=230}}
*{{cite book|last=Mackintosh|first=James|coauthors=William Wallace, Robert Bell|publisher=Longman|location=Brittanje|year=1835}}
*{{cite book|last=Hill|first=C.|title=The Century of Revolution, 1603–1714|publisher=Routledge|location=Brittanje|year=1991|pages=296|isbn=0415051789|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k1P9UCxwmUkC}}
*{{cite book|last=V Wedgwood|first=C|title=The Great Rebellion: The King's Peace, 1637–1641|publisher=Colins|year=1955|pages=510}}
*{{cite book|last=V Wedgwood|first=C|title=The Great Rebellion: The King's War, 1641-1647.|publisher=Collins|year=1958|pages=702}}
*{{cite book|last=Wedgewood|first=Cicely Veronica|title=A Coffin for King Charles: The Trial and Execution of Charles I|publisher=Macmillan|year=1964|pages=307|isbn=978-0026255004}}
*{{cite book|last=Ashley|first=Maurice|title=Charles I and Cromwell|publisher=Methuen|year=1987|pages=256|isbn=978-0413162700|url=http://www.amazon.com/Charles-I-Cromwell-Maurice-Ashley/dp/0413162702/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qisbn=1208807323&sr=1-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Reeve|first=L. J.|title=Charles I and the Road to Personal Rule|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Brittanje|year=1989|pages=325|isbn=0521521335|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kszoNS3KM4oC}}


== Verdere leesstof ==
==Eksterne skakels==
{{refbegin|2}}
{{CommonsKategorie|Charles I of England}}
*Swart, Marius J.: Nogtans leiers. Kaapstad: Nasou, 1969.
*[http://www.datesofhistory.com/Charles-I-England.biog.html Chronology Charles I World History Database]
* {{cite book |title=Charles I: The personal monarch |last=Carlton |first=Charles |authorlink= |year=1995 |publisher=Routledge |location= |isbn=0-415-12141-8 |pages=423 }}
*[http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page76.asp The Royal Household. (2004). "Charles I." Amptelike webtuiste van die Britse monargie]
* {{cite book |title=The Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution 1625–1660 (3rd Revised Edition.) |last=Gardiner |first=Samuel Rawson |authorlink= |year=1962 |publisher=Oxford: Oxford University Press |location= |isbn= |pages=476 }}
*[http://www.skcm.org The Society of King Charles the Martyr]
* {{cite book |title="Charles I: A Case of Mistaken Identity" no.&nbsp;189, ''Past and Present''pp.&nbsp;41–80 |last=Kishlansky |first=Mark A. |authorlink= |year=2005 |publisher= |location= |isbn= |pages= }}
*[http://www.skcm-usa.org The Society of King Charles the Martyr (VSA)]
* {{cite book |title=Britain 1558–1689 |last=Murphy |first=Derrick |authorlink= |year=2002 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |location=Londen |isbn=0-00-713850-4 |pages=384}} pp.&nbsp;211-235
*[http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/charles1.htm Biografie]
* {{cite book |title=The Tyrannicide Brief: The Man Who Sent Charles I to the Scaffold |last=Robertson |first=Geoffrey |authorlink= |year=2005 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |location= |isbn=0-7011-7602-4 |pages=429 }}
* {{cite book |title='The Kings and Queens of England |last=Williamson, D. |first= |authorlink= |year=1998 |publisher=National Portrait Gallery |location=Londen |isbn=1-85514-228-7 |pages= |oclc=153799778 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Trial of King Charles I |last=Rushworth, J. |first= |authorlink= |year=1959 |location=Lockyer |isbn= |pages=133–134}}
* {{cite book|last=Carlton|first=Charles|title=Charles I: The Personal Monarch|publisher=Routledge|location=Brittanje|year=1995|pages=423|isbn=0-415-12141-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Holmes|first=Clive|title=Why was Charles I Executed?|publisher=Continuum International|year=2006|pages=244|isbn=1-85285-282-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Abbott|first=Jacob|title=Charles I.|publisher=Harper & brothers|location=Brittanje|year=1901|pages=285}}
* {{cite book|last=Cust|first=Richard|title=Charles I|publisher=Longman|date=2007-07-21|pages=512|isbn=978-1-4058-5903-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Abbott|first=Jacob|title=History of King Charles the First of England|publisher=Henry Altemus company|location=Brittanje|year=1900|pages=230}}
* {{cite book|last=Hill|first=C.|title=The Century of Revolution, 1603–1714|publisher=Routledge|location=Brittanje|year=1991|pages=296|isbn=0-415-05178-9|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k1P9UCxwmUkC}}
* {{cite book|last=V Wedgwood|first=C|title=The Great Rebellion: The King's Peace, 1637–1641|publisher=Colins|year=1955|pages=510}}
* {{cite book|last=V Wedgwood|first=C|title=The Great Rebellion: The King's War, 1641–1647.|publisher=Collins|year=1958|pages=702}}
* {{cite book|last=Wedgewood|first=Cicely Veronica|title=A Coffin for King Charles: The Trial and Execution of Charles I|publisher=Macmillan|year=1964|pages=307|isbn=978-0-02-625500-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Ashley|first=Maurice|title=Charles I and Cromwell|publisher=Methuen|year=1987|pages=256|isbn=978-0-413-16270-0|url=http://www.amazon.com/Charles-I-Cromwell-Maurice-Ashley/dp/0413162702/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qisbn=1208807323&sr=1-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Reeve|first=L. J.|title=Charles I and the Road to Personal Rule|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Brittanje|year=1989|pages=325|isbn=0-521-52133-5|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kszoNS3KM4oC}}
{{refend}}


===Boeke oor Karel I aanlyn beskikbaar===
=== Boeke aanlyn beskikbaar ===
{{refbegin|2}}
*''History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England: Begun in the Year 1641'' by [[Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon]] (1717): [http://www.archive.org/stream/historyrebellio05clargoog Volume I, Part 1], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historyrebellio09clargoog Volume I, Part 2], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historyrebellio02clargoog Volume II, Part 1], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historyrebellio07clargoog Volume II, Part 2], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historyrebellio00clargoog Volume III, Part 1], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historyrebellio03clargoog Volume III, Part 2]
* ''History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England: Begun in the Year 1641'' deur Edward Hyde, 1ste Graaf van Clarendon (1717): [http://www.archive.org/stream/historyrebellio05clargoog Volume I, Part 1], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historyrebellio09clargoog Volume I, Part 2], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historyrebellio02clargoog Volume II, Part 1], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historyrebellio07clargoog Volume II, Part 2], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historyrebellio00clargoog Volume III, Part 1], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historyrebellio03clargoog Volume III, Part 2]
*''The History of Great Britain Under the House of Stuart'' by [[David Hume]] (1759): [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofgreatbr01humeiala Volume I], [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofgreatbr02humeiala Volume II]
*''An Historical and Critical Account of the Lives and Writings of James I and Charles I, and the Lives of Oliver Cromwell and Charles II'' by William Harris (1814): [http://www.archive.org/details/anhistoricaland02harrgoog Volume I], [http://www.archive.org/details/anhistoricaland00harrgoog Volume II], [http://www.archive.org/stream/anhistoricaland03harrgoog Volume III], [http://www.archive.org/stream/anhistoricaland05harrgoog Volume IV], [http://www.archive.org/details/anhistoricaland01harrgoog Volume V]
* ''The History of Great Britain Under the House of Stuart'' deur [[David Hume]] (1759): [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofgreatbr01humeiala Volume I], [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofgreatbr02humeiala Volume II]
* ''An Historical and Critical Account of the Lives and Writings of James I and Charles I, and the Lives of Oliver Cromwell and Charles II'' deur William Harris (1814): [http://www.archive.org/details/anhistoricaland02harrgoog Volume I], [http://www.archive.org/details/anhistoricaland00harrgoog Volume II], [http://www.archive.org/stream/anhistoricaland03harrgoog Volume III], [http://www.archive.org/stream/anhistoricaland05harrgoog Volume IV], [http://www.archive.org/details/anhistoricaland01harrgoog Volume V]
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/trialscharlesfi00petegoog ''The Trials of Charles the First, and of Some Regicides''] (published by John Murray, 1820)
* [http://www.archive.org/stream/trialscharlesfi00petegoog ''The Trials of Charles the First, and of Some Regicides''] (uitgegee deur John Murray, 1820)
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/highcourtofjusti00caul ''The High Court of Justice; Comprising Memoirs of the Principal Persons Who Sat in Judgment on King Charles the First''], by James Caulfield (1820)
* [http://www.archive.org/stream/highcourtofjusti00caul ''The High Court of Justice; Comprising Memoirs of the Principal Persons Who Sat in Judgment on King Charles the First''], deur James Caulfield (1820)
*''A History of the British Empire, From the Accession of Charles I to the Restoration'' by George Brodie (1822): [http://www.archive.org/details/ahistorybritish00brodgoog Volume I], [http://www.archive.org/stream/ahistorybritish03brodgoog Volume II], [http://www.archive.org/stream/ahistorybritish02brodgoog Volume III], [http://www.archive.org/details/ahistorybritish01brodgoog Volume IV]
* ''A History of the British Empire, From the Accession of Charles I to the Restoration'' deur George Brodie (1822): [http://www.archive.org/details/ahistorybritish00brodgoog Volume I], [http://www.archive.org/stream/ahistorybritish03brodgoog Volume II], [http://www.archive.org/stream/ahistorybritish02brodgoog Volume III], [http://www.archive.org/details/ahistorybritish01brodgoog Volume IV]
*''Memoirs of the Court of King Charles the First'' by [[Lucy Aikin]] (1833): [http://www.archive.org/stream/memoirscourtkin05aikigoog Volume I], [http://www.archive.org/stream/memoirsofcourtof02aikiiala Volume II]
* ''Memoirs of the Court of King Charles the First'' deur Lucy Aikin (1833): [http://www.archive.org/stream/memoirscourtkin05aikigoog Volume I], [http://www.archive.org/stream/memoirsofcourtof02aikiiala Volume II]
*[http://www.archive.org/details/greatcivilwarofc00cattiala ''The Great Civil War of Charles I and the Parliament''] by Richard Cattermole, with illustrations by [[George Cattermole]] (1845)
* [http://www.archive.org/details/greatcivilwarofc00cattiala ''The Great Civil War of Charles I and the Parliament''] deur Richard Cattermole, with illustrasies deur George Cattermole (1845)
*''History of Charles the First and the English Revolution, from the Accession of Charles the First to His Execution'' by [[François Guizot]], trans. Sir Andrew Scoble (1854): [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofcharles01guiz Volume I], [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofcharles02guiz Volume II]
* ''History of Charles the First and the English Revolution, from the Accession of Charles the First to His Execution'' deur François Guizot, vert. sir Andrew Scoble (1854): [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofcharles01guiz Volume I], [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofcharles02guiz Volume II]
*''[http://www.archive.org/details/charlesiinlette00chargoog Charles I in 1646: Letters to Queen Henrietta Maria]'', ed. John Bruce (1856)
* ''[http://www.archive.org/details/charlesiinlette00chargoog Charles I in 1646: Letters to Queen Henrietta Maria]'', ed. John Bruce (1856)
*[http://www.archive.org/details/arrestoffivememb00forsiala ''Arrest of the Five Members by Charles the First: A Chapter of English History Rewritten''] by [[John Forster (biographer)|John Forster]] (1860)
* [http://www.archive.org/details/arrestoffivememb00forsiala ''Arrest of the Five Members by Charles the First: A Chapter of English History Rewritten''] deur John Forster (1860)
*''The Spanish Match; or, Charles Stuart at Madrid'' by [[William Harrison Ainsworth]] (1865): [http://www.archive.org/details/spanishmatchorch01ains Volume I], [http://www.archive.org/details/spanishmatchorch02ains Volume II], [http://www.archive.org/details/spanishmatchorch03ains Volume III]
* ''The Spanish Match; or, Charles Stuart at Madrid'' deur William Harrison Ainsworth (1865): [http://www.archive.org/details/spanishmatchorch01ains Volume I], [http://www.archive.org/details/spanishmatchorch02ains Volume II], [http://www.archive.org/details/spanishmatchorch03ains Volume III]
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/notestreatycarr00borogoog ''Notes of the Treaty Carried on at Ripon between Charles I and the Covenanters of Scotland''] by John Borough, ed. John Bruce (1869)
* [http://www.archive.org/stream/notestreatycarr00borogoog ''Notes of the Treaty Carried on at Ripon between Charles I and the Covenanters of Scotland''] deur John Borough, red. John Bruce (1869)
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/charlesi00abboiala ''Charles I''] by [[Jacob Abbott]] (1876, 1904)
* [http://www.archive.org/stream/charlesi00abboiala ''Charles I''] deur Jacob Abbott (1876, 1904)
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/portraiturehism00gaudgoog ''Eikon Basilike''], ed. Catherine Mary Phillimore (1879)
* [http://www.archive.org/stream/portraiturehism00gaudgoog ''Eikon Basilike''], ed. Catherine Mary Phillimore (1879)
*''The Fall of the Monarchy of Charles I, 1637-1649'' by [[Samuel Rawson Gardiner]] (1882): [http://www.archive.org/details/fallmonarchycha02gardgoog Volume I (1637-1640)], [http://www.archive.org/details/fallmonarchycha00gardgoog Volume II (1640-1642)]
* ''The Fall of the Monarchy of Charles I, 1637–1649'' deur Samuel Rawson Gardiner (1882): [http://www.archive.org/details/fallmonarchycha02gardgoog Volume I (1637–1640)], [http://www.archive.org/details/fallmonarchycha00gardgoog Volume II (1640–1642)]
*[http://www.archive.org/details/secretnegociatio00gardrich ''A Secret Negotiation with Charles the First, 1643-1644''], ed. Bertha Meriton Gardiner (1883)
* [http://www.archive.org/details/secretnegociatio00gardrich ''A Secret Negotiation with Charles the First, 1643–1644''], ed. Bertha Meriton Gardiner (1883)
*''History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War, 1603-1642'' by [[Samuel Rawson Gardiner]] (1883-1891): [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofengland01gard Volume I (1603-1607)], [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofengland02gardiala Volume II (1607-1616)], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofengland03gardiala Volume III (1616-1621)], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofengland04gardiala Volume IV (1621-1623)], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofenglan05gardiala Volume V (1623-1625)], [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofenglan06gardiala Volume VI (1625-1629)], [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofengland07gardiala Volume VII (1629-1635)], [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofengland08gardiala Volume VIII (1635-1639)], [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofengland06gardiala Volume IX (1639-1641)], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historyenglandf21gardgoog Volume X (1641-1642)]
* ''History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War, 1603–1642'' deur Samuel Rawson Gardiner (1883–1891): [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofengland01gard Volume I (1603–1607)], [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofengland02gardiala Volume II (1607–1616)], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofengland03gardiala Volume III (1616–1621)], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofengland04gardiala Volume IV (1621–1623)], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofenglan05gardiala Volume V (1623–1625)], [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofenglan06gardiala Volume VI (1625–1629)], [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofengland07gardiala Volume VII (1629–1635)], [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofengland08gardiala Volume VIII (1635–1639)], [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofengland06gardiala Volume IX (1639–1641)], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historyenglandf21gardgoog Volume X (1641–1642)]
*''History of the Great Civil War, 1642-1649'' by [[Samuel Rawson Gardiner]] (1886-1901): [http://www.archive.org/stream/historygreatciv07gardgoog Volume I (1642-1644)], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historygreatciv04gardgoog Volume II (1644-1647)], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historygreatciv00gardgoog Volume III (1645-1647)], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historygreatciv06gardgoog Volume IV (1647-1649)]
* ''History of the Great Civil War, 1642–1649''deur Samuel Rawson Gardiner (1886–1901): [http://www.archive.org/stream/historygreatciv07gardgoog Volume I (1642–1644)], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historygreatciv04gardgoog Volume II (1644–1647)], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historygreatciv00gardgoog Volume III (1645–1647)], [http://www.archive.org/stream/historygreatciv06gardgoog Volume IV (1647–1649)]
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/picturegalleryof00philrich ''The Picture Gallery of Charles I''] by Sir Claude Phillips (1896)
* [http://www.archive.org/stream/picturegalleryof00philrich ''The Picture Gallery of Charles I''] deur sir Claude Phillips (1896)
*[http://www.archive.org/details/historicalsketc00carlgoog ''Historical Sketches of Notable Persons and Events in the Reigns of James I and Charles I''] by [[Thomas Carlyle]] (1898)
* [http://www.archive.org/details/historicalsketc00carlgoog ''Historical Sketches of Notable Persons and Events in the Reigns of James I and Charles I''] deur Thomas Carlyle (1898)
*[http://www.archive.org/details/historyofgeorgew00payniala ''A History of the George Worn on the Scaffold by Charles I''] by [[Sir Ralph Frankland-Payne-Gallwey, 3rd Baronet|Sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey]]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofgeorgew00payniala ''A History of the George Worn on the Scaffold by Charles I''] deur sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/kingcharlesistud00dodgiala ''King Charles I: A Study] by Walter Phelps Dodge (1912)
* [http://www.archive.org/stream/kingcharlesistud00dodgiala ''King Charles I: A Study] deur Walter Phelps Dodge (1912)
*[http://www.archive.org/details/commonsdebatesfo00noterich ''Commons Debates for 1629''], ed. Wallace Notestein & Frances Helen Relf (1921)
* [http://www.archive.org/details/commonsdebatesfo00noterich ''Commons Debates for 1629''], ed. Wallace Notestein & Frances Helen Relf (1921)
{{refend}}


== Skakels ==
[[Kategorie:Engelse monarge]]
* [http://www.datesofhistory.com/Charles-I-England.biog.html Chronology Charles I World History Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518120102/http://www.datesofhistory.com/Charles-I-England.biog.html |date=18 Mei 2007 }}
[[Kategorie:Ierse monarge]]
* [http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page76.asp The Royal Household. (2004). "Charles I." Amptelike webtuiste van die Britse monargie]
[[Kategorie:Skotse monarge]]
* [http://www.skcm.org/ The Society of King Charles the Martyr]
[[Kategorie:Huis van Stuart]]
* [http://www.skcm-usa.org/ The Society of King Charles the Martyr (VSA)]
* [http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/charles1.htm Biografie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511203314/http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/charles1.htm |date=11 Mei 2008 }}
{{CommonsKategorie-inlyn|Charles I of England}}
{{vertaaluit| taalafk = en | il = Charles I of England}}


{{Monarge van Engeland}}
{{Monarge van Engeland}}


{{Link FA|it}}
{{Normdata}}


[[Kategorie:Engelse monarge]]
[[an:Carlos I d'Anglaterra]]
[[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1600]]
[[ang:Carl I (Grēatre Bryten Cyning)]]
[[Kategorie:Huis van Stuart]]
[[ar:تشارلز الأول ملك إنجلترا]]
[[Kategorie:Ierse monarge]]
[[arz:تشارلز الاول]]
[[Kategorie:Skotse monarge]]
[[be:Карл I Сцюарт]]
[[Kategorie:Sterftes in 1649]]
[[be-x-old:Карл І (кароль ангельскі)]]
[[bg:Чарлз I]]
[[bs:Karlo I, kralj Engleske]]
[[ca:Carles I d'Anglaterra i d'Escòcia]]
[[cs:Karel I. Stuart]]
[[cy:Siarl I, brenin Lloegr a'r Alban]]
[[da:Karl 1. af England]]
[[de:Karl I. (England)]]
[[el:Κάρολος Α΄ της Αγγλίας]]
[[en:Charles I of England]]
[[eo:Karlo la 1-a (Anglio)]]
[[es:Carlos I de Inglaterra]]
[[et:Charles I]]
[[eu:Karlos I.a Ingalaterrakoa eta Eskoziakoa]]
[[fa:چارلز یکم انگلستان]]
[[fi:Kaarle I (Englanti)]]
[[fr:Charles Ier d'Angleterre]]
[[ga:Séarlas I Shasana]]
[[gd:Teàrlach I]]
[[gl:Carlos I de Inglaterra]]
[[he:צ'ארלס הראשון, מלך אנגליה]]
[[hr:Karlo I., kralj Engleske]]
[[hu:I. Károly angol király]]
[[hy:Կառլոս I (Անգլիայի թագավոր)]]
[[id:Charles I dari Inggris]]
[[is:Karl 1. Englandskonungur]]
[[it:Carlo I d'Inghilterra]]
[[ja:チャールズ1世 (イングランド王)]]
[[jv:Charles I saking Inggris]]
[[ka:ჩარლზ I (ინგლისი)]]
[[ko:찰스 1세]]
[[kw:Charlys I a Pow Sows hag Alban]]
[[la:Carolus I (rex Angliae)]]
[[lt:Karolis I (Anglija)]]
[[lv:Čarlzs I Stjuarts]]
[[mk:Чарлс I]]
[[mr:चार्ल्स पहिला, इंग्लंड]]
[[ms:Charles I dari England]]
[[nl:Karel I van Engeland]]
[[nn:Karl I av England]]
[[no:Karl I av England]]
[[pl:Karol I Stuart]]
[[pt:Carlos I de Inglaterra]]
[[ro:Carol I al Angliei]]
[[ru:Карл I (король Англии)]]
[[simple:Charles I of England]]
[[sk:Karol I. (Anglicko)]]
[[sr:Чарлс I Стјуарт]]
[[sv:Karl I av England]]
[[szl:Karol I Stuart]]
[[th:พระเจ้าชาลส์ที่ 1 แห่งอังกฤษ]]
[[tr:I. Charles (İngiltere Kralı)]]
[[uk:Карл I (король Англії)]]
[[vi:Charles I của Anh]]
[[zh:查理一世 (英格蘭)]]

Huidige wysiging sedert 12:39, 28 September 2021

Karel I
Koning van Engeland, Ierland en Skotland
’n Portret deur Anthony van Dyck, 1636
’n Portret deur Anthony van Dyck, 1636
Huis Stuart
Regeer 27 Maart 1625 – 30 Januarie 1649
Voorganger Jakobus I & VI
Opvolger Karel II
Eggenote Henrietta Maria van Frankryk
Kinders Karel II, Maria, kroonprinses en Prinses van Oranje, Jakobus II & VII, Elizabeth, Anne, Hendrik, Henrietta Anna
Gebore 19 November 1600; Dunfermline, Skotland
Oorlede 30 Januarie 1649; Whitehall-paleis, Engeland
Vader Jakobus I & VI
Moeder Anna van Denemarke

Karel I (Engels: Charles I; 19 November 1600 – 30 Januarie 1649) was van 27 Maart 1625 tot met sy teregstelling op 30 Januarie 1649 koning van Engeland, Ierland en Skotland.[1]

Vroeë lewe[wysig | wysig bron]

Karel was die tweede oudste seun van Jakobus I & VI en Anna van Denemarke. Hy is op 19 November 1600 in Dunfermline, Fife, gebore.[2][3] Tot op die ouderdom van drie kon hy nie loop of praat nie.

Toe Jakobus VI van Skotland in 1603 ook koning Jakobus I van Engeland word, is Karel aanvanklik in Skotland gelos ter wille van sy gesondheid.[4] Hy het eers in Julie 1604 na Engeland gegaan, waar hy geleer is om te loop en praat. As volwassene was Karel net 162 cm (5 voet 3 duim) lank.

Toe sy oudste broer, Hendrik, die prins van Wallis, in 1612 op 18-jarige ouderdom sterf, twee weke voor Karel se 12de verjaarsdag, het hy die troonopvolger geword.

Bewind[wysig | wysig bron]

Koning van drie koninkryke: Charles I in Three Positions deur Anthony van Dyck in 1633
Koning Karel I se onthoofding voor die Banqueting House in Londen

Toe Jakobus I op 27 Maart 1625 sterf, het Karel hom opgevolg. Sy bewind is gekenmerk deur ’n stryd om mag met die Engelse parlement. Hy was ’n groot voorstander van die "Divine Right of Kings",[5] wat verkondig het dat konings hul mag van God kry en dus nie van die troon afgesit kon word nie. Baie van sy onderdane het geglo dat hy absolute mag probeer kry het. Daar was teenkanting teen baie van sy optredes, soos om belasting in te stel sonder die parlement se toestemming.[2]

Daar was ook heelwat godsdienstige konflik tydens sy bewind. Hy was getroud met ’n Katolieke prinses, Henrietta Maria van Frankryk, ondanks teenkanting van die parlement en die algemene publiek.[6][7] Sy latere pogings om godsdienstige hervormings aan Skotland op te dwing het gelei tot die Biskoppe-oorlog wat die Engelse regering verswak en sy val help bespoedig het.

Sy laaste jare is gekenmerk deur die Engelse Burgeroorlog waarin hy teen die magte van die Engelse en die Skotse parlement geveg het. Karel is in die eerste burgeroorlog (1642–1645) verslaan, waarna die parlement van hom verwag het om hul eise vir ’n konstitusionele monargie te aanvaar. Hy het egter uitdagend gebly en probeer om ’n verbond aan Skotland op te dwing en na die eiland Wight te vlug. Dit het aanleiding gegee tot die tweede burgeroorlog (1648–1649) en ’n tweede nederlaag vir Karel. Hy is daarna gevang, aan hoogverraad skuldig bevind en tereggestel. Sy laaste woorde was:

I shall go from a corruptible to an incorruptible Crown, where no disturbance can be.[2]

Die Britse monargie is hierna afgeskaf en ’n republiek, bekend as die Gemenebes van Engeland of die Engelse Interregnum, is afgekondig. Ná die afskaffing van die Interregnum het Karel se seun, Karel II, in 1660 koning geword.[2] In dieselfde jaar het die Kerk van Engeland Karel I tot heilige verklaar.[8]

Verwysings[wysig | wysig bron]

  1. ↑ "History – Charles I (1600–1649)" (in Engels). British Broadcasting Corporation. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 13 September 2019. Besoek op 20 April 2008.
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 "Charles I (r. 1625–1649)" (in Engels). Royal.gov.uk. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 8 April 2020. Besoek op 20 April 2008.
  3. ↑ "Memorable Christians" (in Engels). justus.anglican.org. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 14 Augustus 2019. Besoek op 20 April 2008.
  4. ↑ "Charles I Undiscovered Scotland: The Ultimate Online Guide" (in Engels). Undiscovered Scotland.co.uk. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 7 Mei 2019. Besoek op 24 April 2008.
  5. ↑ "Charles I (of England)". MSN Encarta. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 1 April 2008. Besoek op 20 April 2008.
  6. ↑ "Queen Henrietta Maria, 1609–1669". British-civil-wars.co.uk. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 8 April 2020. Besoek op 20 April 2008.
  7. ↑ "Queen Henrietta Maria, 1609–1669". British-civil-wars.co.uk. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 8 April 2020. Besoek op 20 April 2008.
  8. ↑ "Charles, King and Martyr" (in Engels). SKCM. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 12 Januarie 2013. Besoek op 16 Oktober 2008.

Verdere leesstof[wysig | wysig bron]

  • Swart, Marius J.: Nogtans leiers. Kaapstad: Nasou, 1969.
  • Carlton, Charles (1995). Charles I: The personal monarch. Routledge. p. 423. ISBN 0-415-12141-8.
  • Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1962). The Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution 1625–1660 (3rd Revised Edition.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 476.
  • Kishlansky, Mark A. (2005). "Charles I: A Case of Mistaken Identity" no. 189, Past and Presentpp. 41–80.
  • Murphy, Derrick (2002). Britain 1558–1689. Londen: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 384. ISBN 0-00-713850-4. pp. 211-235
  • Robertson, Geoffrey (2005). The Tyrannicide Brief: The Man Who Sent Charles I to the Scaffold. Chatto & Windus. p. 429. ISBN 0-7011-7602-4.
  • Williamson, D. (1998). 'The Kings and Queens of England. Londen: National Portrait Gallery. ISBN 1-85514-228-7. OCLC 153799778.
  • Rushworth, J. (1959). The Trial of King Charles I. Lockyer. pp. 133–134.{{cite book}}: AS1-onderhoud: plek sonder uitgewer (link)
  • Carlton, Charles (1995). Charles I: The Personal Monarch. Brittanje: Routledge. p. 423. ISBN 0-415-12141-8.
  • Holmes, Clive (2006). Why was Charles I Executed?. Continuum International. p. 244. ISBN 1-85285-282-8.
  • Abbott, Jacob (1901). Charles I. Brittanje: Harper & brothers. p. 285.
  • Cust, Richard (21 Julie 2007). Charles I. Longman. p. 512. ISBN 978-1-4058-5903-5.
  • Abbott, Jacob (1900). History of King Charles the First of England. Brittanje: Henry Altemus company. p. 230.
  • Hill, C. (1991). The Century of Revolution, 1603–1714. Brittanje: Routledge. p. 296. ISBN 0-415-05178-9.
  • V Wedgwood, C (1955). The Great Rebellion: The King's Peace, 1637–1641. Colins. p. 510.
  • V Wedgwood, C (1958). The Great Rebellion: The King's War, 1641–1647. Collins. p. 702.
  • Wedgewood, Cicely Veronica (1964). A Coffin for King Charles: The Trial and Execution of Charles I. Macmillan. p. 307. ISBN 978-0-02-625500-4.
  • Ashley, Maurice (1987). Charles I and Cromwell. Methuen. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-413-16270-0.
  • Reeve, L. J. (1989). Charles I and the Road to Personal Rule. Brittanje: Cambridge University Press. p. 325. ISBN 0-521-52133-5.

Boeke aanlyn beskikbaar[wysig | wysig bron]

Skakels[wysig | wysig bron]

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